BACKGROUND In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) pandemic, Brazil authorised the Astra Zeneca/Fiocruz vaccine in January 2021. As the Delta variant emerged in May 2021, interval between vaccine doses was adjusted. By September 2021, the Brazilian National Immunisation Program recommended a booster dose for individuals over 70, and later expanded the recommendation to all adults. OBJECTIVES Assess the equivalence of IgG antibody response against the Covid-19 S protein before and approximately 28 days after the third dose of a Covid-19 recombinant vaccine. Two groups received initial two doses with intervals of eight and 12 weeks. METHODS This is a phase IV clinical study, uncontrolled, non-randomised. The study proposes calculating the ratio of geometric means titres (GMT) 28 days after the third dose, with a target ratio of confidence interval (CI) between 0.77 and 1.3. FINDINGS In the primary endpoint, there was no equivalence between the eight- and 12-week intervals with a slight variation favouring the eight-week group. Post-third dose, both groups showed increases titres at 28 days, three months, six months and 12 months. Both groups responded similarly to Delta and Omicron BA.1, with a more significant increase for Delta. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The study showed strong and consistent immune response in all age groups receiving the Covid-19 recombinant vaccine. Third dose elicited an increase in GMT by at least three times aligned with Ministry of Health strategies emphasising Bio-Manguinhos crucial role in pandemic control in the country. 201 Covid19 Covid 19 (Covid-19 ZenecaFiocruz Zeneca Fiocruz 2021 adjusted 70 adults Covid-1 2 1 weeks uncontrolled nonrandomised. nonrandomised non randomised. randomised non-randomised (GMT CI (CI 077 0 77 0.7 13 3 1.3 endpoint 12week week eightweek group Postthird Post BA1 BA BA.1 BioManguinhos Bio Manguinhos country 20 Covid1 (Covid-1 202 7 Covid- 07 0. 1. BA. (Covid- (Covid

A grande maioria das polêmicas públicas relativas a hipotéticos malefícios provocados pelas vacinas é extensão de controvérsias e discussões que surgem no próprio meio médico. Exemplos são os malefícios do mercúrio contido em várias vacinas, como a tríplice viral (MMR), provocando doença inflamatória intestinal e autismo; a vacina contra hepatite B e esclerose múltipla; o vírus SV40 em vacinas contra poliomielite e câncer; a transcriptase reversa em células de embrião de pinto e riscos de infecção por retrovírus; vacinas como causa de asma, diabetes insulino-dependente. Em algumas situações houve nítido prejuízo para a saúde da população, como aconteceu na Inglaterra após noticiários alarmantes sobre os riscos da vacina tríplice DTP na década de 1970 e, mais recentemente, com a vacina tríplice viral, contra sarampo, caxumba e rubéola, também na Inglaterra, e a vacina contra hepatite B, na França. Além disso, grupos ativistas contrários à vacina veiculam notícias alarmantes através dos meios de comunicação, especialmente pela Internet. Beneficiam-se dessa situação pessoas e advogados que, com ou sem fundamento científico para as suas alegações, buscam indenizações milionárias, o que tem causado malefícios para a população, principalmente em países como os Estados Unidos, pelo aumento no custo das vacinas, para fazer frente aos processos judiciais, e pela desistência de produção por várias empresas, contribuindo para crises de disponibilidade das vacinas. O Programa Nacional de Imunizações do Brasil tem tido êxito em lidar com os aspectos públicos dos eventos adversos, através da capacitação dos profissionais de saúde que atuam no setor, tanto nos aspectos técnicos como na comunicação social.

Most public debate surrounding the hypothetical adverse effects of vaccines is an extension of the polemics, controversies, and discussions that have arisen within the medical field itself. Examples include the adverse effects of the mercury contained in a number of vaccines, such as the one against measles-mumps-rubella (MMR), which can cause inflammatory bowel disease and autism; the link between the hepatitis B vaccine and multiple sclerosis; the polio vaccine, the SV40 virus, and cancer; reverse transcriptase in chicken embryo cells and the risk of infection by retrovirus; and vaccines as a cause of asthma and insulin-dependent diabetes. In some cases, the public health has clearly been harmed-in England, for instance, when alarming reports circulated about the risks of the DTP vaccine in the 1970s or, more recently, involving the MMR vaccine, likewise in England, and the vaccine against hepatitis B, in France. Groups of activists against vaccines have also spread alarming stories through the media, especially the internet. The ones who gain from this situation are the people and lawyers who sue for millions in damages, whether or not their allegations have any scientific basis. This has brought further problems for the public at large, especially in countries like the United States, with the cost of vaccines rising to cover the cost of lawsuits and with a number of companies halting their vaccine production, thus contributing to crises of vaccine availability. Brazil's National Immunization Program has been successful in dealing with the public aspects of adverse events by training the health professionals working in this sector, not just in technical aspects but also in social communication.

A entrevista trata da origem social e da opção pela carreira médica feita por Maria de Lourdes Souza Maia, focalizando em particular a sua trajetória profissional no âmbito da Secretaria de Saúde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, onde foi coordenadora do Programa de Imunizações, bem como sua atuação no Programa Nacional de Imunização do Ministério da Saúde.

The interview explores Maria de Lourdes Souza Maia's social origins and her choice to follow a medical career. It takes a particularly close look both at her professional trajectory within the Rio de Janeiro State Department of Health, where she served as coordinator of its Immunization Program, and at her role within the federal Health Ministry's National Immunization Program.