Abstract Bees are susceptible to diseases, which cause significant economic losses in beekeeping. The objective was to evaluate the prevalence of Varroa sp, Nosema sp and Acarapis in apiaries located in two regions in Campeche, Mexico. 116 bee samples from 10 apiaries were evaluated. The prevalence of Varroa was lower in Hopelchén compared to Sihochac (98.5 and 100 %), the prevalence of Nosema was lower in Hopelchén compared to Sihochac (85.9 and 88.0 %). The Varroa infestation level was higher in Hopelchén compared to Sihochac (7.32 and 3.73 mites in 100 bees), however, the Nosema infestation level was lower in Hopelchén compared to Sihochac (78x105 and 23x106 spores per bee), and not the presence of Acarapis was found in none of the evaluated regions. In both regions a positive correlation was found between the presence of Nosema and Varroa. There is a 1.08 higher probability of finding Nosema in the presence of Varroa. We conclude that in both regions there is a high prevalence of Varroa and Nosema and the presence of Acarapis was not detected.

Resumen Las abejas son susceptibles a enfermedades, las cuales causan importantes pérdidas económicas en la actividad apícola. El objetivo fue evaluar la prevalencia de Varroa sp, Nosema sp y Acarapis en apiarios ubicados en dos regiones en Campeche, México. Se evaluaron 116 muestras de abejas de 10 apiarios. La prevalencia de Varroa fue menor en Hopelchén comparada a Sihochac (98.5 % y 100 %), la prevalencia de Nosema fue menor en Hopelchén en comparación a Sihochac (85.9 % y 88.0 %). El nivel de infestación de Varroa fue mayor en Hopelchén en comparación a Sihochac (7.32 y 3.73 ácaros en 100 abejas) sin embargo, el nivel de infestación de Nosema fue menor en Hopelchén en comparación a Sihochac (78x105 y 23x106 esporas por abeja), no se encontró la presencia de Acarapis en ninguna de las regiones evaluadas. En ambas regiones se encontró una correlación positiva entre la presencia de Nosema y Varroa. Existe una probabilidad de 1.08 más alta de encontrar Nosema ante la presencia de Varroa. Concluimos que en ambas regiones existe una alta prevalencia de Varroa y Nosema y no se detectó la presencia de Acarapis.

RESUMEN A nivel mundial, la varroasis continúa siendo el principal problema sanitario en los sistemas de producción apícola, causando grandes pérdidas económicas; actualmente en la península de Yucatán se ha reportado la presencia de Varroa, sin embargo, se desconoce cuál de las 4 especies parasitan a las abejas Apis mellifera en el Estado de Campeche. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar morfométricamente la especie predominante de Varroa (Parasitiformes: Varroidae) en colonias de abejas en Hopelchén, Campeche; para ello de 5 apiarios se evaluaron 61 colmenas, de cada una se colectaron de 200 a 300 abejas; para el análisis morfométrico, 244 ácaros fueron colocados en ácido láctico al 50% durante 2 horas a 100ºC, y posteriormente se midieron los segmentos en un micrómetro ocular. Los resultados indicaron que el 100% de los ácaros evaluados pertenecen a la especie de Varroa destructor, los conglomerados K medias indicaron diferencias intraespecíficas (P< 0.05) observándose 5 morfotipos de V. destructor, las variables que presentaron mayor variabilidad fueron ancho del escudo anal (P=0.001) y ancho del escudo genital (P=0.001). Se concluye que a pesar de que el 100% de los ácaros pertenecieron a V. destructor estos presentaron diferencias morfométricas intraespecíficas.

ABSTRACT Worldwide, varroasis continues to be the main sanitary problem in beekeeping production systems, causing great economic losses; currently in the Yucatan Peninsula the presence of Varroa has been reported, however, it is unknown which of the 4 species parasitize Apis mellifera bees in Campeche State. The aim of this research was to identify morphometrically the predominant species of Varroa (Parasitiformes: Varroidae) in bee colonies in Hopelchén, Campeche; for this purpose, 61 hives were evaluated from 5 apiaries, 200 to 300 bees were collected from each one; for the morphometric analysis, 244 mites were placed in 50% lactic acid for 2 hours at 100ºC, and then the segments were measured in an ocular micrometer. The results indicated that 100% of the mites evaluated belonged to the Varroa destructor species, the mean K clusters indicated intraspecific differences (P< 0.05), observing 5 morphotypes of V. destructor, the variables that presented greater variability were width of the anal shield (P=0.001) and width of the genital shield (P=0.001). It is concluded that although 100% of the mites belonged to V. destructor, they showed intraspecific morphometric differences.

Originária da flauta transversal alemã do séc. XII, a flauta transversal renascentista, também chamada de traverso, atingiu o ápice de sua popularidade entre os séculos XVI e XVII. Como tantos outros instrumentos musicais acústicos, as técnicas para sua construção e para seleção dos materiais utilizados, em especial das madeiras, são ditadas muito mais pela tradição e por generalizações intuitivas do que por indicações resultantes de pesquisa científica empírica. Este trabalho descreve uma breve história das flautas renascentistas, sua utilização, suas formas de execução e, principalmente, sua construção, a fim de avaliar até que ponto a seleção de materiais é importante para determinar as características qualitativas do instrumento, sendo que para este último ponto, foram utilizadas madeiras nacionais não tradicionais (como imbuia e sucupira), para a confecção, gerando bons exemplares.

Originated from the German Querflöte from the 12th century, the Renaissance transverse flute reached its highest popularity between the 16th and 17th centuries. Like several other acoustical musical instruments, the Renaissance transverse flute has its material selection, as well as its construction technique dictated by tradition and intuitive generalization rather than by scientific empirical research. This paper presents a brief history of Renaissance flutes and their making. We also have evaluated, in a qualitative way, the relevance of material selection for the instrument features. So far, it was possible to show the feasibility of a non-traditional wood choice, as Brazilian woods (such as imbuia and sucupira) were chosen to build and yielded good exemplars of this instrument.