Abstract Objective To compare the cardiovascular risk and physical fitness, according to type of school in a national sample of Chilean school students. Methods A total of 7,218 students participated, who completed all the national tests of the National System for Measuring the Quality of Education, which included physical fitness and anthropometric tests. The results were compared according to the type of educational establishment and anthropometric indicators were considered. Physical fitness was measured by lower extremity strength, abdominal strength, upper extremity strength, trunk flexibility, exertional heart rate, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Body mass index, heart rate, and waist-to-height ratio were analyzed as predictors of cardiovascular risk. Results There were differences according to the type of establishment in the predictors of cardiovascular risk (p < 0.05). Differences were also found in the physical fitness tests evaluated (p < 0.01). Students in private schools (PSC) and subsidized schools (SC) had lower levels of cardiovascular risk and higher levels of physical fitness than public schools (PS) and schools with delegated administration (DA). Conclusions In conclusion, students in educational establishments with a higher socioeconomic level have lower levels of cardiovascular risk and better physical fitness than students in public establishments. The authors suggest considering specific school interventions to mitigate cardiovascular risk and improve physical fitness among this vulnerable population. To this end, future studies should analyze the characteristics of physical activity and nutritional habits in schools to determine the factors that affect the results. 7218 7 218 7,21 participated Education considered strength flexibility rate index waisttoheight waist height p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) 0.01. 001 0.01 01 0.01) PSC (PSC SC (SC PS (PS DA. DA (DA) conclusion population end 721 21 7,2 00 0.0 (DA 72 2 7, 0.

SUMMARY: The aim of the study was to compare the proprioceptive deficit through the Joint position sense (JPS) and Force steadiness in patients with anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) bone-patellar tendon-bone graft (PTH) reconstruction 6 to 12 months post-surgery. Fifteen patients (13 men and 2 women, 25.5 ± 1.3 years) with ACL reconstruction with HTH autograft and 20 persons without ACL injury (19 men and 1 woman, 24.1 ± 0.8 years) participated. To assess knee joint position sensation, Joint position sense (JPS) was measured in three ranges: 0°-30°, 31°- 60° and 61°-90° and quadriceps strength sensation was assessed with the Force steadiness (FS) test at 15 % of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), both tests performed 6 to 12 months post surgery. The results showed that there were no statistically significant differences in joint position sensation (JPS 0°-30°) (p=0.564) and 31°-60° (p=0.681), while in the range 61°-90° (p=0.003) there were statistically significant differences. In the quadriceps strength sensation measurements (FS at 15 % CVM) between the patients operated on ACL HTH technique and the control group there were no statistical differences (p= 0.987). The quadriceps strength sensation measured with the FS test at 15 % CVM would not present a deficit between 6 to 12 months in post- operated ACL patients when compared to subjects without injury or surgery of this ligament. It is concluded that the joint position sensation measured with the JPS test in three joint ranges of patients with ACL reconstruction HTH graft 6 to 12 months post surgery only showed alterations in the range of 61°- 90° when compared to the control group, indicating that the joint position sensation presents a deficit in this specific range.

RESUMEN: El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el déficit propioceptivo a través del Joint position sense (JPS) y Force steadiness en pacientes con reconstrucción del ligamento cruzado anterior (LCA) injerto hueso-tendón patelar-hueso (HTH) 6 a 12 meses postcirugía. Participaron 15 pacientes (13 hombres y 2 mujeres, 25,5 ± 1,3 años) con reconstrucción de LCA con autoinjerto HTH y 20 personas sin lesión del LCA (19 hombres y 1 mujer, 24,1 ± 0,8 años). Para evaluar la sensación de posición de la articulación de la rodilla se midió la Joint position sense (JPS) en tres rangos: 0°-30°, 31°-60° y 61°-90° y la sensación de fuerza del cuádriceps fue evaluada con la prueba Force steadiness (FS) al 15 % de la contracción voluntaria máxima (CVM), ambas pruebas realizadas 6 a 12 meses post cirugía. Los resultados mostraron que no hubo diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la sensación de la posición articular (JPS 0°-30°) (p=0.564) y 31°-60° (p=0.681), mientras que en el rango 61°-90° (p=0.003) existieron diferencias estadísticamente significativas. En las mediciones de sensación de fuerza del cuádriceps (FS al 15 % CVM) entre los pacientes operados de LCA técnica HTH y el grupo control no hubo diferencias estadísticas (p= 0.987) La sensación de la fuerza del cuádriceps medida con la prueba FS al 15 % CVM no presentaría déficit entre los 6 a 12 meses en pacientes post operados de LCA al ser comparados con sujetos sin lesión ni cirugía de este ligamento. Se concluye que la sensación de la posición articular medida con la prueba JPS en en tres rangos articulares de pacientes con reconstrucción de LCA injerto HTH 6 a 12 meses post cirugía sólo mostró alteraciones en el rango de 61°- 90° al ser comparado con el grupo control, lo cual indica que la sensación de la posición articular presenta un déficit en este rango específico.

SUMMARY: To determine the effect of a concurrent training program on body composition and phase angle in young women. 38 women (19.26 ± 1.86 years) participated in the study, and were assigned according to convenience sampling into two groups: 11 into the control group (CG) and 27 into the intervention group (IG). The IG performed a 12-weeks concurrent training protocol. The frequency was five days a week, and the intensity was established in 40-60 % of a repetition maximum to strength exercise, and 40-65 % heart rate reserve to endurance exercise. Body composition and phase angle were evaluated by bioelectrical impedance before and after the intervention. The IG had a decrease in fat mass (pre = 24.66 ± 5.65 kg; post = 20.38 ± 4.20 kg; Cohen’s d = .80; p< 0,001 [CI 95 % = 3.34,5.22]), and an increase in muscle mass (pre = 22.75 ± 3.23 kg; post: 23.50 ± 3.41 kg; Cohen’s d = -0.86; p= <0,001[CI 95 % = -1.09,- 0.40]) and total phase angle (pre = 5.72º ±0.39; post: 6.24º ± 0.51; Cohen’s d = -1.32; p=<0,001 [CI 95 % = -0.67,-0.36]), whereas the CG had not show significant variations in variables of body composition or total phase angle. The results suggest that a 12-weeks concurrent training program could modify positively the young women’s body composition and phase angle. Hence, it is recommended using similar protocols to change variables related to young women’s health.

RESUMEN: El objetivo fue determinar el efecto de un programa de entrenamiento concurrente sobre la composición corporal y el ángulo de fase en mujeres jóvenes. 38 mujeres (19.26 ± 1.86 años) participaron en el estudio, y fueron asignadas de acuerdo a un muestreo de conveniencia en dos grupos: 11 en el grupo control (CG) y 27 en el grupo de intervención (GI). El IG realizó un protocolo de entrenamiento concurrente de 12 semanas. La frecuencia fue de cinco días a la semana y la intensidad se estableció en 40-60 % una repetición máxima para el ejercicio de fuerza y 40-65 % de frecuencia cardíaca de reserva para ejercicio de resistencia. La composición corporal y el ángulo de fase se evaluaron mediante impedancia bioeléctrica antes y después de la intervención. El IG tuvo una disminución en la masa grasa (pre = 24.66 ± 5.65 kg; post = 20.38 ± 4.20 kg; d de Cohen = .80; p <0,001 [IC 95 % = 3.34,5.22]), y un aumento en la masa muscular (pre = 22,75 ± 3,23 kg; post: 23,50 ± 3,41 kg; d de Cohen = -0,86; p = <0,001 [IC 95 % = -1,09, -0,40]) y ángulo de fase total (pre = 5,72º ± 0,39; post: 6,24 º ± 0,51; d de Cohen = -1,32; p = <0,001 [IC 95 % = -0,67, -0,36]), mientras que el GC no mostró variaciones significativas en las variables de composición corporal o ángulo de fase total. Los resultados sugieren que un programa de entrenamiento concurrente de 12 semanas podría modificar positivamente la composición corporal y el ángulo de fase de mujeres jóvenes. Por lo tanto, se recomienda utilizar protocolos similares para mofificar variables relacionadas con la salud de mujeres jóvenes.

Introduction: Despite the progress of global research on sedentary behavior, we know little about its relationships and its effects on the population with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). therefore, the purpose of this review was to analyze the current and most common evidence available on these issues. Method: Five electronic databases were used to conduct a qualitative diagnostic review. eligible documents from the past five years were descriptively analyzed in a data extraction table and analyzed separately the various topics found. Results: High sedentary behavior in COPD was evident in several articles, and how it relates to the severity level of the disease and mortality. the main suggested strategy was to replace sedentary time with physical activity. Discussion: The results of this review are similar to what is studied in a population of varied co-morbility. However, their precedents are more specific in terms of recommendations. previous findings should be considered as a study guideline in COPD, as the pathological basis of chronic systemic inflammation is shared. Conclusion: Some findings found more frequently are the relationship of sedentary behavior with mortality and the development of greater co-morbility in COPD, in addition to intervention through physical activity, so it is necessary to deepen this topic by looking for strategies and recommendations specific to this population.

Resumen Introducción: A pesar del progreso de la investigación mundial sobre el comportamiento sedentario, sabemos poco aún acerca de sus relaciones y efectos en la población con enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC), por eso el objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar la evidencia actual y más frecuente disponible sobre este tema. Método: Se utilizaron cinco bases de datos electrónicas para realizar una revisión cualitativa diagnóstica. Los documentos elegibles de los últimos cinco años se analizaron descriptivamente en una tabla de extracción de datos y analizaron por separados los distintos temas encontrados. Resultados: Se evidenció en varios artículos el alto comportamiento sedentario en EPOC, y cómo se relaciona con el nivel de severidad de la enfermedad y con mortalidad. La estrategia principal sugerida fue reemplazar el tiempo sedente con actividad física. Discusión: Los resultados de la revisión son similares a lo estudiado en población de variada comorbilidad. Sin embargo, los precedentes de éstos son más específicos en cuanto a recomendaciones. Deben tomarse en cuenta aquellos hallazgos previos como directriz de estudio en la EPOC, ya que se comparte la base fisiopatológica de inflamación crónica sistémica. Conclusión: Algunos hallazgos encontrados con mayor frecuencia, son la relación del comportamiento sedentario con la mortalidad y el desarrollo de mayor comorbilidad en la EPOC, además de la intervención a través de la actividad física, por lo cual es necesario profundizar en esta temática buscando estrategias y recomendaciones específicas para esta población.

Resumen Introducción: Las personas mayores experimentan una menor capacidad para mantener y restablecer el equilibrio durante las actividades físicas. Durante la última década los videojuegos controlados con movimientos de todo el cuerpo, también conocidos como “Exergames”, han ganado popularidad como herramientas para mejorar el equilibrio y la movilidad funcional. El software KineLabs 3D es una serie de minijuegos que utiliza la plataforma Kinect para la rehabilitación de pacientes con secuelas de accidente vascular encefálico y para el entrenamiento de personas mayores. A nuestro conocimiento no hay investigaciones que utilizen este Exergame. Objetivo: Analizar el efecto de un programa de ejercicios del Exergame KineLabs 3D en el equilibrio y la movilidad funcional en personas institucionalizadas y autovalentes entre los 65 y los 85 años. Materiales y métodos: Se realiza un estudio piloto, cuantitativo, pre test-post test de un solo grupo de cinco personas que completaron un programa de 24 sesiones, tres veces por semana. Las pruebas clínicas escala de balance de Berg, prueba de alcance funcional, estación de apoyo unipodal y Short Physical Performance Battery fueron utilizadas antes y después del desarrollo del programa para medir el equilibrio y la movilidad funcional. Resultados: Las personas mayores que participaron en el programa mostraron una diferencia significativa en todas las pruebas clínicas (escala de balance de Berg p=0,0422, prueba de alcance funcional p=0,0431, estación de apoyo unipodal p=0,0422 y Short Physical Performance Battery p=0,0384; p<0,05) Conclusiones: Un programa de ocho semanas de ejercicios de Exergames en personas autovalentes institucionalizadas mejoró el equilibrio y movilidad funcional.

Abstract: Introduction: Older people experience a lower capacity in maintaining and resetting balance throughout the physical performance. During the last decade, video games that imply controlled full body-actions that are known as 'Exergames' have gained popularity as tools to improve balance and functional mobility. KineLabs 3D software is a mini-games series that employs the Kinect platform to rehabilitate patients with brain stroke damage and for senior people training. As far as we know, there are no research studies that use this Exergame currently. Objective: To analyze the effect of an Exergame KineLabs 3D training program regarding the balance and functional mobility in self-sufficient and institutionalized people between 65 and 85 years old. Materials and methods: This quantitative pilot study was carried out in a group of 5 people that attended a 24-session program three times per week. To measure stance and functional mobility, clinical testing such as Berg's balance test, Functional reach test, Unipedal stance test, and Short physical performance battery test were used before and after the intervention. Results: Older people that participated in the program showed a significant difference within all clinical tests made. The results were: Berg Balance Scale p=0,0422, Functional Reach Test p=0,0431, Unipedal Stance Test p= 0,0422 and Short Physical Performance Battery p=0,0384; p less than 0,05. Conclusion: The implementation of an eight-week Exergames program enhanced the stance/balance and functional mobility in the participants.

RESUMO Introdução: Devido à relação entre a identificação precoce das características físicas e antropométricas acima da média populacional em crianças e adolescentes e o êxito nos esportes, a detecção de potenciais talentos esportivos deve ser feita de forma ampla e sistemática como estratégia para a identificação precoce das características físicas favoráveis para o esporte em questão. Entretanto, a maioria dos estudos não utiliza amostras representativas, ou apresenta a detecção de talentos sem a utilização de métodos científicos válidos. O presente estudo comparativo retrospectivo, portanto, apresenta a identificação de potenciais talentos esportivos utilizando a estratégia Z, calculada com os dados das variáveis antropométricas, neuromotoras e de aptidão física. Objetivo: Identificar as habilidades físicas e os valores antropométricos acima dos níveis considerados normais em uma população de alunos do 8° ano de Educação Básica no Chile. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por 9.429 estudantes de escolas públicas e particulares (50,9% sexo masculino). Os dados foram obtidos a partir de um estudo transversal realizado em 2013. Os dados antropométricos e de aptidão física foram recopilados através do Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de Educación - SIMCE de educação física. A “Estratégia Z” foi utilizada para detectar os talentos esportivos ao identificar os valores acima da média da população. Resultados: Em, pelo menos, uma variável, um total de 619 alunos e 623 alunas com um desvio padrão de ≥2 (Z2) foi detectado. Conclusão: A “Estratégia-Z” foi capaz de detectar talentos esportivos de ambos os sexos e em diferentes idades. Nível de evidência III; Estudo retrospectivo comparativo.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Due to the relationship between early identification of physical and anthropometric characteristics above the population mean in children and adolescents, and success in sports, detecting potential sports talents should be broadly and systematically used as a strategy for the early identification of physical characteristics favorable to the sport in question. However, most studies do not use representative samples, or else they present talent detection without using valid scientific methods. This retrospective, comparative study therefore presents the identification of potential sports talents using the Z Strategy, calculated with anthropometric, neuromotor and physical fitness data. Objective: To identify physical abilities and anthropometric values above what are considered the normal ranges in a population of students in the 8th year of basic education, in Chile. Methods: The sample consisted of 9,429 students from public and private schools (50.9% boys). Data were obtained from a cross-sectional study conducted in 2013. Physical fitness and anthropometric data were recompiled through the Educational Quality Measurement System (Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de Educación – SIMCE) of physical education. The “Z Strategy” was used to detect sports talents by identifying values above the population mean. Results: In at least one variable, a total of 619 male and 623 female students with a standard deviation ≥2 (Z2) were detected. Conclusion: “Z Strategy” was able to detect sports talents of both sexes and of different ages. Level of evidence III; Retrospective comparative study.

RESUMEN Introducción: Debido a la relación entre la identificación precoz de las características físicas y antropométricas por encima del promedio poblacional en niños y adolescentes y el éxito en los deportes, la detección de potenciales talentos deportivos debe ser hecha de manera amplia y sistemática como estrategia para la identificación precoz de las características físicas favorables para el deporte en cuestión. Entretanto, la mayoría de los estudios no utiliza muestras representativas, o presenta la detección de talentos sin el uso de métodos científicos válidos. El presente estudio comparativo retrospectivo, por lo tanto, presenta la identificación de potenciales talentos deportivos utilizando la estrategia Z, calculada con los datos de las variables antropométricas, neuromotoras y de aptitud física. Objetivo: Identificar las habilidades físicas y los valores antropométricos por encima de los niveles considerados normales en una población de alumnos de 8° año de Educación Básica en Chile. Métodos: La muestra fue compuesta por 9429 estudiantes de escuelas públicas y privadas (50,9% sexo masculino). Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de un estudio transversal realizado en 2013. Los datos antropométricos y de aptitud física fueron recopilados a través del Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de Educación - SIMCE de educación física. La “Estrategia Z” fue utilizada para detectar los talentos deportivos al identificar los valores por encima del promedio de la población. Resultados: Se detectó en por lo menos una variable, un total de 619 alumnos y 623 alumnas con una desviación estándar de ≥2 (Z2). Conclusión: La “Estrategia-Z” fue capaz de detectar talentos deportivos de ambos sexos y en diferentes edades. Nivel de evidencia III; Estudio retrospectivo comparativo.

Introduction: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is associated with high cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Subjects and methods: 3,657 subjects between 30 and 74 years-old ( x ¯: 50.1 ± 12.1 SD) from 2010 Chilean National Health Survey were selected. Risk of OSA was estimated using a clinical prediction rule (CPR) based on the variables of the STOP-Bang Questionnaire. According to their score they were classified as LOW (< 3), MEDIUM (3-4) and HIGH (≥ 5) risk of OSA. Their physical activity level (PAL) was classified into 3 levels: Low, Moderate and High, according to the self-reported results with the GPAQ questionnaire. To study the association between the risk of OSA and PAL with High / Very High CVR (≥ 10%, Framingham) we constructed a logistic regression model adjusted for sex, age, BMI, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure, high total cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, high triglycerides, educational level, smoking and self-reported sleep hours. Results: 3,098 subjects were classified as OSA risk: LOW 1.683 (54.3%), MEDIUM 1.116 (36%) and HIGH 299 (9.7%). The PAL was evaluated in 3,570 subjects and classified as: Low 1,093 (30.6%), Moderate 705 (19.7%), and High 1,772 (49.6%). The CVR was determined in 3,613 subjects, and 711 (19.7%) classified as High/Very High risk. The regression model shows: MEDIUM risk an OR = 1.75 (1.05 – 2.90, p = 0.03), HIGH risk an OR = 3.86 (1.85-8.06, p < 0.001). For the PAL Low an OR = 1.14 (0.75-1.74, p = 0.525), PAL Moderate an OR = 1.18 (0.73-1.92, p = 0.501). Conclusion: The MEDIUM and HIGH risk of OSA, but not the self-reported PAL, constitute an independent risk factor for high cardiovascular risk.

Resumen Introducción: La apnea obstructiva del sueño (AOS) está asociada a alta morbi-mortalidad cardiovascular. Sujetos y métodos: Se seleccionaron 3.657 sujetos entre 30 y 74 años (x: 50,1 ±12,1 DS) de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2010. Se estimó el riesgo de AOS mediante una regla de predicción clínica (RPC) basada en las variables del Cuestionario STOP-Bang. Según puntaje se clasificaron en Riesgo BAJO (< 3), MEDIO (3-4) y ALTO (≥ 5) de AOS. El nivel de actividad física (NAF) fue clasificado en 3 niveles: Bajo, Moderado y Alto, según los resultados autorreportados con el cuestionario GPAQ. Para estudiar la asociación entre el riesgo de AOS y NAF con el RCV Alto/Muy Alto (≥ 10%, Framingham) construimos un modelo de regresión logística ajustado por sexo, edad, IMC, diabetes tipo 2, hipertensión arterial, colesterol total elevado, colesterol HDL bajo, triglicéridos elevados, nivel educacional, tabaquismo y horas de sueño autorreportadas. Resultados: 3.098 sujetos se clasificaron como riesgo de AOS: BAJO 1.683 (54,3%), MEDIO 1.116 (36%) y ALTO 299 (9,7%). El NAF fue evaluado en 3.570 sujetos, y clasificado como: Nivel Bajo 1.093 (30,6%), Moderado 705 (19,7%), y Alto 1.772 (49,6%). El RCV fue determinado en 3.613 sujetos, y 711 (19,7%) clasificaron como riesgo Alto /Muy Alto. El modelo de regresión muestra: riesgo MEDIO un OR = 1,75 (1,05-2,90; p = 0,03), riesgo ALTO un OR = 3,86 (1,85-8,06; p < 0,001). Para el NAF Bajo un OR = 1,14 (0,75-1,74; p = 0,525), NAF Moderado un OR = 1,18 (0,73-1,92; p = 0,501). Conclusión: El riesgo MEDIO y ALTO de AOS, pero no el NAF autorreportado, constituyen un factor de riesgo independiente para riesgo cardiovascular elevado.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar los efectos del plan gubernamental vida sana en marcadores metabólicos plasmáticos y capacidad física en mujeres sedentarias de Villa Alemana. Métodos Participaron 63 mujeres (41,2 ± 11,2 años) que fueron sometidas a 12 meses de intervención multi e inter-disciplinaria (médico, nutricionista, psicólogo(a) y profesor de educación física) (180 minutos de ejercicio por semana). En el análisis estadístico descriptivo se utilizaron la media y desviación estándar, la prueba T de muestras relacionadas se usó para determinar los efectos del programa, el nivel de significancia se estimó con un valor p<0,05. Resultados Se apreció una disminución en el colesterol total (p=0,003) y colesterol LDL (p=0,048), mejora en el test de 6 minutos (p=0,000) y número de sentadillas en treinta segundos (p=0,000) con un efecto positivo en el delta de recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca (p=0,001). Conclusión La estrategia gubernamental produjo una disminución en el riesgo cardiovascular debido a una mejora en los marcadores metabólicos y capacidad física de las mujeres.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effects of the government's healthy living plan on metabolic markers and physical capacity in sedentary women from Villa Alemana, Chile. Materials and Methods 63 women who participated in the study (41.2±11.2 years) underwent 12 months of multi- and interdisciplinary intervention (doctor, nutritionist, psychologist and physical education teacher) of 180 minutes of physical activity per week. Mean and standard deviation were used for statistical analysis, while the t-test of related samples was used to determine the effects of the program. The level of significance was estimated with a value of p<0.05. Results There was a decrease in total cholesterol (p=0.003) and LDL cholesterol (p=0.048), improvement in the 6-minute test (p=0.000) and number of squats in thirty seconds (p=0.000) with a positive effect on delta recovery heart rate (p=0.001). Conclusions The government's strategy resulted in a decrease of cardiovascular risk due to improved metabolic markers and women's physical capacity.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the effects of the government's healthy living plan on metabolic markers and physical capacity in sedentary women from Villa Alemana, Chile. Materials and Methods 63 women who participated in the study (41.2±11.2 years) underwent 12 months of multi- and interdisciplinary intervention (doctor, nutritionist, psychologist and physical education teacher) of 180 minutes of physical activity per week. Mean and standard deviation were used for statistical analysis, while the t-test of related samples was used to determine the effects of the program. The level of significance was estimated with a value of p<0.05. Results There was a decrease in total cholesterol (p=0.003) and LDL cholesterol (p=0.048), improvement in the 6-minute test (p=0.000) and number of squats in thirty seconds (p=0.000) with a positive effect on delta recovery heart rate (p=0.001). Conclusions The government's strategy resulted in a decrease of cardiovascular risk due to improved metabolic markers and women's physical capacity.

RESUMEN Objetivo Determinar los efectos del plan gubernamental vida sana en marcadores metabólicos plasmáticos y capacidad física en mujeres sedentarias de Villa Alemana. Métodos Participaron 63 mujeres (41,2 ± 11,2 años) que fueron sometidas a 12 meses de intervención multi e inter-disciplinaria (médico, nutricionista, psicólogo(a) y profesor de educación física) (180 minutos de ejercicio por semana). En el análisis estadístico descriptivo se utilizaron la media y desviación estándar, la prueba T de muestras relacionadas se usó para determinar los efectos del programa, el nivel de significancia se estimó con un valor p<0,05. Resultados Se apreció una disminución en el colesterol total (p=0,003) y colesterol LDL (p=0,048), mejora en el test de 6 minutos (p=0,000) y número de sentadillas en treinta segundos (p=0,000) con un efecto positivo en el delta de recuperación de la frecuencia cardíaca (p=0,001). Conclusión La estrategia gubernamental produjo una disminución en el riesgo cardiovascular debido a una mejora en los marcadores metabólicos y capacidad física de las mujeres.

The prevalence of overweight and obesity is increasing, creating a public health problem. The loss of approximately 10% of body weight is recommended to reduce the risk of mortality associated with metabolic diseases and to increase the quality of life in adults with overweight or obesity. Non-pharmacological strategies used for weight management are caloric restriction and physical exercise. Nevertheless, the independent effect of physical exercise to decrease body weight is unclear, and could be responsible for only 20% of the weight loss when healthy lifestyles are prescribed. However, exercise has other benefits for health, independent of its weight reducing effect. In fact, physical inactivity is responsible for twice the deaths caused by obesity. The aim of this review is to discuss the importance of physical exercise in the reduction of body weight in subjects with overweight or obesity.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a relação da força de preensão manual com a função física em indivíduos idosos institucionalizados. MÉTODOS: Cento e cinquenta e sete idosos institucionalizados de ambos os sexos em sete diferentes instituições de longa permanência foram submetidos a avaliação da composição corporal, função cognitiva, forca de preensão manual (PREENSAO), mobilidade funcional, equilíbrio corporal (escala de equilíbrio de BERG e teste unipodal) e velocidade de caminhada (VELCAM). RESULTADOS: Em geral, os participantes deste estudo não apresentaram comprometimento da função cognitiva, mobilidade funcional, equilíbrio corporal ou da VELCAM. Os homens desenvolveram maior PREENSÃO e alcançaram maior escore em BERG. Os voluntários mais aptos (i.e., P75 a P100) apresentaram melhor função física, BERG e VeLcAM; os menos aptos (i.e., P0 a P25) apresentaram maior estatura e melhor VELCAM. A PREENSAO foi independentemente associada à função física e ao equilíbrio unipodal somente no sexo feminino (amostra total). A função cognitiva (feminino, P25 a P75; masculino, amostra total) e a idade (masculino, amostra total) demonstraram tendência de interferência em relação à avaliação da função física. A idade e o peso corporal parecem ser candidatos a preditores da VELCAM, sobretudo no P25 a P75 do sexo feminino, enquanto a função cognitiva é preditor de VELCAM no sexo masculino (P75 a P100). Por outro lado, a idade e o peso corporal são significativamente associados a VELCAM (feminino, amostra total). CONCLUSÃO: Os dados deste estudo piloto permitem concluir que a forca de preensão manual foi independentemente associada a função física de mulheres idosas institucionalizadas.

PURPOSE: To analyze the relationship of grip strength and physical function in institutionalized older people. METHODS: One hundred and fifty-seven nursing home residents of seven different long-stay institutions underwent evaluation of body composition, cognitive function, grip strength, mobility, balance (balance scale test BERG and single-leg stance test) and gait speed. RESULTS: Volunteers had no impairment of cognitive function, functional mobility, balance or gait speed. Men had higher grip strength and achieved higher scores in BERG. Fittest volunteers (i.e., P75 to P100) had better functional mobility, BERG and gait speed; less fit volunteers (i.e., P0 to P25) were taller and had better gait speed. The grip strength was independently associated with functional mobility and balance in the single-leg stance test only in females. The cognitive function (female, P25 to P75, male, total sample) and age (male, total sample) showed a tendency to be mediators of functional mobility. Age and body weight seem to confound the gait speed, especially for females (P25 to P75), while cognitive function confound it in males (P75 to P100). However, age and body weight are significantly associated with gait speed (female, total sample). CONCLUSION: We can conclude that grip strength was independently associated with functional mobility and balance of institutionalized older women.

El objetivo del estudio fue comparar el rendimiento académico y autoconcepto físico en adolescentes escolares de acuerdo al nivel de actividad física. Fueron evaluados 124 estudiantes de 18,1(± 0,60) años promedio. Se determinó el nivel de actividad física con el cuestionario IPAQ. El autoconcepto físico se evalúo con el test de valoración del autoconcepto físico (ACF). Se determinó el promedio general de notas (NEM) usando los promedios obtenidos en Matemáticas y Lenguaje. Los resultados evidenciaron que los hombres presentan un ACF (p=0,000) y un NEM (p=0,033) más positivo que las mujeres, se demostró que los sujetos activos presentan mejor ACF y NEM que los alumnos con actividad física baja (p=0,000).A partir de estos resultados se llegó a la conclusión que los adolescentes, del sexo masculino y femenino que tienen un mayor nivel de actividad física presentan mejores calificaciones y autoconcepto físico en comparación con los sujetos que presentan un bajo nivel de actividad física.

OBJETIVO: O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6M) é uma estrategia simples e de baixo custo operacional que objetivamente mede a aptidão cardiorrespiratória de indivíduos com diferentes condições de saúde. Nosso objetivo foi desenvolver equações de predição da potência aeróbica em homens idosos saudáveis usando o TC6M. MÉTODOS: Foram medidos a composição corporal (massa corporal [MC], índice de massa corporal [BMI], porcentagem de gordura [%G]) e potência aeróbica de pico através de teste cardiopulmonar de exercício máximo (velocidade, frequência cardíaca [FC] e consumo de oxigênio [VO2] no limiar anaeróbico e no pico]) e através do TC6M (distancia [D], produto massa corporal x distância, FC e VO2de pico) em 76 idosos saudáveis com idade entre 65 e 80 anos (69.1 ± 0.3 anos). RESULTADOS: Foram observadas correlações significativas para VO2pico no TC6M em função do produto MCxD (R = 0,75, P < 0,0005), MC (R = 0,56, P < 0,0005), D (R = 0,43, P = 0,0004) e FC máxima (R = 0,37, P = 0,001). A correlacionou-se significativamente com %G (R = -0,43, P = 0,005), IMC (R = -0,36, P = 0,021) e idade (R = -0,31, P < 0,045), enquanto que a MCxD correlacionou-se com MC (R = 0,86, P < 0,005). A inclusão da MCxD aumentou o R 2 de 0,65 para 0,74 e diminuiu o erro padrão da estimativa (EPE) gerando a equação (R = 0,86, EPE = 182,1 mL·min-1, P < 0,0005) para a predição do VO2peak: VO2peak = 962,2 + (0,037 x MCxD) + (8,565 x FC máxima). Foi também gerado um modelo preditivo não dependente de exercício através de regressão univariada, mas não múltipla. A %G (R=0,43, EPE = 702,2 m, P < 0,005) gerou o melhor modelo para a predição da distancia, i.e., distancia = 702,2 - (3,067 x %G). CONCLUSÃO: Nossas modelos de predição parecem estimar precisamente o VO2pico de idosos saudáveis, especialmente quando a MCxD é considerada.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: A simple, low-cost approach commonly used to objectively analyze the cardiorespiratory fitness of individuals with different health conditions is the six-minute walk test (6-MWT). Our objective was to develop peak aerobic power prediction using the six-minute walk test in healthy older men. METHODS: We measured body composition (body mass [BM], body mass index [BMI], fat percentage [FAT]) and peak aerobic power breath-by-breath during cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET [velocity, heart rate [HR] and VO2 at the anaerobic threshold and peak]) and a 6-MWT (distance [D], weight by distance [WxD], HR and oxygen consumption [VO2] at peak) in 76 healthy older men aged 65 to 80 years (69.1 ± 0.3 yrs-old). RESULTS: We observed significant correlations for VO2peak during the 6-MWT as a function of WxD (R = 0.75, P < 0.0005), BM (R = 0.56, P < 0.0005), D (R = 0.43, P = 0.0004) and maximum HR (R = 0.37, P = 0.001). Distance correlated significantly with FAT (R = -0.43, P = 0.005), BMI (R = -0.36, P = 0.021) and age (R = -0.31, P < 0.045), whereas WxD correlated with BM (R = 0.86, P<0.005).The inclusion of WxD increased the R2 from 0.65 to 0.74 and decreased the estimative error while yielding the following equation (R = 0.86, standard error of the estimate (SEE) = 182.1 mL•min-1, P < 0.0005) to predict VO2peak: VO2peak = 962.2 + (0.037 x WxD) + (8.565 x maximum HR). A non-exercise model was obtained by univariate regressions but not multiple regressions. The FAT (R = 0.43, SEE = 702.2 m, P < 0.005) yielded the best model for predicting distance, i.e., distance = 702.2 - (3.067 x FAT). CONCLUSION: Our prediction model seems to accurately estimate VO2peak in healthy older men primarily when WxD is considered.

OBJETIVO: Comparar e analisar as relações entre imagem corporal, composição coporal e função física em mulheres idosas fisicamente ativas com sobrepeso e peso normal. MÉTODOS: Medimos a massa corporal, índice de massa corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura, força de preensão manual, força de membros inferiores, flexão de cotovelo, equilíbrio, marcha estacionária, velocidade normal e máxima de caminhada, levantar-se da cadeira em 700 mulheres idosas fisicamente ativas com sobrepeso (N: 398 [67.2 ± 8.5 years; IMC > 27 kg·m2]) e peso normal (N: 302 [67.3 ± 8.5 years; IMC < 27 kg·m2]). A imagem corporal atual (ICA) e ideal (ICI), assim como a insatisfação com a imagem corporal (IIC) foram determinadas pelas respostas das voluntarias de acordo com silhuetas padronizadas. RESULTADOS: A analise de regressão múltipla verificou associações positivas (ICA) e negativas (IIC) para equilíbrio na categoria obesidade. Foi observada associação positiva com a velocidade usual e máxima de caminhada para ICA (categorias peso normal e obesidade) e IIC (sobrepeso). Existiram associações positivas para o desempenho no teste de marcha estacionária, flexão de cotovelo e numero de repetições para levantar-se da cadeira. CONCLUSÃO: Mulheres idosas fisicamente ativas demonstram elevada prevalência de insatisfação com a imagem corporal independente do índice de massa corporal. Esse resultado é mediado pela idade, e está associado com pior função física; associações semelhantes foram observadas para a imagem corporal atual.

OBJECTIVE: To compare and examine relationships between body image (BI), body composition and physical function in overweight and normal weight active older women. METHOD: We measured body mass (BM), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WAIST), grip strength (GS), lower limb muscle strength [LLMS], arm curl, balance, step-in-place test (SIPT), usual walk (WALK), fast walking (fastWALK), single chair stand (CHAIRtime) and repeated chair stand (CHAIRreps) in 398 overweight or obese women (67.2 ± 8.5 years; BMI > 27 kg·m2) and 302 women with a BMI < 27 kg·m2 (67.3 ± 8.5 years). Current (CBI) and ideal body image (IBI), and body dissatisfaction (DS; current - ideal) were determined by participant's responses to standardized silhouettes. RESULTS: Multiple regression analyses verified positive (CBI) and negative associations (DS) for balance in obese category. A positive association with WALK and fastWALK was observed for current (normal weight and obesity categories) and IBI (overweight). There were positive associations for SIPT, arm curl and CHAIRreps. CONCLUSION: Physically active older women showed an elevated prevalence of dissatisfaction regardless of BMI which was mediated by age, and associated with worsened physical function; similar associations were seen for current body image.

Resumo O presente estudo avaliou nível de atividade física (AF) e seus efeitos associados entre estudantes da rede pública de São Paulo. Um estudo transversal foi feito usando uma amostra representativa de estudantes da rede pública de ensino de São Paulo. Foi utilizado o International Physical Activity Questionnaire para determinar o nível AF. Estudantes que relataram pelo menos 300 minutos/semana de AF, foram considerados ativos. As variáveis independentes foram: sexo, idade, índice de massa corporal, educação, região e o conhecimento do programa Agita São Paulo. A prevalência de AF regular foi de 71,7%. Os meninos (RP = 1,09, IC95% = 1,04 -1,15), 17 anos de idade (RP = 1,16, 95% IC 1,09-1,24), terceiro ano do ensino médio (RP = 1,20, IC95% = 1,12-1,29 ) e aqueles que residiam na região do Centro-Oeste (RP = 1,27, IC95% 1,16-1,38) tinham maior probabilidade de ser ativos. Meninos de 17 anos de idade, no terceiro ano do ensino médio, que residiam no Centro-Oeste e reconhecia o programa Agita São Paulo/Agita Galera tinham níveis mais elevados de AF. Alunos de São Paulo apresentaram um elevado nível de AF. Meninos com idade superior a 17 anos, do 3º ano do ensino médio, que residiam na região Centro-Oeste, e reconhecia o programa Agita São Paulo/Agita Galera foram mais propensos a ser mais ativos.

Abstract The current study evaluated physical activity (PA) level and its associated effects among students in the public network of São Paulo, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was taken using a representative sample of students in São Paulo public school system. International Physical Activity Questionnaire determined PA level. Students who reported at least 300 minutes/week of PA were considered active. The independente variables were: gender, age, body mass index, education, region, recognition of the Agita São Paulo program. The prevalence of regular PA was 71.7%. Males (PR = 1.09, 95% CIs = 1.04 -1.15) at least 17 years old (PR = 1.16, 95% CIs 1.09-1.24) in their 3rd year of high school (PR = 1.20, 95% CIs = 1.12-1.29) who resided in the Midwest region (PR = 1.27, 95% CIs 1.16-1.38) were most likely to be active. Males at least 17 years old in their 3rd year of high school who lived in the Midwest and recognized the Agita São Paulo/Agita Galera program had higher levels of PA. São Paulo students presented a high level of PA. Moreover, males older than 17 years, attending their 3rd year of high school, who lived in the Midwest region, and recognized the Agita São Paulo/Agita Galera program were the most likely to be more active.