ABSTRACT Recent studies have shown that diversity in race and gender is important to improve competitiveness, creativity and innovation. However, many studies have shown that the universe of science is not diverse in none of these criteria. In this work, we quantify the gender and geographic diversity in the Brazilian science. We study in detail the profile of the titular members of the most prestigious academic institution of Brazil, the Brazilian Academy of Sciences (ABC). Our analysis shows that the members of the ABC concentrates 80% in the Southeast region and that the overwhelming majority is composed by men. We show that female and male researchers have roughly the same amount of publication per year but women produce more human resources. Using the Brazilian Researchers’ Fellowship databank we show that the gender and diversity both in gender and in geography decreases along the researchers’ career.

La hipertensión pulmonar persistente del recién nacido es debida a un retardo en la disminución de las resistencias pulmonares después del nacimiento. Puede causar severa hipoxia por cortocircuito de izquierda a derecha. Se han ensayado diferentes estrategias terapéuticas para producir vasodilatación pulmonar. El óxido nítrico es el tratamiento de elección, aunque en la mayoría de los centros de cuidado intensivo neonatal de Uruguay no se encuentra disponible, por lo que estos pacientes requieren ser trasladados. Frecuentemente el cuadro es de tal gravedad que son necesarias otras medidas para lograr mejores condiciones de traslado. El objetivo de este trabajo es mostrar que las prostaciclinas inhalatorias son una alternativa terapéutica en el manejo de la hipertensión pulmonar persistente. Se presentan dos casos clínicos de recién nacidos de término que desarrollaron hipertensión pulmonar severa. Ambos se trataron con ventilación mecánica, hiperventilación, alcalinoterapia e inotrópicos, sin obtener mejoría del cuadro clínico. Ante la gravedad extrema y sin posibilidades inmediatas de traslado ambos se trataron con prostaciclina por vía endotraqueal, a uno por nebulización continua y al otro mediante bolos. Se logró en ambos un aumento inmediato de la oxigenación, permitiendo su estabilización y traslado a un centro especializado donde recibieron óxido nítrico y luego sildenafil vía oral previo al destete. Evolucionaron sin complicaciones, comprobándose posteriormente un desarrollo mental y psicomotor normal. También se presenta un modelo suino en el que se provoca hipertensión pulmonar y se trata con prostaciclinas inhalatorias y óxido nítrico.

Summary Newborn persistent pulmonary hypertension is due to a delay in the reduction of the pulmonary resistance after birth. It can cause severe hypoxia caused by a left - right shunt. Different therapeutic strategies have been tested to produce vasodilation. Nitrous oxide is the selected treatment but in most neonatal intensive care centers is not available so these patients need to be resettled. Usually the disease is so severe that other treatments are necessary to manage and stabilize them, before taking them to another place. The aim of this work is to show that inhaled prostacyclins are an alternative therapy. Two cases of term newborns that developed severe pulmonary hypertension are presented. Both have been treated with hyperventilation, alkalis, and inotropics without improvement. Due to the impossibility of traveling and their extreme gravity prostacyclins were administered endotracheally, one of them by continuous nebulization and the other by bolus. An immediate increase of the oxygenation was achieved in both, allowing their stabilization and travel to a specialized center where they received nitric oxide and oral sildenafil before weaning. They evolved without complications with normal mental and motor development. A piglet model in which pulmonary hypertension is induced and is later treated with inhaled prostacyclins and nitric oxide is also presented.