ABSTRACT Background: The Intestinal Microbiota (IM) of the preterm newborn (RNP) is modified by factors such as hospitalization, antibiotics, postnatal nutrition, among others. The study: Observational - longitudinal research with the objective of analyzing the changes in MI promoted by the type of breastfeeding received in neonates <37 weeks of gestational age. Samples of 23 neonates hospitalized in the Intensive Care Units (NICU) and Neonatology were analyzed. Findings: No significant difference was found in the development of IM with respect to the type of feeding, however a different trend was observed among the neonates fed with Human Milk (HL) that increased the amount of Lactococcus and Clostridium while they decreased Lactobacillus, opposite to the group fed with Mixed Lactation (BF) that increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and decreased Lactococcus and Clostridium. Conclusion: It is concluded that the specific members of the MI of the RNP depend on the dynamic interaction between the host and the type of dietary selection.

RESUMEN Introducción: La Microbiota Intestinal (MI) del recién nacido pretérmino (RNP) es modificada por factores como la hospitalización, los antibióticos, la nutrición post natal, entre otros. El estudio: Investigación observacional - longitudinal con objetivo de analizar los cambios en la MI promovidos por el tipo de lactancia recibida en neonatos <37 semanas de edad gestacional. Se analizaron muestras de 23 neonatos hospitalizados en las Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos (UCIN) y Neonatología. Hallazgos: No se encontró diferencia significativa en el desarrollo de la MI respecto al tipo de alimentación, sin embargo se observó una tendencia diferente entre los neonatos alimentados con Leche Humana (LH) que aumentaron la cantidad de Lactococcus y Clostridium mientras disminuyeron Lactobacillus, opuesto al grupo alimentado con Lactancia Mixta (LM) que aumentó la abundancia de Lactobacillus y disminuyó Lactococcus y Clostridium. Conclusión: Se concluye que los miembros específicos de la MI del RNP depende de la interacción dinámica entre el huésped y el tipo de selección dietética.

ABSTRACT Although the Araucaria Mixed Forest has long been recognized for their woods and ecosystem services, we still lack basic information on what tree species occur there. Habitat loss and overexploitation have led several tree species of this forest into an extinction process. Therefore, it is urgent to compile what are the tree species of this forest type, identify if these species are threatened and which were not assessed for their threat category. We aimed to answer: (1) How many tree species occur in the Araucaria Mixed Forest? 2) How many of these species are under a threat category? (3) Does the number of threatened species per state/province mirror the species richness of the state/province through the Araucaria Mixed Forest distribution? We found 1,213 tree species for the forest type. The states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro presented the highest species richness. The number of assessed species reflected the total number of species per state/province. Of the species listed, 5.3 % were classified as threatened and 72.8 % have not been assessed. We provided the most comprehensive tree species list to date for the Araucaria Mixed Forest and unveiled the conservation status of its tree flora.

Resumo Modelos colaborativos (MC) com foco no cuidado intraparto compartilhado entre parteiras e obstetras têm sido propostos como uma estratégia para reduzir essas taxas. Nosso objetivo foi comparar o uso de práticas baseadas em evidências, intervenções obstétricas e taxas de cesarianas em dois ambientes: uma maternidade que aplica um MC de atendimento (MRJ) e dados de um conjunto de maternidades incluídas na pesquisa Nascer no Brasil (NB) que não adotam um MC. Os dados foram extraídos de prontuários médicos e documentos administrativos no MRJ e de prontuários e entrevistas presenciais em NB. As diferenças foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado, com nível de significância estabelecido em p<0,05. MRJ apresentou maior frequência de acompanhante no parto, assistência ao parto por enfermeiras obstétricas, métodos não farmacológicos de alívio da dor, ingestão de alimentos durante o trabalho de parto e menor uso de ocitocina, analgesia e amniotomia. Mais mulheres também tiveram o parto assistido por enfermeira obstétrica e em posição vertical, bem como menor uso de episiotomias e vácuo-extrator/fórceps. A taxa de cesariana foi menor no MRJ. O cuidado compartilhado entre enfermeiras e obstetras pode ser uma estratégia eficaz para melhorar a qualidade do cuidado intraparto.

Abstract Collaborative models (CM) focused on intrapartum care shared between both midwives and obstetricians have been proposed as a strategy to reduce these rates. Our aim was to compare use of evidence-based practices, obstetric interventions and c-section rates in two settings: a maternity hospital that applies a CM of care (MRJ) and data from a pool of maternity hospitals included in the Birth in Brazil Survey (NB) that do not adopt a CM. Data was abstracted from medical and administrative records in MRJ and from medical records and face-to-face interviews in NB. Differences were compared using chi-square test, with significance level set at p<0.05. MRJ showed a higher frequency of labour companionship, labour care provided by nurse midwives, non-pharmacological pain relief methods, food intake during labour, and less use of oxytocin, analgesia and amniotomy. More women also had second stage assisted by a nurse midwife and in a vertical position, as well as lower use of episiotomies and vacuum-extractor/forceps. The c-section rate was lower at MRJ. Shared care between midwives and obstetricians can be an effective strategy to improve quality of intrapartum care.

Resumo Modelos colaborativos (MC) com foco no cuidado intraparto compartilhado entre parteiras e obstetras têm sido propostos como uma estratégia para reduzir essas taxas. Nosso objetivo foi comparar o uso de práticas baseadas em evidências, intervenções obstétricas e taxas de cesarianas em dois ambientes: uma maternidade que aplica um MC de atendimento (MRJ) e dados de um conjunto de maternidades incluídas na pesquisa Nascer no Brasil (NB) que não adotam um MC. Os dados foram extraídos de prontuários médicos e documentos administrativos no MRJ e de prontuários e entrevistas presenciais em NB. As diferenças foram comparadas pelo teste do qui-quadrado, com nível de significância estabelecido em p<0,05. MRJ apresentou maior frequência de acompanhante no parto, assistência ao parto por enfermeiras obstétricas, métodos não farmacológicos de alívio da dor, ingestão de alimentos durante o trabalho de parto e menor uso de ocitocina, analgesia e amniotomia. Mais mulheres também tiveram o parto assistido por enfermeira obstétrica e em posição vertical, bem como menor uso de episiotomias e vácuo-extrator/fórceps. A taxa de cesariana foi menor no MRJ. O cuidado compartilhado entre enfermeiras e obstetras pode ser uma estratégia eficaz para melhorar a qualidade do cuidado intraparto.

Abstract Collaborative models (CM) focused on intrapartum care shared between both midwives and obstetricians have been proposed as a strategy to reduce these rates. Our aim was to compare use of evidence-based practices, obstetric interventions and c-section rates in two settings: a maternity hospital that applies a CM of care (MRJ) and data from a pool of maternity hospitals included in the Birth in Brazil Survey (NB) that do not adopt a CM. Data was abstracted from medical and administrative records in MRJ and from medical records and face-to-face interviews in NB. Differences were compared using chi-square test, with significance level set at p<0.05. MRJ showed a higher frequency of labour companionship, labour care provided by nurse midwives, non-pharmacological pain relief methods, food intake during labour, and less use of oxytocin, analgesia and amniotomy. More women also had second stage assisted by a nurse midwife and in a vertical position, as well as lower use of episiotomies and vacuum-extractor/forceps. The c-section rate was lower at MRJ. Shared care between midwives and obstetricians can be an effective strategy to improve quality of intrapartum care.

Resumen Introducción. La aparición de enterobacterias multirresistentes y productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) en pacientes de consulta externa con infecciones urinarias, representa un problema de salud pública en Perú. Objetivos. Caracterizar molecularmente enterobacterias multirresistentes aisladas de pacientes con diagnóstico de infección urinaria y procedentes de dos departamentos de la selva peruana. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio descriptivo, observacional y retrospectivo de 61 aislamientos de urocultivo procedentes de la selva peruana durante 2017 y 2018. Los perfiles de resistencia se identificaron utilizando el sistema automatizado MicroScan™ y para la detección de los genes bla TEM , bla CTX-M , bla SHV se empleó una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) convencional. Resultados. Las enterobacterias positivas para BLEE más frecuentes por departamento fueron Escherichia coli en Madre de Dios (25%, 10/40) y Ucayali (76,2%, 16/21). En ambos departamentos, el gen blaCTX-M fue el más frecuente (25/61; 41), seguido por bla TEM (15/61; 24,6%) y bla SHV (10/61; 16,4%). En el perfil de sensibilidad antimicrobiana, se detectó 72,6% de resistencia contra ampicilina, 82,3 % contra cefalotina y 88,7% contra nitrofurantoína. Conclusiones. El porcentaje de cepas de enterobacterias multirresistentes productoras de BLEE en ambos departamentos fue del 57,4% y el gen bla CTX-M fue el más frecuente.

Abstract Introduction. The emergence of multiresistant enterobacteria producing extended- spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) in outpatients with urinary tract infections represents a public health problem in Perú. Objectives. To characterize multiresistant enterobacteria isolated from patients diagnosed with urinary tract infection in two Peruvian jungle departments using molecular techniques. Materials and methods. We conducted a descriptive, observational, and retrospective study of 61 urine culture isolates from two departments in the Peruvian jungle during 20172018. Resistance profiles were identified using the MicroScan™ automated system and a conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of bla CTX-M , bla TEM and bla SHV genes.. Results. The most common positive ESBL enterobacteria for each department were Escherichia coli in Madre de Dios (10/40; 25%) and Ucayali (16/21; 76.2%). Gene bla CTX-M was the most prevalent in both departments (25/61; 41%), followed by bla TEM (15/61; 24.6%), and bla SHV (10/61; 16.4%). As for the antimicrobial susceptibility profile, we detected resistance levels of 72.6% for ampicillin, 82.3% for cephalothin, and 88.7% for nitrofurantoin. Conclusions. BLEE-producing multi-resistant enterobacteria strains in both departments were 57.4% and bla CTX-M was the most common gene.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the presence of beta-lactamase- (bla) producing Enterobacteriaceae in hospital effluent samples from two level II and III hospitals in Lima, Peru. The resistance profile of the isolated bacteria was identified and characterized using the MicroScan system for 18 antimicrobials, and the presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) (blaCTX-M ,bla SHV bla TEM ,bla PER) and carbapenemases (bla KPC ,bla NDM ,bla VIM ,bla IMP) resistance genes was determined by conventional PCR. Thirty-two isolates were identified (20 Enterobacteriaceae and 12 gram-negative bacteria). All the isolated bacteria showed multidrug resistance. ESBL (bla TEM) and carbapenemase (blaKPC, blaIMP) genes were found in samples from the hospitals that we evaluated. The release of these microorganisms to public areas and the lack of treatment of the hospital effluents could be an important public health problem.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de determinar la presencia de enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas (bla) en muestras de efluentes hospitalarios, se realizó un estudio en dos hospitales de nivel II y III de Lima, Perú. Se identificó y caracterizó el perfil de resistencia de las bacterias aisladas mediante el sistema MicroScan para 18 antimicrobianos, y mediante PCR convencional se determinó la presencia de los genes de resistencia a betalactamasas de espectro de extendido (BLEE) (bla CTX-M, bla SHV, bla TEM, bla PER) y carbapenemasas (bla KPC , bla NDM , bla VIM , bla IMP). Se identificaron 32 aislados (20 enterobacterias y 12 bacterias gramnegativas). Todas las bacterias aisladas presentaron multirresistencia. Se halló la presencia de genes BLEE (bla TEM) y carbapenemasas (bla KPC y bla IMP) en los hospitales evaluados. La liberación de estos microorganismos a la vía pública y la falta de tratamiento de los efluentes hospitalarios podría ser un importante problema de salud pública.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to determine the presence of beta-lactamase- (bla) producing Enterobacteriaceae in hospital effluent samples from two level II and III hospitals in Lima, Peru. The resistance profile of the isolated bacteria was identified and characterized using the MicroScan system for 18 antimicrobials, and the presence of extended spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) (blaCTX-M ,bla SHV bla TEM ,bla PER) and carbapenemases (bla KPC ,bla NDM ,bla VIM ,bla IMP) resistance genes was determined by conventional PCR. Thirty-two isolates were identified (20 Enterobacteriaceae and 12 gram-negative bacteria). All the isolated bacteria showed multidrug resistance. ESBL (bla TEM) and carbapenemase (blaKPC, blaIMP) genes were found in samples from the hospitals that we evaluated. The release of these microorganisms to public areas and the lack of treatment of the hospital effluents could be an important public health problem.

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de determinar la presencia de enterobacterias productoras de betalactamasas (bla) en muestras de efluentes hospitalarios, se realizó un estudio en dos hospitales de nivel II y III de Lima, Perú. Se identificó y caracterizó el perfil de resistencia de las bacterias aisladas mediante el sistema MicroScan para 18 antimicrobianos, y mediante PCR convencional se determinó la presencia de los genes de resistencia a betalactamasas de espectro de extendido (BLEE) (bla CTX-M, bla SHV, bla TEM, bla PER) y carbapenemasas (bla KPC , bla NDM , bla VIM , bla IMP). Se identificaron 32 aislados (20 enterobacterias y 12 bacterias gramnegativas). Todas las bacterias aisladas presentaron multirresistencia. Se halló la presencia de genes BLEE (bla TEM) y carbapenemasas (bla KPC y bla IMP) en los hospitales evaluados. La liberación de estos microorganismos a la vía pública y la falta de tratamiento de los efluentes hospitalarios podría ser un importante problema de salud pública.

ABSTRACT We characterized the antimicrobial resistance of 70 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from patients with a urinary tract infection (UTI) from 8 public hospitals in Peru. Resistance profiles were identified using the automated MicroScan® system. A standard polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of the bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV and bla PER genes. The 65.7% (46/70) of the isolates presented a multidrug-resistant phenotype and 55.7% (39/70) were extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers. High levels of resistance were detected for ampicillin (77,1%), ciprofloxacin (74,3%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (62,9%), cefepime (57,1%), and cefuroxime (57,1%). The bla TEM gene was the most frequent (31,4%), followed by bla CTX-M (18,6%) and bla SHV (2,9%) genes. These results show high resistance levels to antimicrobials of clinical use in E. coli isolates from hospital UTI patients in Peru.

RESUMEN Se caracterizó la resistencia antimicrobiana de 70 aislados de Escherichia coli obtenidos de pacientes con infección del tracto urinario (ITU) provenientes de ocho hospitales públicos en el Perú. Los perfiles de resistencia fueron identificados mediante el uso del sistema automatizado MicroScan®. Se utilizó una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional para la detección de los genes bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV y bla PER. El 65,7% (46/70) de los aislados presentó un fenotipo multidrogorresistente y el 55,7% (39/70) fue identificado como productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido. Se detectaron altos niveles de resistencia para ampicilina (77,1%), ciprofloxacina (74,3%), trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol (62,9%), cefepime (57,1%) y cefuroxima (57,1%). El gen bla TEM fue el más frecuente con un 31,4%, seguido por bla CTX-M (18,6%) y bla SHV (2,9%). Los resultados evidencian altos niveles de resistencia a antimicrobianos de importancia clínica en aislados de E. coli de pacientes con ITU en el Perú.

ABSTRACT We characterized the antimicrobial resistance of 70 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from patients with a urinary tract infection (UTI) from 8 public hospitals in Peru. Resistance profiles were identified using the automated MicroScan® system. A standard polymerase chain reaction was used for the detection of the bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV and bla PER genes. The 65.7% (46/70) of the isolates presented a multidrug-resistant phenotype and 55.7% (39/70) were extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers. High levels of resistance were detected for ampicillin (77,1%), ciprofloxacin (74,3%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (62,9%), cefepime (57,1%), and cefuroxime (57,1%). The bla TEM gene was the most frequent (31,4%), followed by bla CTX-M (18,6%) and bla SHV (2,9%) genes. These results show high resistance levels to antimicrobials of clinical use in E. coli isolates from hospital UTI patients in Peru.

RESUMEN Se caracterizó la resistencia antimicrobiana de 70 aislados de Escherichia coli obtenidos de pacientes con infección del tracto urinario (ITU) provenientes de ocho hospitales públicos en el Perú. Los perfiles de resistencia fueron identificados mediante el uso del sistema automatizado MicroScan®. Se utilizó una reacción en cadena de la polimerasa convencional para la detección de los genes bla TEM, bla CTX-M, bla SHV y bla PER. El 65,7% (46/70) de los aislados presentó un fenotipo multidrogorresistente y el 55,7% (39/70) fue identificado como productores de betalactamasas de espectro extendido. Se detectaron altos niveles de resistencia para ampicilina (77,1%), ciprofloxacina (74,3%), trimetoprim/sulfametoxazol (62,9%), cefepime (57,1%) y cefuroxima (57,1%). El gen bla TEM fue el más frecuente con un 31,4%, seguido por bla CTX-M (18,6%) y bla SHV (2,9%). Los resultados evidencian altos niveles de resistencia a antimicrobianos de importancia clínica en aislados de E. coli de pacientes con ITU en el Perú.

Resumen Introducción. La aparición de enterobacterias multirresistentes y productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en pacientes ambulatorios con infecciones urinarias representa un problema de salud pública en Perú. Objetivo. Comparar los perfiles de resistencia de Escherichia coli uropatógenas e identificar los fenotipos de cepas productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido en tres establecimientos privados de salud localizados en las regiones de la costa, la sierra y la selva de Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo durante el 2016 un estudio descriptivo de 98 muestras de orina de pacientes con infección urinaria, 35 procedentes de Lima (costa), 38 de Juliaca (sierra) y 25 de Iquitos (selva), en el que se determinó la sensibilidad antimicrobiana utilizando ocho discos antibióticos. Asimismo, se evaluó la producción de betalactamasas de espectro extendido con discos de cefotaxima, de ceftazidima o de su combinación, con ácido clavulánico en agar Mueller-Hinton. Resultados. Se identificaron 18 perfiles de resistencia que incluían desde los sensibles a todos los antibióticos hasta los resistentes simultáneamente a siete antibióticos, con el 18,4 % de aislamientos resistentes a un antibiótico y el 54,0 % de multirresistentes. Se detectó producción de betalactamasas en el 28,6 % de las cepas procedentes de la región de Puno. También, se observó un mayor número de casos en el rango de edad de 31 a 45 años con resistencia a ceftazidima, ceftriaxona, gentamicina y trimetoprim-sulfametoxazol en el establecimiento de salud de Puno. Conclusión. Los perfiles de resistencia variaron según la localización geográfica del establecimiento de salud, observándose mayor resistencia a los antibióticos en la región de la sierra de Perú, con el 28,6 % de cepas productoras de betalactamasas de espectro extendido.

Abstract Introduction: The appearance of multidrug-resistant and beta-lactamase producing enterobacteria in outpatient care facilities represent a public health problem in Perú. Objective: To compare the resistance profiles of uropathogenic Escherichia coli and to identify extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing phenotypes in three private health facilities located in the Peruvian coast, Andean and jungle regions. Materials and methods: We conducted a descriptive study on 98 urine samples from Lima (coast), Juliaca (Andean region) and Iquitos (jungle region) during 2016. We determined the antimicrobial susceptibility in 35 samples from Lima, 38 from Juliaca and 25 from Iquitos using eight antibiotic disks in samples from patients diagnosed with urinary infection. We also evaluated the production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases with cefotaxime and ceftazidime disks and a combination of both with clavulanic acid on Mueller-Hinton agar. Results: We identified 18 resistance profiles ranging from those sensitive to others simultaneously resistant to seven antibiotics: 18.4% resistant to one and 54.0% to multiple antibiotics. We detected beta-lactamase production in 28.6% of the strains from the Puno region. Likewise, we observed a greater number of cases with resistance to ceftazidime, ceftriaxone, gentamicin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in Puno’s health facility in patients within the 31 to 45 year age range. Conclusion: Resistance profiles varied according to the geographical location of the health facilities under study. Resistance to antibiotics was higher in the Andean region with 28.6% of strains producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases.

ABSTRACT The present study establishes the degree of influence of the vegetarian and carnivore diets on the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of students of human medicine of the Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, 2018. The goal was to find out if people who follow a vegetarian or carnivore diet are deficient in hematocrit and hemoglobin. Out of the vegetarians, 23 followed different types of vegetarianism. The following ranges were considered: hemoglobin (12 - 16 g/dL) and hematocrit (36 - 48 %). It is concluded that, regarding the diet and hemoglobin/hematocrit levels, most respondents show normal ranges, and people who follow a vegetarian diet do not present highly-deficient hematocrit and hemoglobin levels, and have a better nutritional level than those who follow a carnivore diet.

RESUMEN El presente identifica el grado de influencia de la dieta vegetariana y carnívora en relación con la hemoglobina y hematocrito de los estudiantes de medicina humana de la Universidad Peruana Unión, Lima, 2018. El problema planteado es descubrir si las personas con dieta vegetariana y carnívora presentan deficiencia de hematocrito y hemoglobina. En relación a las personas que llevan una dieta vegetariana, 23 participantes practican diferentes tipos de vegetarianismo. Se consideraron los siguientes rangos, hemoglobina (12 - 16 g/dl) y hematocrito (36-48 %). Se concluye que, en relación a dieta y hemoglobina/hematocrito, la mayoría de los encuestados están en los rangos normales de dichas variables y que las personas que mantienen una dieta vegetariana no presentan un alto grado de deficiencia en los niveles de hematocrito y hemoglobina, y presentan un mejor nivel nutricional que los de dieta carnívora.

Resumen En el ámbito educativo, las pruebas de inteligencia son consideradas una de las mejores predictoras del rendimiento académico de los estudiantes. El propósito de este estudio es la adaptación de un grupo de reactivos y la conformación de un banco de ítems (BI) que permita evaluar de manera precisa y objetiva algunas aptitudes cognitivas específicas (razonamiento verbal, numérico y espacial) y generar un indicador general de inteligencia. Para ello, se seleccionaron, tradujeron y administraron 255 preguntas del BI propuesto por los autores Russell y Carter. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1140 estudiantes pertenecientes a la Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina), 616 del sexo femenino, 392 del sexo masculino y 132 que no reportaron el sexo, con edades comprendidas entre los 17 y 49 años (M = 20.29; DE = 3.25). Los datos se analizaron mediante el modelo de Rasch. Los resultados expresan que los ítems, en general, poseen adecuadas propiedades psicométricas tanto para las aptitudes específicas, como para los ítems que conforman un indicador general de inteligencia. Se recomienda la utilización del modelo de Rasch para la construcción o adaptación de pruebas y se discuten las implicancias de la utilización de este modelo en las pruebas de aptitudes cognitivas.

Abstract In the educational field, intelligence tests are considered one of the best predictors of the academic performance of students. The purpose of the present study is the adaptation of an item pool and the development of an item bank (IB) that allows to accurately and objectively assess some specific cognitive abilities (verbal, numerical and spatial reasoning) and an indicator of general intelligence. For this purpose, the authors selected, translated, and administered 255 items from the Russell and Carter IB. The sample consisted of 1140 students from the National University of Córdoba (Argentina), 616 female, 392 male, and 132 who did not report the sex, with ages ranging between 17 and 49 years (M = 20.29; SD = 3.25). The results express that the items, in general, have adequate psychometric properties both for the specific skills and for general intelligence. The authors used the Rasch model for data analysis, recommended for the construction or adaptation of tests. The article discusses the implications of the application of this model in cognitive skills tests.

Resumo No âmbito educativo as provas de inteligência são consideradas uma das melhores preditoras do rendimento acadêmico dos estudantes. O propósito deste estudo é a adaptação de um pool de reativos e a conformação de um banco de itens (BI) que permita avaliar de forma precisa e objetiva algumas competências cognitivas específicas (razoamento verbal, numérico e espacial) e gerar um indicador geral de inteligência. Para isto se selecionaram, traduziram e administraram 255 perguntas do BI proposto pelos autores Russell e Carter. A amostra esteve composta por 1140 estudantes pertencentes à Universidad Nacional de Córdoba (Argentina), 616 do sexo feminino, 392 do sexo masculino e 132 que não reportaram o sexo, com idades entre os 17 e 49 anos (M = 20.29; DE = 3.25). Os dados se analisaram através do Modelo de Rasch. Os resultados expressam que os itens, em geral, possuem adequadas propriedades psicométricas tanto para as competências específicas quanto para os itens que conformam um indicador geral de inteligência. Recomenda-se a utilização do modelo de Rasch para a construção ou adaptação de provas e discutem-se as implicâncias da utilização deste modelo nas provas de competências cognitivas.

ABSTRACT: Evidence has been found of an association between participation in risk behaviors and the perception of their risks and benefits. The use of personal music players (PMPs) is one of the most common non-occupational noise activities, especially among the young. The aim of the study was to develop a questionnaire to assess the positive consequences (benefits) perceived by adolescents and the negative consequences (risks) of listening to music on these devices. The construction and validation process occurred in 3 phases: item pool development; establishment of content validity; and estimation of construct validity, criterion-related validity, and internal consistency, with an accidental sample of 694 adolescents from 2 schools of Cordoba, Argentina. The results of the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a 2-dimensional factorial structure. Together, both factors correctly classified 64.6% and 74% of adolescents with high and low exposure to music through PMPs. This questionnaire can be used to detect adolescents with risky listening and to develop strategies to promote protective behavior.

RESUMEN: Se ha encontrado evidencia de una asociación entre la participación en conductas de riesgo y la percepción de sus riesgos y beneficios. El uso de reproductores de música personales (RPM) es una de las actividades de ruido no ocupacional más comunes, especialmente entre los jóvenes. El objetivo del estudio fue desarrollar un cuestionario para evaluar las consecuencias positivas (beneficios) percibidas por los adolescentes y las consecuencias negativas (riesgos) de escuchar música en estos dispositivos. El proceso de construcción y validación ocurrió en 3 fases: desarrollo de batería de ítems; establecimiento de validez de contenido; estimación de validez de constructo, validez de criterio y consistencia interna, en una muestra accidental de 694 adolescentes de 2 colegios de Córdoba, Argentina. Los resultados de los análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio revelaron una estructura factorial de 2 dimensiones. En conjunto, ambos factores clasificaron correctamente al 64,6% y 74% de los adolescentes con alta y baja exposición a música a través de RPM. Este cuestionario puede ser utilizado para detectar adolescentes que presentan una escucha riesgosa y para desarrollar estrategias para promover conductas de protección.

RESUMO Pedrais são originados de afloramentos basálticos, apresentando rápidos, corredeiras e poças e são altamente influenciados por pulsos de inundação que mantêm sua dinâmica natural. No entanto, a construção de usinas hidrelétricas altera ou elimina o dinamismo dessa área e pode afetar a fauna residente que pode ser dependente dela. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a organização da ictiofauna de um pedral considerando a influência da sazonalidade e conectividade dos habitats. O estudo foi realizado em uma zona localizada no rio Sapucaí-Mirim, sudeste do Brasil. Foram amostradas quatro poças rochosas conectadas ao rio e três isoladas, em condições chuvosas e secas. A análise dos dois fatores (conectividade e sazonalidade) e de sua interação mostrou influência significativa apenas para a sazonalidade na estrutura da ictiofauna, com maiores valores de abundância na estação chuvosa. As espécies que mais contribuíram para a alta dissimilaridade entre as estações foram Knodus moenkhausii (50% de contribuição) e Astyanax bockmanni (21%). A primeira é a espécie mais abundante na estação chuvosa e a posterior na estação seca. A alteração entre baixo e alto nível de água ocorre com frequência em pedrais, pois é uma plataforma rochosa e rasa no meio de um rio, com inundações ocorrendo sazonalmente ou em períodos estocásticos de curto prazo. Esta dinâmica hidrológica sazonal, alta variabilidade limnológica e interações complexas de diferentes habitats (poças, rápidos e corredeiras) explicam a particular estrutura da ictiofauna em uma área tão pequena. Nossos resultados também indicam a importância potencial dos pedrais basálticos para a conservação regional da diversidade de peixes, especialmente devido à ameaça iminente da construção intensiva de reservatórios de hidrelétricas.

ABSTRACT Knickzones are originated from basaltic outcroppings, present runs, riffles and pools and are highly influenced by flood pulses, which maintain their natural dynamic. However, the construction of hydroelectric power plants alters or eliminate the dynamism of this area and can affect the resident fauna that may be dependent on it. The aim of this study was to evaluate the organization of a knickzone’s ichthyofauna considering the influence of seasonality and connectivity of habitats. The study was performed in a knickzone located in the Sapucaí-Mirim River, Southeast Brazil. We sampled four rocky pools connected to the river and three isolated pools, during rainy and dry conditions. The analysis of the two factors (connectivity and seasonality) and of their interaction showed a significant influence only for seasonality on ichthyofauna structure, with higher values of abundance in the rainy season. The species that most contributed to the high dissimilarity between seasons were Knodus moenkhausii (50% of contribution) and Astyanax bockmanni (21%). The former is the most abundant species in the rainy season and the later in the dry season. The alteration between low and high water level occurs frequently in knickzones, as it is a rocky shallow platform in the middle of a river, with floods occurring seasonally or in stochastic short-term periods. This hydrological seasonal dynamic, high limnological variability and complex interactions of different habitats (pools, runs and rapids) explain the particular ichthyofauna structure in such small area. Our results also indicate the potential importance of basaltic knickzones for regional fish diversity conservation, especially due to the imminent threat by intensive hydropower reservoir construction.