Abstract Piaractus mesopotamicus, is a fish usually farmed in semi-intensive systems with access to natural food and supplementary feed. This study evaluates effects of feed allowance on the productive performance, carbon turnover and proportions of nutrient (carbon) contribution of feed and natural food for the growth of pacu. Juvenile fish were stocked in fiberglass tanks and fed to 100, 75, 50, 25, 0% apparent satiety (ApS), with a practical, extruded (C4 photosynthetic pathway) feed in a randomized design trial (n=3); plankton production for simulated semi-intensive farming system condition was induced by chemical fertilization. A control treatment was set up in tanks devoid of natural food. Data on muscle stable carbon isotope ratios were used to study carbon turnover using a relative growth-based model. Low variation of the δ13C impaired fitting a turnover model curve for the 0 and 25 % ApS treatments. Fish of the 100% and 75% ApS treatments reached circa 95% and 82.85% of the carbon turnover, respectively. Extruded feed was the main nutrient source for the growth of pacu in the semi-intensive, simulated farming condition. The current study contributes to the knowledge of the relationship between feeding rates and carbon turnover rates in the pacu muscle. mesopotamicus semiintensive semi intensive performance (carbon 100 75 50 ApS, , (ApS) practical C4 C (C pathway n=3 n3 n 3 (n=3) fertilization growthbased based δC δ 2 95 8285 82 85 82.85 respectively semiintensive, intensive, 10 7 5 (ApS n= (n=3 9 828 8 82.8 1 (n= 82. (n

ABSTRACT Knowledge on fasting heat production (HEf) of fish is key to develop bioenergetics models thus improving feeding management of farmed species. The core of knowledge on HEf of farmed, neotropical fish is scarce. This study assessed the effect of body mass and water temperature on standard metabolism and fasting heat production of pacu, Piaractus mesopotamicus, an omnivore, Neotropical fresh water characin important for farming and fisheries industries all through South American continent. An automated, intermittent flow respirometry system was used to measure standard metabolic rate (SMR) of pacu (17 - 1,050 g) at five water temperatures: 19, 23, 26, 29 and 33 °C. Mass specific SMR increased with increasing water temperature but decreased as function of body mass. The allometric exponent for scaling HEf was 0.788, and lied in the range recorded for all studied warm-water fish. The recorded van't Hoff factor (Q10) for pacu (2.06) shows the species low response to temperature increases. The model HEf = 0.04643×W0.7882×T1.837 allows to predict HEf (kJ d-1) from body mass (W, kg) and water temperature (T, °C), and can be used in bioenergetical models for the species.

Teve-se como objetivo, no presente trabalho, avaliar o desvio existente entre as vazões estimadas e observadas dos emissores presentes no sistema de pulverização acoplado ao pivô central, Notliada. Os testes foram realizados em um protótipo do sistema, montado em uma área anexa ao Laboratório de Hidráulica do Departamento de Engenharia Rural (LER) pertencente à Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz" - ESALQ/USP. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os modelos gerados dos desvios relativos existentes entre as vazões estimadas e observadas em função da freqüência de operação da válvula solenóide apresentaram excelentes índices de precisão e exatidão. Encontrou-se um tempo mínimo de 1,0 s em que a válvula solenóide deve permanecer ligada para os emissores de diâmetro 1,212 (preto), 1,016 (vermelho) e 1,020 mm (laranja); para o emissor de diâmetro 0,621mm (azul), esse tempo mínimo encontrado foi de 1,4 s. A mesma válvula pode permanecer desligada durante qualquer intervalo de tempo entre 3 e 9 s para todos os emissores testados. Os emissores preto e laranja indicaram índices inaceitáveis de uniformidade de aplicação para tempos de acionamento menores que 0,7 s. Os emissores azul e vermelho indicaram excelentes índices para qualquer intervalo de tempo de acionamento. Enfim, todos os emissores indicaram excelentes índices de uniformidade para todos os intervalos de tempo de desligamento da válvula solenóide testados.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the difference between estimated and observed emitter flow rates presented by the Notliada pulverization system. The research was undertaken in the Hydraulic Laboratory/Rural Engineering Department at "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Brazil. The proposed models showed excellent precision and accuracy indexes. It was determine that emitters of diameter 1.212 (black), 1.016 (red) and 1.020 mm (orange); the solenoid valve must stay turned on for a minimum time of 1.0 s. For the blue emitter of 0.621 mm diameter, this time was 1.4 s. The solenoid valve can be kept turned off for any time between 3 and 9 s. The black and orange emitters had unacceptable uniformity application indexes for turn on times less than 0.7 s. The blue and red emitters had excellent indexes for any tested turn on times. All emitters had excellent uniformity indexes for all tested turn off times used on the solenoid valve.

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a qualidade fermentativa de silagens de sorgo de portes baixo, médio e alto, com diferentes combinações de colmo+folhas/panícula (100:00, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 e 00:100), por meio de análises laboratoriais. A planta inteira foi utilizada como controle. Os híbridos foram cultivados e ensilados aos 104 dias de idade em silos de laboratório de PVC, com 10 cm de diâmetro e 40 cm de comprimento (três repetições por tratamento). Os silos foram abertos aos 56 dias após a ensilagem. Os teores de matéria seca (MS), carboidratos solúveis, nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) e pH foram determinados. As diferenças foram verificadas por intermédio do teste SNK. Os valores de pH das silagens foram, em média, 3,79 e os teores de N-NH3/nitrogênio total foram inferiores a 8% em todos os tratamentos. Os teores de MS das silagens variaram de 19,40 a 49,40 %, mas todos os tratamentos conservaram-se bem de acordo com pH e N-NH3. As densidades dos silos foram maiores com o aumento da participação da panícula. Os valores de carboidratos solúveis do material original foram baixos para a maioria dos tratamentos, porém isto não prejudicou a fermentação da massa ensilada.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the fermentative quality of sorghum silage of small, medium and high size with different stem+leafs/head proportions (100:00, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 00:100), by means of lab analysis. The whole plant was used as control. The hybrids were cultivated and ensiled at 104 days of age in PVC lab silos measuring 10-cm of diameter by 40-cm of length (three replications per treatment). Silos were opened 56 days after the ensilage. The contents of dry matter (DM), soluble carbohydrates, ammonia nitrogen (N-NH3) and pH were determined. Differences were compared using SNK statistical test. Average silage pH value was 3.79 and N-NH3/total nitrogen values were lower than 8% for all treatments. Silage's DM values varied from 19.40 to 49.40%, but all treatments were well conserved considering pH and N-NH3. Silos densities were greater with the increase of head proportion. Original material soluble carbohydrate values were low for the majority of the treatments, but this did not prejudice the fermentation of the ensiled mass.

O objetivo deste experimento foi avaliar a qualidade nutricional de silagens de sorgo de portes alto, médio e baixo, com diferentes combinações de colmo+folhas/panícula (100:00, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 e 00:100), por meio de análises laboratoriais. A planta inteira foi utilizada como controle. Os híbridos foram cultivados e ensilados aos 104 dias de idade em silos de laboratório de PVC, com 10 cm de diâmetro e 40 cm de comprimento (três repetições por tratamento). Os silos foram abertos aos 56 dias após a ensilagem. Os teores de proteína bruta e a digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca, dos fenóis totais e dos constituintes da parede celular pelo método seqüencial foram determinados. As diferenças foram verificadas por intermédio do teste SNK para fenóis totais, sendo realizada análise de regressão para os demais resultados. Os valores de carboidratos solúveis do material original foram baixos para a maioria dos tratamentos, porém isto não prejudicou a fermentação, pois houve utilização de carboidratos adicionais, como hemicelulose e celulose, durante a ensilagem, sendo a queda destes maior na panícula e em colmo+folhas, respectivamente. Os valores de fenóis totais aumentaram com a ensilagem, apesar de não ter ocorrido redução concomitante na DIVMS. A inclusão de panícula na planta reduziu os teores dos constituintes da parede celular e aumentou os valores de DIVM, indicando que uma planta de sorgo para produzir silagem de boa qualidade deve ter, no mínimo, 40% de panícula e baixos teores de lignina, fenóis totais e constituintes da fibra.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the fermentative quality of sorghum silage of small, medium and high size with different stem+leafs/head proportions (100:00, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80, 00:100), by means of lab analysis. The whole plant was used as control. The hybrids were cultivated and ensiled at 104 days of age in PVC lab silos measuring 10-cm of diameter by 40-cm of length (three replications per treatment). Silos were opened 56 days after the ensilage. The crude protein (CP) contents and the in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), total phenols, constituents of cell wall by sequential method. The differences were compared using SNK test for total phenols, being realized regression analysis for the other results. Original material soluble carbohydrates values were low for the majority of the treatments, but this did not prejudice the fermentation, because additional carbohydrates like hemicellulose and cellulose were used during ensilage, being the fall of these high in the heads and stem+leaves, respectively. Total phenol values increased with the ensilage, besides decrease in IVDMD did not occur, concomitantly. The heads addition to the plant reduced cell wall constituents and increased IVDMD values, indicating that, to produce good quality silage, a sorghum plant shall has, at least, 40% of heads and low lignin, tannins and cell wall constituents values.