Abstract The Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC) is a significant biological frontier where distinct currents meet, fostering optimal conditions for phytoplankton development. In this study we tested the hypothesis that eddys promote an increase in phytoplankton biomass at the Brazil-Malvinas Confluence (BMC), altering species diversity. Phytoplankton were collected with Niskin bottles and nutrient concentrations assessed at two depths (Surface and Deep Chlorophyll Maximum Layer – DCML) in areas outside and under the influence of Cold-Core (CCE) and Warm-Core (WCE) Eddies. Environmental variables were determined in situ using a CTD profiler. Four regions were separated based on environmental variables and phytoplankton species, namely, the Brazil Current (BC), Malvinas Current (MC), CCE, and WCE. Species diversity was higher in the eddies. The conditions of the WCE were different from those of the CCE, with low temperature and salinity and high cell density values in the latter. The phylum Bacillariophyta was predominant in terms of species richness in all regions and was responsible for the higher cell density in the MC, while dinoflagellates were dominant in the BC and eddies. Therefore, eddy activity alters the structure, diversity and biomass of the phytoplankton community in the BMC. BrazilMalvinas BMC (BMC meet development BMC, , Surface DCML ColdCore Cold Core CCE (CCE WarmCore Warm (WCE Eddies profiler namely BC, (BC) MC (MC) eddies latter Therefore structure (BC (MC

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar os efeitos alelopáticos da macrófita submersa Ceratophyllum demersum sobre quatro cepas de espécies fitoplanctônicas: duas cianobactérias (Microcystis aeruginosa - produtora de microcistinas e M. panniformis - não produtora) e duas clorófitas (Ankistrodesmus falcatus e Raphidocelis subcapitata). Métodos Foi realizado um experimento de coexistência entre C. demersum e as quatro cepas, durante seis dias, com oito tratamentos e três réplicas. As cepas foram cultivadas em meio ASM1, sob condições laboratoriais controladas. Foram designados dois tratamentos para cada cepa, um com 6 g.L-1 da macrófita, e um controle sem a planta. Biomassas e taxas de crescimento das cepas foram avaliadas a cada dois dias e comparadas pelo teste-T e ANOVA two-way, respectivamente. Resultados Os resultados variaram entre as cepas, sendo a cepa tóxica de M. aeruginosa intensamente inibida por C. demersum, com uma redução de 99,5% na sua biomassa (p<0,001), enquanto a cepa não tóxica de M. panniformis foi menos afetada pelos aleloquímicos, com uma redução de 86,2% (p<0,001). Ankistrodesmus falcatus retardou seu crescimento em coexistência com a macrófita, reduzindo sua biomassa em 50,4% (p<0,01), enquanto que R. subcapitata não foi afetada (p>0,05). Em coexistência com C. demersum, M. aeruginosa apresentou as menores taxas de crescimento (-0,65 d-1), seguida de M. panniformis (-0,15 d-1), A. falcatus (0,19 d-1) e R. subcapitata (0,34 d-1), com diferenças significativas entre todas as cepas (p<0,001). Microcystis aeruginosa apresentou maiores taxas de inibição que Microcystis panniformis (p<0,001), bem como, A. falcatus foi mais inibida que R. subcapitata (p<0,05). Conclusões A presença de microcistinas pode afetar as respostas alelopáticas de C. demersum, que pode liberar mais aleloquímicos em coexistência com cepas tóxicas de M. aeruginosa. Portanto, C. demersum pode ser utilizada em estratégias de biomanipulação para controle de florações de cianobactérias tóxicas e não tóxicas, sem causar danos às demais espécies fitoplanctônicas, como as clorófitas.

Abstract Aim To assess the allelopathic effects of the submerged macrophyte Ceratophyllum demersum on four strains of phytoplankton species: two cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa - microcystin producing and M. panniformis - non-microcystin producing), and two chlorophytes (Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Raphidocelis subcapitata). Methods A coexistence experiment between C. demersum and the four strains was carried out for six days, with eight treatments and three replicates. The strains were cultivated in ASM1 culture medium, under controlled laboratory conditions. Two treatments were assigned for each strain, one with 6 g.L-1 of the macrophyte, and the control without the plant. Biomasses and growth rates of the strains were evaluated every two days, which were compared through the T-test and two-way ANOVA, respectively. Results The results varied among the strains, with toxic M. aeruginosa being intensely inhibited by C. demersum, with a decrease of 99.5% in its biomass (p<0.001), while non-toxic M. panniformis was less affected by the allelochemicals, with a reduction of 86.2% (p<0.001). Ankistrodesmus falcatus delayed its growth when in coexistence with the macrophyte, decreasing its biomass in 50.4% (p<0.01), while R. subcapitata was not altered (p>0.05). In coexistence with C. demersum, M. aeruginosa exhibited the lowest growth rates (-0.65 d-1), followed by M. panniformis (-0.15 d-1), A. falcatus (0.19 d-1), and R. subcapitata (0.34 d-1), with significant differences between all strains (p<0.001). Microcystis aeruginosa presented higher inhibition rates than M. panniformis (p<0.001), as well as, A. falcatus was more inhibited than R. subcapitata (p<0.05). Conclusions The presence of microcystins could influence the allelopathic responses of C. demersum, that may release more allelochemicals in coexistence with toxic strains of M. aeruginosa. Accordingly, C. demersum can be used in biomanipulation strategies to control toxic and non-toxic cyanobacterial blooms, without damaging other phytoplankton species, like chlorophytes.

Abstract Aims: To analyze the average and individual responses of sleep quality and daytime sleepiness in adolescents after four weeks of strength training. Methods: 19 adolescents with sleep problems recruited in the Federal Institute of Pernambuco, were subject to anthropometric evaluations as well as those for body composition assessment, a 1 repetition maximum test, the sleep parameters (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index-PSQI and Epworth Sleepiness Scale-ESS) and were submitted to four weeks of strength-training, performed alternately by segment, two sessions per week, according to recommendations for this population. Results: A decrease in the average PSQI score was observed (10.3±3.3 vs 8.8±4.0; p=0.006), but not in ESS (p>0.05), after intervention. The individual analyses demonstrated that ~63% of adolescents experienced reductions ≥ 3 points in the PSQI and ~58% of them experienced reductions ≥ 3 points in the measure of daytime sleepiness. The prevalence of poor sleep quality and daytime sleepiness reduced from 84.2% to 68.4% and from 52.6% to 31.6%, respectively. The comparisons of high and low responders to exercise training show that adolescents who reduced ≥3 points in the score of a least one sleep parameter presented lower weight, fat mass, and fat percentage (p<0.05). Conclusion: A short-term strength-training program is able to improve global sleep quality, but not daytime sleepiness in adolescents. Furthermore, the changes after training are highly heterogeneous. Further studies are required to better understand the effects of strength training on sleep parameters of adolescents.