Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the diversity of the gut-vaginal microbiota in women with endometriosis compared with those without the disease and to assess whether probiotic supplementation reduces pain scales. METHODOLOGY: Study in two parts: the first is a narrative review focusing on the composition of the gut-vaginal microbiota in women with and without endometriosis. The second is a qualitative systematic review of the scientific evidence regarding probiotic supplementation in patients with endometriosis. For the narrative review, the STROBE statement criteria for observational studies were considered. For the systematic reviews, the PRISMA statement was used to know whether the points of these statements were integrated or not, without the intention to undermine the studies for the review, but to determine how closely they adhered to international guidelines. RESULTS: Differences in strain diversity were found between women with and without endometriosis. Qualitatively, a greater predominance of Firmicutes, Pseudomonas spp, Clostridiales, Prevotella spp, Atopobium spp and Actinobacteria was observed. With regard to probiotics, the one that coincided in both studies with a positive effect on the reduction of pain perception was Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809, a probiotic lactic acid producing bacterium that stimulates the production of interleukin-12 IL-12. CONCLUSIONS: The overall composition of the intestinal and vaginal microbiome differs between women with and without endometriosis. Probiotic supplementation, particularly with Lactobacillus gasseri, may reduce symptoms, including pain, that are characteristic of endometriosis.

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir la diversidad de la microbiota intestinal-vaginal en pacientes con endometriosis en comparación con quienes no tienen la enfermedad y evaluar si la suplementación con probióticos disminuye las escalas del dolor. METODOLOGÍA: Estudio en dos secciones: la primera es una revisión narrativa enfocada en la composición de la microbiota intestinal-vaginal en pacientes con endometriosis y sin ésta. En la segunda se hace una revisión sistemática cualitativa de la evidencia científica respecto de la suplementación con probióticos a pacientes con endometriosis. Para la revisión narrativa se consideraron como criterios de análisis lo que se señala en la declaración STROBE para los estudios observacionales. Para las revisiones sistemáticas se recurrió a la declaración PRISMA con la finalidad de saber si se integraron o no los puntos de estas declaraciones, sin afán de menoscabar estudios para la revisión, pero sí para establecer cuán apegados están a las directrices internacionales. RESULTADOS: Se encontraron diferencias en la diversidad de cepas en mujeres con endometriosis y sin ésta. Cualitativamente se observó mayor predominio de Firmicutes, Pseudomonas spp, Clostridiales, Prevotella spp, Atopobium spp y Actinobacteria. En relación con los probióticos, el que coincidió en ambos estudios con efecto positivo en la reducción de la percepción del dolor fue Lactobacillus gasseri OLL2809, una bacteria probiótica productora de ácido láctico que estimula la producción de interleucina-12 IL-12. CONCLUSIONES: La composición general del microbioma intestinal y vaginal difiere entre mujeres con endometriosis y las que no tienen la enfermedad. La indicación de probióticos, específicamente Lactobacillus gasseri, puede disminuir los síntomas, entre ellos el dolor característico de la endometriosis.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between dietary patterns, stunting, and overweight among Mexican preschoolers. METHODS This study was conducted with anthropometric (weight, height/length), sociodemographic (age, gender, education level of household head, socioeconomic status, country region and area, ethnicity, and beneficiary of social programs), and dietary data (Semiquantitative-food frequency questionnaire) on children aged from 1 to 4 years collected from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey-2012. Dietary patterns were derived by principal components analysis. The association between dietary patterns, stunting, and overweight was assessed by prevalence ratios (PR), estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS In total, 1,112 preschoolers (mean age 3.06 years, SD = 1.08 years; 48.8% females) were included in the study; 11.9% of whom presented stunting, and 6.7% overweight. We identified four dietary patterns: Fruits and Vegetables [F&V], Western [W], Traditional [T], and Milk and Liquids [M&L]. Considering the lowest tertile of each dietary pattern as reference, the prevalence of stunting was 2.04 times higher [95%CI: 1.17–3.56] among children in the highest tertile of the “F&V” pattern. The prevalence of stunting was lower among children in the highest tertile of the “W” pattern [PR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.27–0.85]. Overweight was negatively associated with the “F&V” dietary pattern [PR = 0.37; 95%CI: 0.16–0.85 for its highest tertile], and children whose consumption was mostly equivalent to the “T” pattern showed higher prevalence of stunting [PR = 1.74; 95%CI: 1.01–3.00]. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of stunting and overweight in a nationwide sample of Mexican preschoolers was associated with dietary patterns.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between dietary patterns, stunting, and overweight among Mexican preschoolers. METHODS This study was conducted with anthropometric (weight, height/length), sociodemographic (age, gender, education level of household head, socioeconomic status, country region and area, ethnicity, and beneficiary of social programs), and dietary data (Semiquantitative-food frequency questionnaire) on children aged from 1 to 4 years collected from the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey-2012. Dietary patterns were derived by principal components analysis. The association between dietary patterns, stunting, and overweight was assessed by prevalence ratios (PR), estimated by Poisson regression. RESULTS In total, 1,112 preschoolers (mean age 3.06 years, SD = 1.08 years; 48.8% females) were included in the study; 11.9% of whom presented stunting, and 6.7% overweight. We identified four dietary patterns: Fruits and Vegetables [F&V], Western [W], Traditional [T], and Milk and Liquids [M&L]. Considering the lowest tertile of each dietary pattern as reference, the prevalence of stunting was 2.04 times higher [95%CI: 1.17–3.56] among children in the highest tertile of the “F&V” pattern. The prevalence of stunting was lower among children in the highest tertile of the “W” pattern [PR = 0.48; 95%CI: 0.27–0.85]. Overweight was negatively associated with the “F&V” dietary pattern [PR = 0.37; 95%CI: 0.16–0.85 for its highest tertile], and children whose consumption was mostly equivalent to the “T” pattern showed higher prevalence of stunting [PR = 1.74; 95%CI: 1.01–3.00]. CONCLUSIONS The prevalence of stunting and overweight in a nationwide sample of Mexican preschoolers was associated with dietary patterns.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the combined use of IMSS preventive health services (PHS) and the practice of physical activity (PA) in order to determine their association with the perceived health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of older adults. Materials and methods: A survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted at nine primary health care units (PHCUs) in Mexico City. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey evaluated the HRQoL, while PA and PHS use were assessed through self-report. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between these three variables. Results: Of the 1 085 older adults who participated in the study, 36.8% used PHS, and 23.3% reported that they engage in PA. After controlling for possible effects due to sociodemographic and health differences, we found that participants who were physically active and used PHS reported better perceived HRQoL scores. Conclusions: The combined use of preventive practices such as the use of PHS and the practice of PA can help improve the perceived HRQoL of older adults.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la asociación del uso combinado de servicios de salud preventiva (SSP) y la práctica de la actividad física (AF) sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de los adultos mayores en México. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal en unidades de atención primaria. La percepción de CVRS fue evaluada a través del instrumento SF-36; el nivel de AF, y el uso de SSP, a través de auto-reporte. Se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal para determinar la relación entre estas tres variables. Resultados: De los 1 085 adultos mayores que participaron en el estudio, 36.8% usaron SSP y 23.3% informaron practicar AF. Los adultos mayores físicamente activos y que usaban SSP reportaron una mejor puntuación de CVRS percibida, ajustando por variables de salud y sociodemográficas. Conclusiones: Prácticas preventivas como la actividad física en conjunto con el uso de servicios preventivos pueden ser útiles para mejorar la percepción de CVRS de los adultos mayores.

Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the combined use of IMSS preventive health services (PHS) and the practice of physical activity (PA) in order to determine their association with the perceived health-related quality of life (HRQoL) of older adults. Materials and methods: A survey-based cross-sectional study was conducted at nine primary health care units (PHCUs) in Mexico City. The 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey evaluated the HRQoL, while PA and PHS use were assessed through self-report. Linear regression analyses were performed to determine the relationship between these three variables. Results: Of the 1 085 older adults who participated in the study, 36.8% used PHS, and 23.3% reported that they engage in PA. After controlling for possible effects due to sociodemographic and health differences, we found that participants who were physically active and used PHS reported better perceived HRQoL scores. Conclusions: The combined use of preventive practices such as the use of PHS and the practice of PA can help improve the perceived HRQoL of older adults.

Resumen: Objetivo: Determinar la asociación del uso combinado de servicios de salud preventiva (SSP) y la práctica de la actividad física (AF) sobre la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) de los adultos mayores en México. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal en unidades de atención primaria. La percepción de CVRS fue evaluada a través del instrumento SF-36; el nivel de AF, y el uso de SSP, a través de auto-reporte. Se realizaron análisis de regresión lineal para determinar la relación entre estas tres variables. Resultados: De los 1 085 adultos mayores que participaron en el estudio, 36.8% usaron SSP y 23.3% informaron practicar AF. Los adultos mayores físicamente activos y que usaban SSP reportaron una mejor puntuación de CVRS percibida, ajustando por variables de salud y sociodemográficas. Conclusiones: Prácticas preventivas como la actividad física en conjunto con el uso de servicios preventivos pueden ser útiles para mejorar la percepción de CVRS de los adultos mayores.

Abstract: Objective: To examine different health outcomes that are associated with specific lifestyle and genetic factors. Materials and methods: From March 2004 to April 2006, a sample of employees from three different health and academic institutions, as well as their family members, were enrolled in the study after providing informed consent. At baseline and follow-up (2010-2013), participants completed a self-administered questionnaire, a physical examination, and provided blood samples. Results: A total of 10 729 participants aged 6 to 94 years were recruited at baseline. Of these, 70% were females, and 50% were from the Mexican Social Security Institute. Nearly 42% of the adults in the sample were overweight, while 20% were obese. Conclusion: Our study can offer new insights into disease mechanisms and prevention through the analysis of risk factor information in a large sample of Mexicans.

Resumen: Objetivo: Examinar diferentes desenlaces en salud y su asociación con factores genéticos y del estilo de vida. Material y métodos: De marzo de 2004 a abril de 2006, una muestra de empleados de tres diferentes instituciones de salud y académicas, así como miembros de sus familias, fueron enrolados en el estudio, previa firma de consentimiento informado. Durante la medición basal y el seguimiento (2010-2013) los participantes completaron un cuestionario autoaplicado, exámenes físicos y proporcionaron muestras sanguíneas. Resultados: Fueron incluidos participantes (10 729) de entre 6 y 94 años en la medición basal. De estos, 70% fueron mujeres y 50% del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Aproximadamente 42% de los adultos tuvieron sobrepeso y 20% obesidad. Conclusión: Este estudio puede ofrecer conocimientos sobre los mecanismos de la enfermedad a través del análisis de factores de riesgo en una muestra de mexicanos.

Abstract: Objective: To examine different health outcomes that are associated with specific lifestyle and genetic factors. Materials and methods: From March 2004 to April 2006, a sample of employees from three different health and academic institutions, as well as their family members, were enrolled in the study after providing informed consent. At baseline and follow-up (2010-2013), participants completed a self-administered questionnaire, a physical examination, and provided blood samples. Results: A total of 10 729 participants aged 6 to 94 years were recruited at baseline. Of these, 70% were females, and 50% were from the Mexican Social Security Institute. Nearly 42% of the adults in the sample were overweight, while 20% were obese. Conclusion: Our study can offer new insights into disease mechanisms and prevention through the analysis of risk factor information in a large sample of Mexicans.

Resumen: Objetivo: Examinar diferentes desenlaces en salud y su asociación con factores genéticos y del estilo de vida. Material y métodos: De marzo de 2004 a abril de 2006, una muestra de empleados de tres diferentes instituciones de salud y académicas, así como miembros de sus familias, fueron enrolados en el estudio, previa firma de consentimiento informado. Durante la medición basal y el seguimiento (2010-2013) los participantes completaron un cuestionario autoaplicado, exámenes físicos y proporcionaron muestras sanguíneas. Resultados: Fueron incluidos participantes (10 729) de entre 6 y 94 años en la medición basal. De estos, 70% fueron mujeres y 50% del Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Aproximadamente 42% de los adultos tuvieron sobrepeso y 20% obesidad. Conclusión: Este estudio puede ofrecer conocimientos sobre los mecanismos de la enfermedad a través del análisis de factores de riesgo en una muestra de mexicanos.

RESUMEN: El presente artículo se propone justificar la relevancia de analizar el vínculo entre la identidad y la auto-autoría. Entendiendo la identidad, con base en las propuestas de Giddens (1997) y Ricoeur (1996), como una construcción narrativa realizada a partir de una reflexión del individuo sobre su propia biografía. En concordancia con el abordaje de Baxter Magolda (2004), entendemos la auto-autoría como la capacidad del individuo de dar sentido a sus experiencias basándose en sus propios valores y creencias. Así, argumentamos sobre las ventajas de esta integración para entender a los jóvenes, y tratamos de mostrar que el análisis de las creencias epistemológicas del individuo es fundamental para comprender la construcción de su identidad entendida como un proceso reflexivo.

ABSTRACT: This article intends to justify the importance of analyzing the link between identity and self-authorship. Understanding identity, based on Giddens' (1997) and Ricoeur's (1996) proposal, as a narrative construction starting from a reflection of the individual on his own biography. In accordance with Baxter Magolda's approach (2004), self-authorship is understood as the ability the individual has to make sense of his experiences based on his own values and beliefs. Thus, we argue about the advantages of this integration to understand the young people, and we attempt to show that the analysis of epistemological beliefs of the individual is fundamental to understanding the construction of his identity as a reflective process.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate energy, nutrient intake and diet adequacy in school-aged children based on the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT 2006). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Food intake data from food frequency questionnaires was analyzed for 8 716 children aged 5 to 11 years. Energy and nutrients intake and adequacy were obtained. Comparisons were made at regional, urban/rural areas, socioeconomic status (SES) and nutrition status (body mass index and height/age). RESULTS: Median energy intake was 1501 kcal/d (percent adequacy: 88.0). Overweight and obesity prevalence was 25.5%. Stunting prevalence was 10%. Children at lowest SES, indigenous and from rural communities showed the highest inadequacies for vitamin A, folate, zinc, and calcium. Overweight children and those highest SES had higher risk of excessive intakes. CONCLUSIONS: Coexistence of over and undernutrition reflects a polarized model of nutrition transition among Mexican children.

OBJETIVO: Estimar el consumo y adecuación de energía y nutrimentos en niños escolares mexicanos que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006 (ENSANUT 2006). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron datos de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en 8 716 niños de entre 5 y 11 años de edad. Se calcularon la ingesta y la adecuación de energía y nutrimentos. Se hicieron comparaciones por región, área urbana/rural, nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y estado nutricio (índice de masa corporal y talla/edad). RESULTADOS: La mediana de ingestión de energía fue 1 501 kcal/día (% adecuación 88.0); 25.5% de los niños tuvieron sobrepeso u obesidad; 10%, retardo en talla. Los niños con menor NSE, los indígenas y los de comunidades rurales mostraron mayores inadecuaciones dietarias de vitamina A, folato, zinc y calcio. Los niños con sobrepeso y los de mayor NSE presentaron más riesgo de ingestiones excesivas. CONCLUSIONES: La coexistencia de malnutrición por exceso y por deficiencia evidencia una transición nutricional polarizada en niños mexicanos.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate energy, nutrient intake and diet adequacy in school-aged children based on the Mexican National Health and Nutrition Survey 2006 (ENSANUT 2006). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Food intake data from food frequency questionnaires was analyzed for 8 716 children aged 5 to 11 years. Energy and nutrients intake and adequacy were obtained. Comparisons were made at regional, urban/rural areas, socioeconomic status (SES) and nutrition status (body mass index and height/age). RESULTS: Median energy intake was 1501 kcal/d (percent adequacy: 88.0). Overweight and obesity prevalence was 25.5%. Stunting prevalence was 10%. Children at lowest SES, indigenous and from rural communities showed the highest inadequacies for vitamin A, folate, zinc, and calcium. Overweight children and those highest SES had higher risk of excessive intakes. CONCLUSIONS: Coexistence of over and undernutrition reflects a polarized model of nutrition transition among Mexican children.

OBJETIVO: Estimar el consumo y adecuación de energía y nutrimentos en niños escolares mexicanos que participaron en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud y Nutrición 2006 (ENSANUT 2006). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se analizaron datos de frecuencia de consumo de alimentos en 8 716 niños de entre 5 y 11 años de edad. Se calcularon la ingesta y la adecuación de energía y nutrimentos. Se hicieron comparaciones por región, área urbana/rural, nivel socioeconómico (NSE) y estado nutricio (índice de masa corporal y talla/edad). RESULTADOS: La mediana de ingestión de energía fue 1 501 kcal/día (% adecuación 88.0); 25.5% de los niños tuvieron sobrepeso u obesidad; 10%, retardo en talla. Los niños con menor NSE, los indígenas y los de comunidades rurales mostraron mayores inadecuaciones dietarias de vitamina A, folato, zinc y calcio. Los niños con sobrepeso y los de mayor NSE presentaron más riesgo de ingestiones excesivas. CONCLUSIONES: La coexistencia de malnutrición por exceso y por deficiencia evidencia una transición nutricional polarizada en niños mexicanos.