Abstract Non-target species from agricultural areas might be exposed to sublethal pesticide concentrations favoring survival and reproduction of the resistance individuals. The objective of this study was to evaluate chlorpyrifos toxicity and detoxification enzymatic activities on three species (Hyalella curvispina, Heleobia parchappii and Girardia tigrina) from a drain channel with history of insecticide contamination (EF) and the Neuquén river (NR) in Argentina. Chlorpyrifos toxicity on amphipods (H. curvispina) and planarians (G. tigrina) from NR was about six- and two-fold higher than that of their counterparts from EF. Mean carboxylesterases (CarE) activities determined in the three species from NR were significantly different from EF, whereas mean glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities were no significantly different. Finally, planarians from EF showed significantly higher mean 7-ethoxycoumarine O-deethylase (ECOD) activity than those from NR. Amphipods from both sites displayed similar ECOD activities. The present results suggest that chlorpyrifos resistance in amphipods from EF is not conferred by increased detoxification. Nontarget Non target individuals Hyalella curvispina tigrina (EF (NR Argentina H. H (H G. G (G six twofold two fold CarE (CarE glutathioneStransferase glutathione S transferase GST (GST Finally 7ethoxycoumarine ethoxycoumarine 7 Odeethylase O deethylase (ECOD

Resumo Podocarpus lambertii (Podocarpaceae) é conhecido popularmente como pinheiro-bravo. Ocorre em várias formações florestais da Mata Atlântica, principalmente na Floresta Ombrófila Mista. Devido à intensa exploração madeireira sofrida pela espécie, ela está presente na categoria “Quase ameaçada” da Lista Vermelha das Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN. Diante disso, este estudo teve por objetivo caracterizar a diversidade e estrutura genética de 12 populações no Estado de Santa Catarina, a fim de gerar informações para fundamentar estratégias de conservação para a espécie. Foram coletadas folhas de 50 indivíduos adultos em cada população. Para acessar os níveis e a distribuição da diversidade genética, utilizaram-se 10 sistemas enzimáticos. As frequências alélicas, a porcentagem de locos polimórficos (P100%), as heterozigosidades observada (HO) e esperada (HE), o índice de fixação (f) e a divergência genética (FST) foram calculados com auxílio do programa FSTAT. Os 10 sistemas enzimáticos analisados revelaram 11 locos com um total de 32 alelos (A= 1,8). As populações de Podocarpus lambertii apresentaram baixa diversidade genética (P100% = 52,7; HO = 0,049; HE = 0,079). As frequências alélicas das populações apresentaram desvios significativos das esperadas em Equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg, evidenciando um deficit de heterozigotos (f = 0,374). A presença de alelos raros nas populações e uma divergência genética significativa (FST = 0,303) evidenciam um baixo fluxo gênico histórico e um grande risco de perda de diversidade. Os resultados obtidos indicam a necessidade de conservação in situ das várias populações de Podocarpus lambertii e de um aumento da conectividade entre as populações remanescentes.

Abstract Podocarpus lambertii (Podocarpaceae) is popularly known in Brazil as pinheiro-bravo. It occurs in several forest formations of the Atlantic Rain Forest, mainly in the Ombrophilous Mixed Forest. Due to the high wood exploitation suffered by the species, it is listed as ‘Almost Threatened’ in The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. In face of this, the objective of the present study was to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of 12 natural populations of Podocarpus lambertii in Santa Catarina state, aiming to generate information for the definition of effective conservation strategies for the species. To access genetic diversity levels and distribution, it was used 10 allozymic systems. Along with the assistance of the software Fstat, the allelic frequencies (A), polymorphic loci percentage (P), observed heterozigosity (Ho), expected heterozigosity, fixation index (f) and genetic divergence between populations (FST) were calculated. In 11 loci 32 alleles (A= 1,8) were detected. A low genetic diversity was detected for Podocarpus lambertii populations (P100% = 52,7; H O = 0,049; H E = 0,079). The mean fixation index obtained (f = 0,374) indicates a deficit of heterozygous individuals. A high number of low frequency alleles was detected and together with the high genetic divergence (FST = 0,303), it points towards the necessity of in situ conservation of a large number of Podocarpus lambertii populations and the need to increase the connectivity among the remnant populations.

Blends of ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) and different contents (0, 10, 20 and 30 wt%) of linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE) with and without maleic anhydride-grafted LLDPE (LLDPE-g-MA) were prepared by melt blending and aging resistance, thermal and mechanical properties were evaluated. The degree of crystallinity increases with the content of LLDPE in the blends. On the other hand, the addition of compatibilizer agent modifies the crystallinity and the crystallite size. Non-compatibilized blends have excellent impact resistance properties and the addition of LLDPE-g-MA aids processing but decrease the impact resistance of the blends. Thermal and mechanical properties were greatly affected by thermal and water aging. The thermal aging leads to an increase in the degree of crystallinity and consequent a decrease in impact resistance.

Black flies, a non-target species of the insecticides used in fruit production, represent a severe medical and veterinary problem. Large increases in the level of resistance to the pyrethroids fenvalerate (more than 355-fold) and deltamethrin (162-fold) and a small increase in resistance to the organophosphate azinphos methyl (2-fold) were observed between 1996-2008 in black fly larvae under insecticide pressure. Eventually, no change or a slight variation in insecticide resistance was followed by a subsequent increase in resistance. The evolution of pesticide resistance in a field population is a complex and stepwise process that is influenced by several factors, the most significant of which is the insecticide selection pressure, such as the dose and frequency of application. The variation in insecticide susceptibility within a black fly population in the productive area may be related to changes in fruit-pest control. The frequency of individuals with esterase activities higher than the maximum value determined in the susceptible population increased consistently over the sampling period. However, the insecticide resistance was not attributed to glutathione S-transferase activity. In conclusion, esterase activity in black flies from the productive area is one mechanism underlying the high levels of resistance to pyrethroids, which have been recently used infrequently. These enzymes may be reselected by currently used pesticides and enhance the resistance to these insecticides.

A possibilidade de manter os mais importantes elementos do design criados pelo designer será possível através de uma mistura de estratégia e conhecimento que o designer deverá ser capaz de gerir da maneira mais proveitosa. O comportamento individual e reservado, geralmente assumido e projetado aos outros intervenientes no processo de desenvolvimento de novos produtos, por parte do designer, já não são suficientes para enfrentar as necessidades cada vez mais competitivas da indústria e do mercado. As ideias e os conceitos que podem ser transmitidas ao designer por um grupo de trabalho permitem a aquisição de múltiplas visões acerca do mesmo objeto em termos de conceito, utilização, produção e mercado, que seriam impossíveis de serem fornecidas por um único indivíduo devido a uma observação subjetiva e à limitação de experiências. A metodologia da investigação multidisciplinar é, sem dúvida, o caminho mais importante a seguir e deverá ser introduzido no ensino de design das escolas desde o princípio e especialmente desde que o Acordo de Bolonha veio reduzir drasticamente as horas de contato entre alunos e docentes.

The possibility of keeping the most important design elements created by the designer will be achieved through a mix of strategy and knowledge that the designer should be able to manage in the most profitable way. The individual and reserved behavior of the designer, generally assumed before the others players in the process of developing new products, is no longer sufficient to meet the needs of the increasingly competitive industry and market. The ideas and concepts that can be transmitted to the designer by a working group that allow acquisition of multiple views on the same object in terms of concept, use, production and market, would be impossible to be provided by a single individual because of a subjective observation and experiences limitations. The methodology of multidisciplinary research is undoubtedly the most important path to follow and should be introduced in the teaching curricula of design schools from the very beginning, especially since the Bologna Agreement has drastically reduced the contact time between students and teachers.