ABSTRACT Golden mussel is an invasive species in South America that causes environmental and economic damage due to the formation of large colonies without natural predators. This study aimed to test the agricultural use of golden mussel shell as a limestone substitute, as the shell is rich in calcium carbonate. The experiment was carried out in pots, with eight treatments (sandy soil; clay soil; sandy soil + 1.0 Mg ha−1 of limestone; clay soil + 1.0 Mg ha−1 of limestone; sandy soil + 1.0 Mg ha−1 of fresh shell; clay soil + 1.0 Mg ha−1 of fresh shell; sandy soil + 1.0 Mg ha−1 of calcined shell; clay soil + 1.0 Mg ha−1 of calcined shell), in addition to the application of the following fresh and calcined shell doses: 0, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 Mg ha−1. Rice was cultivated in all treatments, and the soil fertility and rice shoot and root dry masses were evaluated. The shell provided good chemical conditions to the soils and raised their pH and phosphorus and calcium contents. The agricultural use of golden mussel shell showed to be efficient for soil correction and can be considered an alternative to limestone. predators substitute carbonate pots 10 1 0 1. ha1 ha ha− shell, , shell) doses 15 5 20 2 2. evaluated contents

RESUMO O mexilhão-dourado é uma espécie invasora na América do Sul que causa prejuízos ambientais e econômicos, devido à formação de grandes colônias sem predadores naturais. Objetivou-se testar o uso agrícola de carapaça de mexilhão-dourado como substituto ao calcário, já que é rica em carbonato de cálcio. O experimento foi conduzido em vasos, com oito tratamentos (solo arenoso; solo argiloso; solo arenoso + 1,0 Mg ha−1 de calcário; solo argiloso + 1,0 Mg ha−1 de calcário; solo arenoso + 1,0 Mg ha−1 de carapaça in natura; solo argiloso + 1,0 Mg ha−1 de carapaça in natura; solo arenoso + 1,0 Mg ha−1 de carapaça calcinada; solo argiloso + 1,0 Mg ha−1 de carapaça calcinada), além da aplicação das seguintes doses de carapaça in natura e calcinada: 0; 1,0; 1,5; e 2,0 Mg ha−1. Cultivou-se arroz em todos os tratamentos e foram avaliadas a fertilidade do solo e a massa seca da parte aérea e das raízes do arroz. A carapaça proporcionou boas condições químicas aos solos, elevou o seu pH e os teores de fósforo e cálcio. A utilização agrícola da carapaça de mexilhão-dourado foi eficiente para a correção do solo e pode ser considerada uma alternativa ao calcário. mexilhãodourado mexilhão dourado econômicos naturais Objetivouse Objetivou se calcário cálcio vasos 10 1 0 1, ha1 ha ha− calcinada calcinada, , calcinada) 1,5 15 5 20 2 2, Cultivouse Cultivou solos

Abstract Glyphosate is the most widely used herbicide and is responsible for a significant technical/productive advance in world agriculture. Glyphosate drift after its application to control weeds in agricultural fields can stimulate growth and/or productive performance in non-target plants, located adjacent to the treatment, characterizing the hormesis effect. However, the hormesis effect of glyphosate may be different depending on the plant species, its stage of development, and the applied dose. Considering the stimulus of forage biomass production for animal feed, this study aimed to assess the hormesis effect by successive applications of low glyphosate doses to cultivars of the genus Urochloa. The shoot and root productive responses of three grass cultivars (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, U. brizantha cv. Piatã, and U. ruziziensis cv. Ruziziensis) were assessed in pots through leaf applications of subdoses of the acid equivalent (ae) of glyphosate (5.40, 10.80, 21.60, 43.20, and 86.40 g ae ha-1) and a control (no glyphosate application). Four sequential harvests, conducted with a frequency of 21 days in a completely randomized design and a 6 x 3 x 4 factorial arrangement, with three replications, were assessed. Doses equal to or higher than 43.20 g ae ha-1 of glyphosate, applied in two sequential applications impaired the biomass production of the assessed forages. Ruziziensis was the most susceptible cultivar to the phytotoxic effect. Sequential applications of the subdoses 5.40 and 10.80 g ae ha-1 of glyphosate characterized the hormesis effect, promoting the shoot and root biomass production of the forage plants U. brizantha cv. Marandu, U. brizantha cv. Piatã, and U. ruziziensis cv. Ruziziensis. technicalproductive technical agriculture andor nontarget non target treatment However species development dose feed Urochloa cv Marandu U Piatã (ae 5.40, 540 5 40 (5.40 1080 10 80 2160 60 21.60 4320 43 20 8640 86 86.4 ha1 ha 1 no application. . application) harvests 2 arrangement replications 43.2 ha- forages 5.4 10.8 54 (5.4 108 8 216 21.6 432 864 86. 43. 5. 10. (5. 21. (5 (

Resumo Após a aplicação do herbicida glifosato para controle de plantas daninhas em cultivo agrícola, constata-se que a deriva do produto pode estimular crescimento e/ou rendimento produtivo em plantas não-alvo, localizadas nas adjacências do tratamento, caracterizando efeito hormese. Entretanto, os efeitos horméticos por glifosato podem ser diferentes para uma determinada espécie vegetal, o que depende da dose e do estágio de desenvolvimento da planta. Pressupondo estímulo de produção de biomassa de forragem para alimentação animal, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito hormese por aplicações sucessivas de subdose de glifosato em cultivares do gênero Urochloa. Foram avaliadas as respostas produtivas aérea e radicular em três cultivares de gramíneas (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu, U. brizantha cv. Piatã e U. ruziziensis cv. Ruziziensis) por aplicação foliar das subdoses do equivalente ácido (e.a.) de glifosato (5,40; 10,80; 21,60; 43,20; e, 86,40 g e.a. ha-1) e controle. Foram avaliadas quatro colheitas sequenciais, realizadas com frequência de 21 dias, em esquema fatorial 6 x 3 x 4, com três repetições, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Dose igual e superior a 43,2 g e.a. ha-1 de glifosato, em duas aplicações sequenciais, prejudicaram a produção de biomassa das forrageiras avaliadas. Dentre os cultivares, Ruziziensis foi mais susceptível ao efeito fitotóxico. Aplicações sequenciais das subdoses 5,40 e 10,80 g e.a. ha-1 de glifosato, caracterizaram efeito hormético, promovendo a produção de biomassa aérea e radicular das forrageiras Marandu, Piatã e Ruziziensis. agrícola constatase constata se eou ou nãoalvo, nãoalvo não alvo, alvo não-alvo tratamento Entretanto vegetal planta animal Urochloa cv Marandu U ea (e.a. 540 5 40 (5,40 1080 10 80 21,60 2160 60 43,20 4320 43 20 8640 86 86,4 e.a ha1 ha 1 2 dias 4 repetições casualizado 432 43, ha- fitotóxico 5,4 10,8 hormético (e.a 54 (5,4 108 8 21,6 216 864 86, 5, 10, (5, 21, (5 (

RESUMO O cerrado brasileiro apresenta grande diversidade de plantas e solo ácido com reduzida disponibilidade de certos nutrientes, como fósforo (P). Adição de resíduos orgânicos e microrganismos poderia ajudar no estabelecimento de plantas nesse ambiente. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o desenvolvimento inicial de mudas de baru (Dipteryx alata), por meio da disponibilidade de nutrientes (como P) pela adubação com lodo de esgoto compostado (LODO) com bagaço de cana-de-açúcar (1:1) e inoculado com Bacillus subtilis e fungo micorrízico arbuscular (FMA) Glomus clarum. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, com delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 × 4, sendo: LODO (com e sem) e inoculação (1 = controle; 2 = B. subtilis; 3 = G. clarum; 4 = B. subtilis + G. clarum), com cinco repetições e uma muda por vaso. Transcorridos 150 dias do transplantio das mudas, avaliaram-se massa fresca e massa seca da parte aérea; diâmetro do colmo; altura de plantas; número de folhas; índice de qualidade de mudas; massa fresca e seca, área de superfície, volume, comprimento total e diâmetro médio das raízes; colonização radicular (COL) e número de esporos de FMA; COL por endofíticos septados melanizados (DSE) e carbono do CO2 (C-CO2) liberado. O baruzeiro mostrou-se uma espécie pouco exigente em adubação, mas responsiva à inoculação, mostrando incrementos para massa fresca, área de superfície, volume e comprimento total de raízes. A inoculação com G. clarum elevou o número de esporos e a taxa de C-CO2 liberado no solo, enquanto G. clarum e B. subtilis aumentaram a COL por FMA e DSE.

ABSTRACT The Brazilian Cerrado has a great diversity of plants and acidic soils with reduced availability of some nutrients, such as phosphorus (P). Addition of organic residues and microorganisms could help to establish plants in this environment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the initial development of baru (Dipteryx alata) seedlings, through the availability of nutrients (such as P) by fertilization with composted sewage sludge (SLUDGE) with sugarcane bagasse (1:1) and inoculated with Bacillus subtilis and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Glomus clarum. The experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, with an experimental design in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 4 factorial scheme, being: SLUDGE (with and without) and inoculation (1 = Control; 2 = B. subtilis, 3 = Gl. clarum and 4 = B. subtilis + Gl. clarum), with 5 replications and one seedling per pot. After 150 days of transplanting the seedlings, the following parameters were evaluated: fresh and dry biomass of the aerial part; stem diameter; plant height; number of leaves; seedling quality index; fresh and dry biomass, surface area, volume, total length and mean diameter of roots; root colonization (COL) and number of AMF spores; COL by melanized septate endophytes (DSE) and carbon from CO2 (C-CO2) released. The baruzeiro showed to be an undemanding species in terms of fertilization, but responsive to inoculation, showing increments in fresh biomass, surface area, volume and total length of roots. The inoculation with Gl. clarum increased the number of spores and the rate of C-CO2 released into the soil, while Gl. clarum and B. subtilis increased COL by AMF and DSE.

Abstract Mucuna (Stizolobium pruriens) is widely used in agriculture as a green allowance and in crop rotation, due to its ability to fix nitrogen and recover degraded areas; without embargo, there is a slow and uneven germination. This study used some classical methods, together with the use of low-frequency ultrasound to accelerate and homogenize the germination and emergence of the seeds. The experiment was carried out at the Plant Tissue Cultivation Laboratory of the Ilha Solteira Campus, São Paulo, Brazil. The design used was a completely randomized one, with five replications, in a 3x6 factorial scheme, the factors being: three pre-treatments for latency break: mechanical scarification, thermal scarification, and without scarification with six levels of ultrasound exposure: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 min, totaling 18 treatments. For eight days the germination and the initial stages of the seedlings were controlled. The method without scarification subjected to 4.5 min of ultrasound can become an excellent alternative, since it presented greater germination vigor, while 3.14 min of exposure to ultrasound were enough to improve the emergence speed, regardless of the method used in the preparation of seeds. In conclusion, only with the use of low-frequency ultrasound, it is possible to improve both the germination speed index and the germination vigor, without the need for additional treatments.

Resumen La mucuna (Stizolobium pruriens) se usa ampliamente en agricultura como abono verde y en rotación de cultivos, debido a su capacidad para fijar nitrógeno y recuperar áreas degradadas; sin embargo, tiene una germinación lenta y desigual. Este estudio utilizó algunos métodos clásicos, junto con el uso de ultrasonidos de baja frecuencia para acelerar y homogeneizar la germinación y emergencia de las semillas. El experimento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales del campus Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brasil. El diseño utilizado fue un completamente al azar, con cinco repeticiones, en un esquema factorial 3x6, siendo los factores: tres pre-tratamientos para ruptura de la latencia: escarificación mecánica, térmica, y sin escarificación con seis niveles de exposición a ultrasonido: 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8 min, totalizando 18 tratamientos. Durante ocho días se controló la germinación y las etapas iniciales de las plántulas. El método sin escarificación sometido a 4.5 min de ultrasonido puede convertirse en una excelente alternativa, ya que presentó mayor vigor de germinación, mientras que 3.14 min de exposición a ultrasonido fueron suficientes para mejorar la velocidad de emergencia, independientemente del método utilizado en la preparación de semillas. En conclusión, solo con el uso de ultrasonidos de baja frecuencia es posible mejorar tanto el índice de velocidad de germinación como el vigor de germinación, sin necesidad de tratamientos adicionales.

ABSTRACT. In this study, the stimulatory effects of application of glyphosate herbicide coupled with manganese sulfate (8%) foliar fertilizer on the production and bromatological characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha ‘Marandu’ were evaluated. The experiments were performed using randomized complete block design with a 5×4 factorial scheme in plots subdivided over time (across four evaluations) with four repetitions, totaling 100 observations. The effects of sublethal doses of acid equivalent (a.e.) of glyphosate (5.40, 21.60, 64.80, and 108.00 g·a.e.·ha-1) and control plus manganese sulfate foliar fertilizer (1,000 g ha-1) were assessed in four successive evaluations at a defoliation frequency of 21 days. Foliage at 20 cm height (to evaluate forage production); leaf/stem ratio (LSR); and contents of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and lignin (LIG) were measured in experimental plots with a usable area of 7.5 m2. Application of sublethal doses of glyphosate plus manganese sulfate did not increase forage production, increased LSR, reduced LIG content, and did not affect CP content in all four evaluations. NFD and ADF indicated satisfactory qualitative indices for animal feed following the application of sublethal doses of glyphosate plus manganese sulfate in all four evaluations.

ABSTRACT Organic carbon introduced in soils, mainly through organic matter, has a relevant role in various soil properties and is particularly important in sandy soils. In these soils, the input of organic material is necessary to ensure the sustainability of production systems. This study aimed to investigate the changes in total organic carbon content and its effect on physical properties in areas under different harvest management systems (HMS) after the harvest of eucalyptus. The study was performed in December 2017 in a Eucalyptus urograndis (clone E13) commercial plantation, in the municipality of Água Clara, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The soil of this area was classified as a sandy-textured Neossolo quartzarênico, which corresponds to Quartzipsamments. Soil samples were taken from the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers for determinations of aggregate stability, soil bulk density (BD), macroporosity (Macro), microporosity (Micro), total porosity (TP) and total organic carbon (TOC); and for calculation of carbon stock (CS). Total organic carbon and CS continued down into the 0.20-0.40, 0.40-0.60, 0.60-0.80, and 0.80-1.00 m layers. Soil mechanical penetration resistance (PR) was determined to the 0.40 m depth in 0.10 m intervals. Carbon content was evaluated in the aggregates of the 0.00-0.05 m layer after wet sieving in 2000, 1000, 250 and 53 µm diameter sieves. Statistical evaluation consisted of analysis of variance, the Tukey test, and regression for the sources of variation that showed significance at 5 %. The data suggest that keeping the residual phytomass on the soil surface can positively impact total organic carbon, with a smaller reduction under the cut-to-length harvest management system. However, carbon stock is greater at the layer of 0.20-0.60 m; as the soil has a sandy texture, carbon moves through the soil profile, which has lower soil mechanical penetration resistance at the surface layers (0.00-0.10 m), once more under the cut-to-length system. Maintaining crop residual phytomass on the soil surface in the cut-to-length harvest management system provides better soil physical conditions, with greater macroporosity (0.00-0.05 m), aggregates with more carbon, and lower soil mechanical penetration resistance compared to systems that maintain only part of the harvest residual phytomass or no residual phytomass on the surface.

RESUMO Na estatística experimental, a variabilidade, que permite conclusões relacionadas à precisão experimental, é geralmente demonstrada por meio do coeficiente de variação experimental (CV). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a distribuição do CV em diversos experimentos de crescimento de eucalipto, comparar as faixas de classificação existentes propostas na literatura (métodos propostos por Garcia; Costa, Seraphin e Zimmermann e Pimentel-Gomes), e definir o melhor a ser utilizado como referência para cultivo de mudas de eucalipto em estufas ou cultivo protegido. Para tanto, foi realizado um teste em branco com 100 repetições e avaliações realizadas em 30, 60, 90 e 120 dias. Além disso, foram coletados dados anteriores da literatura, para fins de comparação. Os resultados obtidos foram submetidos aos testes de Shapiro-Wilk e Kolmogorov-Smirnov, e as tabelas de classificação submetidas aos testes de aderência e heterogeneidade. Como resultado, foi possível concluir que os dados obtidos com os experimentos com eucalipto na presente pesquisa não se enquadram na classificação de Pimentel-Gomes e nas tabelas obtidas por Costa, Seraphin e Zimmermann enquanto as tabelas por meio do método proposto por Garcia seriam preferencialmente utilizadas.

ABSTRACT In experimental statistics, the variability, which allows for conclusions related to experimental accuracy, is usually demonstrated by means of experimental coefficient of variation (CV). The aims of this study were to evaluate the distribution of CV in several experiments of eucalyptus growth, compare the existent classification ranges proposed in the literature (methods proposed by Garcia; Costa, Seraphin and Zimmermann, and Pimentel-Gomes), and define the better one to be used as reference for eucalyptus seedlings cultures in greenhouses or protected cultivation. For that, a blank test with 100 repetitions was conducted and evaluations were performed in 30, 60, 90 and 120 days. Moreover, previous data from literature were collected, for comparison proposes. The obtained results were submitted to Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, and the classification tables were submitted to adherence and heterogeneity tests. As a result, it was possible to conclude that data obtained with the experiments with eucalyptus in the present research did not fit the classification of Pimentel-Gomes and tables obtained by Costa, Seraphin and Zimmermann, while the tables related to the method proposed by Garcia would be preferably used.

Resumo A determinação do tamanho de parcela é uma questão prática, pertinente ao planejamento experimental, e sua caracterização de forma otimizada permite a obtenção de maior precisão e melhor qualidade nos resultados. Diante disso, objetivou-se determinar o tamanho de parcelas em experimentos de maracujazeiro em dois ensaios de uniformidade com a espécie Passiflora setacea e . O Passiflora alataexperimento foi constituído de um substrato para plantio com três partes de solo e uma de esterco de curral curtido, o solo foi adubado com 3 kg de superfosfato simples e 0,5 kg de KCl por 1 m3. Cada espécie de passiflora foi considerada um ensaio de uniformidade com 40 unidades básicas (UB). As avaliações dos experimentos foram realizadas aos 60 dias após o transplante, observando-se altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, número de gemas e clorofila. Foram simulados diversos tamanhos de parcelas, em que cada planta foi considerada primeiramente como uma unidade básica até 40 plantas por unidade básica. Para a estimação do tamanho ótimo de parcelas empregou-se o método da máxima curvatura modificado. Os tamanhos de parcelas variaram com a espécie, encontrando-se valores de três a sete UB para Passiflora setacea e quatro a cinco UB para Passiflora alata.

Abstract The determination of the plot size is a practical matter pertinent to the experimental planning, and its optimal characterization allows to obtain higher precision and better quality in the results. Therefore, in this study, the main goal was to determine the plot size in experiments of passion fruit in two uniformity tests with Passiflora setacea and Passiflora alata. The experiment was constituted of a substrate at planting with 3 thirds of soil and 1 of barnyard manure. The soil was fertilizer with 3 kg of simple superphosphate and 0.5 kg of KCl by 1m³. Each species of Passiflora was considered a uniformity test with 40 basic units (BU). The evaluations of the experiments were done on 60 days after the transplant, noticing the tree’s height, stem’s diameter, number of leaves, number of buds, number of meristems and chlorophyll. Several plot sizes were simulated, in which each plant was first considered as a basic unit up to 40 plants per unit basic. For the estimation of optimum plot size, the maximum modified curvature method was used. The plot sizes varied with the specie, founding values as three to seven BU for Passiflora setacea and four BU to five for Passiflora alata.

Abstract Dipteryx alata is an arboreal species found in the Brazilian Savannah (BS), that has potential human and animal uses, including nutrition, medicine, and revegetation. This study aimed to evaluate the nutritional status and growth of D. alata seedlings used to recover degraded soils to which residues had been added compared to seedlings grown in the BS. The degraded soil was treated with organic and agroindustrial residues. Twelve months after seedlings were introduced, they were evaluated for height, stem diameter, chlorophyll index, and concentration of foliar macro and micronutrients. The foliar concentration was determined for D. alata seedlings grown in the degraded area and BS. The addition of residues increased foliar concentration of seedlings grown in the degraded area; however, concentrations did not reach similar levels to seedlings grown in BS. D. alata accumulated Mn in plants. The height and stem diameter of seedlings responded positively to residue application.

RESUMO: Para facilitar o processo de semeadura de espécies forrageiras é comum a mistura de sementes com fertilizantes, seja em cultivo exclusivo, consorciado ou na implantação de sistemas integrados de produção agropecuária. Entretanto, a salinidade e acidez do fertilizante, em longos períodos de mistura, supõe-se ação deletéria na qualidade fisiológica das sementes. Dessa forma, o estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito de dez tempos de mistura (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96 e 120 horas) do fertilizante granulado NPK 04-30-16, sobre vigor e germinação de sementes de Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Houve efeito negativo da mistura de fertilizante com as sementes para o grau de umidade, condutividade elétrica, emergência, índice de velocidade de emergência, comprimentos de plântula e de radícula em função do incremento do tempo de mistura com fertilizante, de 3 a 120 horas de exposição.

ABSTRACT: To facilitate seeding process of forage species, a common practice is to mix seeds with fertilizers in monocropping and intercropping or in implementing integrated livestock production systems. However, in prolonged periods of contact, the fertilizer’s salinity and acidity negatively affect the seeds’ physiological quality. Therefore, this study intends to verify the effect of ten periods (0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 36, 48, 72, 96, and 120 hours) of exposure to granular NPK fertilizer 04-30-16 on the vigor and germination of Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu seeds. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replication. The fertilizer and seed mixture registered a negative effect on seed moisture content, electrical conductivity, emergence, emergence speed index, and seedling and radicle length as the period of exposure to the fertilizer increased from 3 to 120 hours.

RESUMO A construção de usinas hidrelétricas-UHE gera um conjunto de problemas ambientais, dentre estes, extensas áreas de subsolo exposto, condição de extrema degradação. Estas áreas demandam por alternativas que minimizem o impacto e permitam, ao menos, o recobrimento vegetal, para que retomem, parcialmente, suas funções ecossistêmicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da adição de resíduos (orgânico/macrófitas - RO e inorgânico/cinza - RA), de hidrogel e da inoculação de microrganismos em solo degradado, cultivado com pinhão manso, por meio da fertilidade e da atividade microbiana. Um solo de Cerrado conservado foi utilizado como fonte de microrganismo, principalmente de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares. O experimento foi conduzido por 12 meses, iniciando em outubro de 2010, na fazenda da UNESP-Faculdade de Engenharia/Campus de Ilha Solteira, em Selvíria-MS. A área em questão, degradada pela construção da UHE, foi originalmente coberta com Cerrado. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2x2x4, com 2 tratamentos de inoculação (com e sem), 2 de hidrogel (com e sem) e 4 de resíduos aplicados na cova para o plantio do pinhão manso (RO, RA, OR + AR), com 4 repetições, avaliando 5 plantas por repetição. Como fonte de microrganismos, especialmente fungos micorrízicos arbusculares, foi utilizado um solo originário de área de Cerrado conservado. Aos 12 meses do plantio foram realizadas análises de fertilidade do solo, quantificação do carbono da biomassa microbiana (CBM) e o CO2 (C-CO2) liberado e calculados os quocientes microbiano (qMic) e metabólico (qCO2). A adição de RO e RO + RA influenciou positivamente o solo degradado elevando pH e SB, e reduzindo Al e H+Al. Estes tratamentos associados a inoculação elevaram C-CO2 liberado, CBM e qMic. A adição de hidrogel combinado ao tratamento RO aumentou os teores do CBM e qMIC.

ABSTRACT The construction of hydroelectric power plants (HPP) may result in environmental problems, such as extensive areas of exposed subsoil and conditions of extreme degradation. These areas require alternative that minimize impact and allow partial recovery of their ecosystem functions and vegetation. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of residue addition (organic/macrophytes - OR and inorganic/ash - AR), hydrogel, and inoculation of microorganisms in degraded soil, cultivated with Jatropha curcas, through fertility and microbial activity. A conserved Cerrado ("savannah") soil was the source of microorganisms - mainly mycorrhizal fungi. The experiment was conducted for 12 months (during 2010/2011) at the farm of UNESP-School of Engineering/Campus of Ilha Solteira, Selvíria-MS, Brazil, installed in an area where the soil was degraded during the HPP construction, in the 1960s. The experimental design was complete randomized blocks, using a 2×2×4 factorial scheme, i.e., two inoculation treatments (with and without), two hydrogel treatments (with and without), and four residue treatments to introduce the J. curcas (OR, AR, OR + AR, and control without residues), with four replicates and five plants evaluated per replicate. The soil fertility analyses, quantification of microbial biomass carbon (MBC), and released C as CO2 (CO2-C), microbial quotient (qMic), and metabolic quotient (qCO2) were carried out 12 months after planting. The fertility positively responded to the addition of OR and OR + AR, with an increase in pH and SB and reduction in Al and H + Al. The inoculation of soil microorganisms associated with OR and OR + AR residue treatments raised the released CO2-C, MBC, and qMic. The addition of hydrogel combined with OR treatment contributed to the increase in the values of MBC and qMic.

RESUMO O processo de revegetação representa uma alternativa para recuperação de áreas com solo exposto. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar o crescimento de mudas de Dipteryx alata (baru) e Astronium fraxinifolium (gonçalo-alves) em solo degradado, compactado ou não, suplementado com resíduo agroindustrial e verificar a possibilidade de uso deste como condicionante do solo. O experimento, conduzido na UNESP/Campus de Ilha Solteira, em cultivo protegido, apresenta três doses de resíduo (0, 15 e 30 t ha-1), duas densidades (1,0 e 1,5 g cm-3) e duas plantas indicadoras (Dipteryx alata e Astronium fraxinifolium). As plantas, arbóreas de cerrado, ocorrem nas proximidades da área degradada, onde o solo foi coletado. As mudas foram avaliadas 7 meses após desbaste, para altura, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular, e o solo foi avaliado para análise da fertilidade. Os resultados mostram que o resíduo agroindustrial (RA) elevou pH, teores de potássio, cálcio e magnésio, e diminuiu o alumínio disponível. O Dipteryx alata teve a massa fresca da raiz influenciada negativamente pela compactação e se mostrou pouco exigente quanto à adição de nutrientes pelo RA. O Astronium fraxinifolium teve a massa fresca da raiz e a altura negativamente influenciados pela compactação, enquanto a adição do RA favoreceu altura, diâmetro do caule, massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicular. A morfologia das raízes foi alterada pela compactação, nas duas espécies. O substrato utilizado apresenta elevada capacidade de reorganização, produzindo elevada densidade sem aplicação de força.

ABSTRACT The revegetation process represents an alternative to recovery of areas with exposed soil. The aim of this research was evaluate the growth of Dipteryx alata (baru) and Astronium fraxinifolium (gonçalo-alves) seedlings in degraded soil, compacted and not, supplemented with agro-industrial residue, and verify the possibility of using this as a chemical soil conditioner. The experiment was conducted at UNESP/Ilha Solteira Campus, under protected cultivation, with the following treatments: 3 doses of residue (0, 15 and 30 t ha-1), two densities (1.0 and 1.5 g cm-3) and two indicator plants (Dipteryx alata e Astronium fraxinifolium). The selected plants are arboreal species from ‘cerrado’ biome, which occur in the vicinity of the degraded area, where the soil was collected. The seedlings were evaluated 7 months after roughing, for height, diameter of stem, number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, and the soil was evaluated for fertility. The results show that the agro-industrial residue (RA) has increased the pH, potassium, calcium and magnesium, and reduced the exchangeable aluminum. The Dipteryx alata fresh root weight, was negatively influenced by compaction and showed little demanding for nutrients added by RA. Fresh root weight and height of Astronium fraxinifolium were negatively influenced by compaction whereas the addition of agro-industrial residue increased the plant height, stem diameter, fresh and dry weight of shoot and root. The root morphology was affected by compaction, in both species. The used substrate presents a high capacity of particles reorganization, resulting in a high density, without force application.

ABSTRACT Soil is currently seen as the most relevant carbon sink and the most effective carbon stabilizer. In contrast, agriculture is the second largest C emitter, after burning of fossil fuels. This organic carbon (OC) introduced into the soil, mainly via organic matter (OM), is essential for several soil properties and plays an extremely important role in sandy soils. The objective of this study was to describe the changes in the amounts and pools of OC and the influence thereof on some physical soil properties in areas converted from pasture to eucalyptus. The following areas were analyzed: a degraded pasture (PAST), two areas of pasture-eucalyptus conversion after 2 and 15 years (EU02 and EU15, respectively) and a preserved Cerrado area (CER) in the east of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Soil samples were taken from the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.30 m layers. The OC was measured and analyzed, the carbon pool (CP) calculated, aggregate stability, bulk density (BD), and macro- and microporosity determined, and total porosity (TP) calculated to analyze the influence of land use on soil properties. The experimental design was completely randomized, and four clusters per area were established, with nine subsampling points, for a total of 36 subsamples per area, organized in 20 × 20 m grids, The soil under natural vegetation (preserved Cerrado) was used as a control. The change from CER to commercial cultivation accelerates the process of OC loss (reductions of 25-35 %) and reductions in soil physical quality. In the PAST area, OC was reduced by 30 % in the 0.00-0.05 m layer. Cumulative OC and CP were highest in the 0.00-0.05 m layer and decreased in the deeper layers in all land use treatments. Organic C in the 0.10-0.30 m layer was not influenced by land use, indicating the possibility of OC persistence in the soil for longer periods. Macroporosity and total porosity may be considered appropriate in CER and EU15, whereas the conditions for plant development in PAST and EU02 were restrictive. Land use systems reduced OC and the CP, indicating anthropogenic disturbance of the soil compared to CER. Fifteen years after planting eucalyptus in the pasture area, signs of recovery of some soil physical properties were observed, e.g., reduced BD and increased TP.

Para o sucesso de um processo de revegetação, além de melhorar as condições edáficas da área, deve-se dispor de mudas de boa qualidade, o que pode ser avaliado pelo estado nutricional. Neste trabalho, avaliaram-se os teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn de mudas de Dipteryx alata produzidas a pleno sol ou em cultivo protegido (30% de sombreamento), utilizando como substrato solo degradado, condicionado ou não com resíduo orgânico (32 t ha-1 macrófitas) e com diferentes doses de fósforo (0, 100, 200 e 300 mg dm-3 P2O5), comparativamente à mudas e parte aérea de plantas adultas, coletadas em campo A cada coleta de folhas em campo, o solo foi coletado e analisado para P, MO, pH, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, SB e CTC. A mesma análise foi realizada nas unidades experimentais, ao final do experimento. Os resultados mostram que o Dipteryx alata é pouco exigente em P, que os teores foliares, nas mudas de campo, são superiores às plantas adultas em N, P, K e S e inferiores para Ca e que o estádio de desenvolvimento da planta não influenciou os teores foliares de Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn e Zn. O resíduo orgânico não foi suficiente para fornecer o N necessário às mudas produzidas. O cultivo a pleno sol propiciou maiores teores foliares de N, P, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe e Mn. Teores foliares de N, P, K, Ca, B, Fe e Zn foram superiores na presença de resíduo orgânico.

To a successful revegetation process, besides improving the edaphic area conditions, seedlings must have good quality, which can be assessed by nutritional status. This research evaluated the foliar contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Fe, Mn, and Zn from Dipteryx alata seedlings produced under full sun or protected condition (30% of shade), using degraded soil as substrate, with or without organic residue added (32 t ha-1 macrophyte) and with different phosphorus doses (0, 100, 200 e 300 mg dm-3 P2O5), comparatively to seedlings and adult plants collected in the field. To each leaf sampling in the field, the soil was collected and analyzed for P, MO, pH, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, SB and CTC. The same analysis was performed in the experimental units at the end of the experiment. The data showed that the Dipteryx alata presents low P requirement. The foliar levels, in seedling from field were higher than in adult plants, for N, P, K, and S, and lower for Ca, and the plant's developing stadium did not affect the foliar levels of Mg, B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn. The organic residue was not enough to supplies the needed N to seedlings produced under experimental conditions. The cultivation under full sun provided higher foliar concentrations of N, P, Ca, Mg, B, Cu, Fe and Mn. The foliar levels of N, P, K, Ca, B, Fe and Zn were higher in the presence of organic residue.

Na região Noroeste do Estado de São Paulo, foi estabelecida, em 1965, a Usina Hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira (CESP), que produziu extensas áreas degradadas, de onde foram retiradas as camadas superficiais do solo. Para o restabelecimento da vegetação, em áreas como estas, é necessária a adição de insumos químicos e matéria orgânica. Associando-se a presença na região de macrófitas à necessidade de recuperação de áreas degradadas e a disponibilidade de sementes de espécies nativas de cerrado, propôs-se o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adição de resíduo orgânico e fósforo sobre material de solo degradado e sobre o crescimento inicial de Dipteryx alata, espécie arbórea de cerrado. O material de solo foi coletado em área degradada pela construção da Usina Hidrelétrica de Ilha Solteira (SP). O experimento foi conduzido em dois ambientes, casa de vegetação e a pleno sol. Os tratamentos consistiram de quatro doses de fósforo (0, 100, 200 e 300 mg dm-3de P2O5), com ou sem adição de macrófitas, produzindo 16 tratamentos com 10 repetições cada um. As macrófitas utilizadas, coletadas na Usina Hidrelétrica de Jupiá (MS), foram secas e passadas em picadeira, incorporadas ao material de solo e incubadas por 60 dias. As sementes de Dipteryx alata, coletadas nas proximidades da área, foram semeadas em areia lavada e após 60 dias introduzidas nos tratamentos. As plantas foram avaliadas mensalmente quanto à altura, ao diâmetro do caule e à clorofila foliar. Após 210 dias, as plantas foram coletadas e avaliadas para peso fresco e seco da parte área e do sistema radicular e o material de solo foi avaliado quanto à fertilidade e atividade microbiana pelo carbono do CO2 liberado. A incorporação de resíduo orgânico ao material de solo degradado afetou positivamente a fertilidade deste e a atividade microbiana. As doses de fósforo aplicadas influenciaram o comportamento de Ca, SB, H+Al e CTC e, quando aplicadas na ausência de resíduo orgânico, promoveu incrementos significativos e lineares nos valores da acidez potencial, mostrando a importância da presença do resíduo orgânico. O crescimento inicial do Dipteryx alata foi favorecido pelo cultivo protegido, pela incorporação de resíduo orgânico e pela adição de fósforo ao solo. Pode-se concluir ainda que há boa perspectiva para deposição deste resíduo sobre o material de solo degradado, embora estudos em condições de campo sejam necessários.

In northwestern São Paulo State, it was established, in 1965, the hydroelectric station of Ilha Solteira (CESP) that produced extensive degraded areas, from where it was removed the soil superficial layers. For the re-establishment of the vegetation, in areas like these, it is necessary the addition of chemical inputs and organic material. Associating the presence in the area of macrophytes, to the need of recovery of degraded areas and the availability of seeds from native species of Cerrado, it was intended the development of this work, with the objective of evaluating the addition effects of organic residue and phosphorus on the material of degraded soil and on the initial growth of Dipteryx alata, arboreal species of 'cerrado'. The soil material was collected in area of degraded soil by the construction of Ilha Solteira hydroelectric station. The experiment was conducted in two environmental conditions, greenhouse and plenty of sun. The treatments consisted of four phosphorus doses (0, 100, 200 and 300 mg dm-3 of P2O5), with or without macrophytes addition, with 16 treatments and 10 repetitions each one. The used macrophytes, collected at Jupiá hydroelectric station, in Mato Grosso do Sul state, were dried, sliced, incorporated to the soil material and incubated during 60 days. The seeds of Dipteryx alata, collected around of the area, were sowed in washed sand and after 60 days introduced in the treatments. The plants were appraised monthly for height, stem diameter and leaves chlorophyll. After 210 days, the plants were collected and evaluated for fresh and dry weight of aerial part and radicular system and the soil material was evaluated for fertility and microbial activity by the carbon of liberated CO2. The organic residue, incorporated to the material of soil degraded, positively affects the soil fertility and the soil microbial activity. The applied phosphorus doses influenced the behavior of Ca, SB, H+Al and CTC, when applied in the absence of organic residue, it promoted significant and linear increments for values of potential acidity, and indicated the organic residue importance. The initial growth of the Dipteryx alata was favored by the protected cultivation, for the incorporation of organic residue and for the phosphorus addition to the soil. At the end although the material of degraded soil comes as good perspective for disposal of this residue, studies about the field conditions are necessary.