Abstract Objectives: To evaluate the bacterial microbiome found in tracheostomy cannulas of a group of children diagnosed with glossoptosis secondary to Robin Sequence (RS), and its clinical implications. Methods: Pediatric patients were enrolled in the study at the time of the cannula change in the hospital. During this procedure, the removed cannula was collected and stored for amplicon sequencing of 16s rRNA. DNA extraction was performed using DNeasy PowerBiofilm Kit (QIAGEN® - Cat nº 24000-50) while sequencing was performed with the S5 (Ion S5™ System, Thermo Fisher Scientific), following Brazilian Microbiome Project (BMP) protocol. Results: All 12 patients included in the study were using tracheostomy uncuffed cannulas of the same brand, had tracheostomy performed for over 1-year and had used the removed cannula for approximately 3-months. Most abundant genera found were Aggregatibacter, Pseudomonas, Haemophilus, Neisseria, Staphylococcus, Fusobacterium, Moraxella, Streptococcus, Alloiococcus, and Capnocytophaga. Individual microbiome of each individual was highly variable, not correlating to any particular clinical characteristic. Conclusion: The microbiome of tracheostomy cannulas is highly variable, even among patients with similar clinical characteristics, making it challenging to determine a standard for normality. © 2022 Associa¸c˜ao Brasileira de Otorrinolaringologia e Cirurgia C´ervico-Facial. Published by Elsevier Editora Ltda. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

ABSTRACT The extractives are responsible for some characteristics of wood, such as color, smell, natural resistance to rot, taste, and abrasive properties. In addition, its content and composition vary between wood species. The objective of this work was to present a phytochemical analysis of wood extractives of native species from the Atlantic Forest, aiming at the characterization of some classes of secondary metabolites. Phytochemical tests for the detection of classes of metabolites present in Croton Urucurana Baill, Pelthoforum dubium (Spreng.) Taub., Jacaranda cuspidifolia Mart., and Hymenaea courbaril L. were carried out with crude wood, hydrophilic extract (methanol), and lipophilic extract (cyclohexane). Phytochemical analysis detected the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, and triterpenoids in all the hydrophilic extracts of the species studied. Saponins were only detected in P. dubium and J. cuspidifolia. Phytochemical analysis permitted the identification of several metabolites, suggesting possible pharmacological actions of the species studied.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the sequential changes of hemodynamic and metabolic parameters in patients who underwent aorta no-touch off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (OPCAB). Methods: Prospective study involving twenty-seven consecutive patients who underwent aorta no-touch OPCAB. The FloTrac/PreSep/Vigileo™ system (Edwards Lifesciences) was used to continuously record heart rate (HR), mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), central venous pressure (CVP), continuous cardiac index (FCI), stroke volume (SV), stroke volume variation (SVV), and central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2). The parameters were assessed 5 min before, during and 5 min after each anastomosis (left anterior descending [LAD], posterior descending [PD], obtuse marginal [OM] and diagonal [Dg]). Postoperative lactate was also evaluated. Results: There was no significant change in HR and MABP for all anastomoses, except for MABP during PD grafting (-10.1±2.7 mmHg, P=0.03). There was a significant decrease in ScvO2 only during PD and OM anastomoses (-9.4±0.4, P=0.03; -4.4±0.4, P=0.02; respectively). CVP drop after PD manipulation was strongly associated with a higher lactate during the first hours after surgery (r=-0.82; P=0.001). These hemodynamic changes were transient and entirely recovered after the heart was returned to its anatomical position. No significant differences were observed in FCI, SVV, or the systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI) during all anastomoses, except for a drop in SVRI during PD grafting (-8.03±2.3, P=0.007). SV tended to decrease during the procedure in all territories, but with statistically significant drop only in PD and OM grafting (-10.4±1.2, P=0.02; -13.6±5.1, P=0.007; respectively). Conclusion: Heart displacement for performing aorta no-touch OPCAB is well tolerated, with transient and endurable hemodynamic variations.

SUMMARY Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS) is a genetic disorder frequently characterized by obesity, growth hormone deficiency, genital abnormalities, and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Incomplete or delayed pubertal development as well as premature adrenarche are usually found in PWS, whereas central precocious puberty (CPP) is very rare. This study aimed to report the clinical and biochemical follow-up of a PWS boy with CPP and to discuss the management of pubertal growth. By the age of 6, he had obesity, short stature, and many clinical criteria of PWS diagnosis, which was confirmed by DNA methylation test. Therapy with recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) replacement (0.15 IU/kg/day) was started. Later, he presented psychomotor agitation, aggressive behavior, and increased testicular volume. Laboratory analyses were consistent with the diagnosis of CPP (gonadorelin-stimulated LH peak 15.8 IU/L, testosterone 54.7 ng/dL). The patient was then treated with gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog (GnRHa). Hypothalamic dysfunctions have been implicated in hormonal disturbances related to pubertal development, but no morphologic abnormalities were detected in the present case. Additional methylation analysis (MS-MLPA) of the chromosome 15q11 locus confirmed PWS diagnosis. We presented the fifth case of CPP in a genetically-confirmed PWS male. Combined therapy with GnRHa and rhGH may be beneficial in this rare condition of precocious pubertal development in PWS.

Existe um problema em se manter meios de cultivos completa ou parcialmente livres de bactérias. O uso de inibidores metabólicos de procariontes, tais como antibióticos, é sugerido como uma solução alternativa, no entanto tais substâncias não podem prejudicar os organismos não alvo. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a eficácia de tratamentos com antibióticos na inibição de bactérias livres e associadas ao biofilme e a sua meia-vida em meio marinho artificial, usando o copépode Acartia tonsa como organismo bioindicador de combinações de antibióticos não prejudiciais. Em relação aos resultados, a aplicação de 0,025 g.L-1 de penicilina G potássica + 0,08 g.L-1 de sulfato de estreptomicina + 0,04 g.L-1 de sulfato de neomicina apresentou grande potencial de aplicação em cultivos e experimentos científicos marinhos sem causar efeitos letais a organismos não alvo. O efeito desta combinação inicia dentro das primeiras seis horas de exposição e reduz em até 93% a densidade bacteriana, mas a sua meia-vida é curta, necessitando reposição. Não ocorreram alterações adversas na qualidade da água de cultivo no prazo de 168 horas de exposição. Como conclusão, este tratamento foi um procedimento eficaz para cultivos de zooplâncton e em experimentos científicos com o objetivo de mensurar o papel de bactérias livres e associadas ao biofilme na comunidade marinha.

There is a problem with keeping culture medium completely or partially free from bacteria. The use of prokaryotic metabolic inhibitors, such as antibiotics, is suggested as an alternative solution, although such substances should not harm non-target organisms. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of antibiotic treatments in inhibiting free-living and biofilm bacteria and their half-life in artificial marine environment using the copepod Acartia tonsa as bioindicador of non-harmful antibiotic combinations. Regarding to results, the application of 0.025 g L-1 penicillin G potassium + 0.08 g L-1 streptomycin sulphate + 0.04 g L-1 neomycin sulphate showed great potential for use in marine cultures and scientific experiments without lethal effects to non-target organisms. The effect of this combination starts within the first six hours of exposure and reduces up to 93 % the bacterial density, but the half-life is short, requiring replacement. No adverse changes in water quality were observed within 168 hours of exposure. As a conclusion, we can infer that this treatment was an effective procedure for zooplankton cultures and scientific experiments with the aim of measuring the role of free-living and biofilm in the marine community.

INTRODUÇÃO: A utilização da via radial tem reconhecida eficácia em reduzir complicações hemorrágicas na intervenção coronária percutânea (ICP). Nas síndromes coronárias agudas (SCAs), o crossover (transição) entre a heparina de baixo peso molecular e a heparina não-fracionada aumenta o risco hemorrágico após ICP por via femoral. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a incidência de sangramentos em pacientes com SCA submetidos a ICP por via radial de acordo com a ocorrência, ou não, do crossover da terapia com heparina. MÉTODOS: Estudo observacional de pacientes com SCA submetidos a ICP por via radial, divididos em grupos A (no qual ocorreu crossover) e B (sem crossover). Os eventos hemorrágicos foram classificados conforme os critérios do GUSTO; para os sangramentos da via de acesso radial, foram utilizados os critérios do EASY. RESULTADOS: Foram incluídos 140 pacientes consecutivos, 74 pacientes no grupo A e 66 pacientes no grupo B, com média de idade de 59,7 ± 9,4 anos, 72,8% do sexo masculino e 21,4% diabéticos. Ocorreram seis casos de complicações hemorrágicas (4,3%), sendo duas (1,4%) classificadas pelo GUSTO como moderadas (uma hemorragia digestiva e um sangramento femoral após balão intra-aórtico) e quatro (2,9%), como leves (hematomas com diâmetro < 5 cm). Na comparação entre os grupos, sangramentos moderados ocorreram em 1,3% no grupo A e em 1,5% no grupo B (P = 0,49) e sangramentos leves, em 2,7% e em 3,1% nos grupos A e B, respectivamente (P = 0,37). CONCLUSÕES: Nesta casuística de pacientes com SCA submetidos a ICP pela via radial, foi observada baixa incidência de sangramentos, sendo a maioria das complicações hemorrágicas decorrente de pequenos hematomas da via de acesso. O crossover da terapia com heparina não conferiu risco aumentado de sangramentos após ICP pela via radial.

BACKGROUND: Radial access is effective in reducing bleeding complications in percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). In acute coronary syndromes (ACS), the crossover from low molecular weight to unfractioned heparin increases the risk of bleeding after transfemoral PCI. The aim of this study was to evaluate the incidence of bleeding in patients with ACS undergoing PCI using the radial approach according to the occurrence or not of crossover of heparin therapy. METHODS: Observational study of patients with ACS undergoing PCI using the radial access, divided into groups: A (with crossover) and B (without crossover). Bleeding events were classified according to GUSTO criteria; EASY criteria were used for bleeding events in the radial access. RESULTS: We included 140 consecutive patients, 74 in group A and 66 in group B, with mean age of 59.7 ± 9.4 years, 72.8% were male, and 21.4% diabetic. There were six cases of bleeding complications (4.3%), and two (1.4%) were classified by GUSTO as moderate (one digestive bleeding and one femoral bleeding after intraaortic balloon pump), and four (2.9%) were classified as mild (hematomas with diameter < 5 cm). In the comparison between groups, moderate bleeding occurred in 1.3% in group A and 1.5% in group B (P = 0.49) and mild bleedings in 2.7% and 3.1% in groups A and B, respectively (P = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS: In this cohort of patients with ACS undergoing PCI using the radial access, a low incidence of bleeding events was observed, and most of these bleeding complications resulted from small hematomas of the access route. Crossover of heparin therapy did not increase the risk of bleeding after transradial PCI.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os diabéticos representam um desafio para as intervenções coronárias percutâneas (ICP) em decorrência das elevadas taxas de reestenose, limitando a utilização desse procedimento em situações com grande perspectiva de recidiva, restringindo o emprego da técnica e predispondo à revascularização incompleta. Os stents farmacológicos contribuíram para a atenuação expressiva dessas limitações, podendo ter causado mudanças nas características dos casos tratados contemporaneamente. Assim, nosso objetivo foi comparar o perfil dos diabéticos tratados por ICP em dois momentos distintos desta década MÉTODO: Estudo de coorte envolvendo 2.530 pacientes diabéticos revascularizados de forma consecutiva, divididos em dois grupos: grupo A, 1.309 pacientes revascularizados no período de 2006 a 2008; e grupo B, 1.221 pacientes tratados entre 2003 e 2005. Excluíram-se apenas os pacientes em que foram utilizados stents farmacológicos não disponíveis para uso comercial RESULTADOS: Os stents farmacológicos foram mais utilizados no grupo A (23% vs. 9%; P < 0,0001), em que também ocorreu predomínio significante de pacientes em uso de insulina (14% vs. 10%; P = 0,0001), com disfunção renal crônica (20% vs. 10,1%; P < 0,0001), lesões B2/C (68% vs. 63%; P = 0,003), oclusões crônicas (17% vs. 10%; P < 0,0001), stents com diâmetro < 2,5 mm (26% vs. 22%; P = 0,01) e stents com extensão > 24 mm (31% vs. 22%; P < 0,0001). Intervenções multiarteriais (12% vs. 6%; P < 0,001) e revascularização completa (65% vs. 59%; P = 0,002) também predominaram no grupo A. Os resultados clínicos hospitalares não diferiram CONCLUSÃO: A maior disponibilidade de stents farmacológicos causou alterações substanciais no perfil dos diabéticos tratados contemporaneamente, ampliando as indicações para casos mais complexos e proporcionando a obtenção de uma revascularização miocárdica mais completa.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic patients represent a challenge for percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI) due to the high restenosis rates, which limit the use of the procedure in cases prone to recurrences, predisposing patients to incomplete revascularization. Drug-eluting stents (DES) have contributed for a significant improvement of these limitations and may have caused changes in the characteristics of patients treated contemporaneously. Thus, our objective was to compare the profile of diabetic patients treated in two different periods of this decade METHOD: This was a consecutive cohort study including 2,530 diabetic patients who were divided into two groups: group A, 1,309 patients revascularized from 2006 to 2008; and group B, 1,221 patients treated from 2003 to 2005. Only patients using DES not commercially available were excluded RESULTS: DES were more frequently used in group A (23% vs. 9%; P < 0.0001), which has a higher prevalence of insulinrequiring patients (14% vs. 10%; P = 0.0001), chronic renal failure (20% vs. 10.1%; P < 0.0001), B2/C lesions (68% vs. 63%; P = 0.003), total occlusions (17% vs. 10%; P < 0.0001), stent diameter < 2.5 mm (26% vs. 22%; P = 0.01) and stent length > 24 mm (31% vs. 22%; P < 0.0001). Multivessel interventions (12% vs. 6%; P < 0.001) and complete revascularization (65% vs. 59%; P = 0.002) also prevailed in group A. Clinical hospital results were not different between groups CONCLUSION: The greater availability of DES has led to significant changes in the profile of diabetic patients treated currently, expanding the indications for more complex patients and providing a more complete myocardial revascularization.