Abstract Few studies have focused on non-troglomorphic fishes occurring in Brazilian caves, especially those in the Caatinga region. The present study is the first survey of fishes from karstic areas of the Jandaíra Formation in Rio Grande do Norte State, northeastern Brazil. This region is characterized by a high concentration of caves and a rich subterranean biodiversity, especially of troglobitic invertebrates, but remains considered a gap on the knowledge of the subterranean ichthyofauna in Brazil. Four field expeditions were carried out covering two dry and two rainy seasons, in 2018 and 2019, in 23 localities in small river basins along the western part of the Jandaíra Formation. A total of 829 fish specimens, none of them troglomorphic, was captured and identified as belonging to 25 species of 12 families and five orders. Amongst them, four species are endemic of the Mid-Northeastern Caatinga ecoregion, and two non-native species were recorded. Habitats were classified into three categories: superficial, associated to cave, and cave. Although no troglomorphic fish species was found in this study, we recorded 64.1% of the Apodi-Mossoró river ichthyofauna occurring in caves or associated to caves, corroborating the hypothesis that part of the ichthyofauna exploits these environments as a refuge during the dry season. In addition, we suggest conservation policies for the maintenance of subterranean and aquatic semiarid ecosystems in the Jandaira formation, which is currently under threat due to anthropogenic activities, such as mining and deforestation. nontroglomorphic non State Brazil biodiversity invertebrates seasons 201 2019 2 82 specimens 1 orders MidNortheastern Mid Northeastern ecoregion nonnative native categories superficial cave 641 64 64.1 ApodiMossoró Apodi Mossoró season addition formation activities deforestation 20 8 6 64.

Abstract Objectives: present a case of Inborn errors of immunity (IEI) as a potential diagnosis in pediatric patients with recurrent infections. Description: male patient, 13 years old, since he was eight months old had recurrent diarrhea, sinusitis, otitis, abscesses and urinary tract infections. At the age of ten, he presented mastoiditis progressing to meningitis, he was admitted to a tertiary hospital, where an immunological evaluation was performed, which led to the diagnosis of Predominantly Antibody Deficiency (PAD), with suspected X-linked Agammaglobulinemia (XLA). Treatment was initiated with administration of intravenous gamma globulin 400 mg/kg every four weeks, with a significant improvement of the condition. Discussion: usually, the diagnosis of XLA tends to be made in the first three years of life. However, in this report, although the first manifestations started at eight months of age, there was a delay of ten years before starting the treatment. In fact, the diagnosis of children and adults with IEI can be delayed if healthcare professionals are unable to find the true cause of recurrent infections. Therefore, the relevance of considering such pathologies in the presence of risk signs is highlighted, as early diagnosis being essential in treating and preventing morbidities. Objectives (IEI infections Description patient 1 diarrhea sinusitis otitis meningitis hospital performed PAD, PAD , (PAD) Xlinked X linked XLA. . (XLA) 40 mgkg mg kg weeks condition Discussion usually life However report treatment fact Therefore highlighted morbidities (PAD (XLA 4

Resumo Objetivos: apresentar um caso de Erro Inato da Imunidade (EII) como diagnóstico em potencial de pacientes pediátricos com infecções de repetição. Descrição: paciente masculino, 13 anos, desde os oito meses de idade apresentou quadros repetidos de diarreias, sinusites, otites, abscessos e infecções do trato urinário; destacando-se a otite, sinusite e diarreia pela maior recorrência. Aos dez anos, quando apresentou mastoidite evoluindo para meningite, foi internado em um hospital terciário, onde foi realizada avaliação imunológica, a qual levou ao diagnóstico de Deficiência Predominantemente de Anticorpos (DPAs), tendo como suspeita a agamaglobulinemia ligada ao cromossomo X (ALX). Foi iniciado tratamento com administração de gamaglobulina endovenosa 400 mg/kg a cada quatro semanas, ocorrendo melhora significativa do quadro. Discussão: normalmente, o diagnóstico da ALX tende a ser feito nos primeiros três anos de vida. Neste relato, entretanto, embora as primeiras manifestações tenham iniciado aos oito meses de idade, ocorreu um atraso de dez anos até o início do tratamento. De fato, o diagnóstico de crianças e adultos com EII pode ser retardado se os profissionais de saúde não conseguirem encontrar a causa das infecções recorrentes. Destaca-se, portanto, a relevância de se considerar tais patologias na vigência de sinais de riscos, pois o diagnóstico precoce é fundamental para tratar e prevenir morbidades. Objetivos (EII repetição Descrição masculino 1 diarreias sinusites otites urinário destacandose destacando otite recorrência meningite terciário imunológica DPAs, DPAs , (DPAs) ALX. . (ALX) 40 mgkg mg kg semanas quadro Discussão normalmente vida relato entretanto fato recorrentes Destacase, Destacase Destaca se, Destaca-se portanto riscos morbidades (DPAs (ALX 4

Resumo Fundamento: Exposição à fumaça de cigarros é um fator significativo de risco para a remodelação cardíaca. Nesta condição, estão presentes inflamação, estresse oxidativo, anormalidades do metabolismo energético, apoptose e hipertrofia. A pentoxifilina tem propriedades anti-inflamatórias, anti-apoptóticas, anti-trombóticas e anti-proliferativas. Objetivo: O presente estudo testou a hipótese de que a pentoxifilina atenuaria a remodelação cardíaca induzida pelo fumo. Métodos: Ratos Wistar foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: Controle (C), Pentoxifilina (PX), Fumaça de Cigarro (FC), e PX-FC. Depois de dois meses, foram feitos ecocardiografia, medição de pressão arterial invasiva e estudos bioquímicos e histológicos. Os grupos foram comparados por ANOVA de duas vias com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: FC aumentou o diâmetro e a área do átrio esquerdo, o que foi atenuado pela PX. No estudo de coração isolado, FC diminuiu a derivada positiva (+dp/dt), o que foi atenuado por PX. Os antioxidantes enzima superóxido-dismutase e glutationa peroxidase foram reduzidos no grupo FC; PX recuperou essas atividades. FC aumentou o lactato desidrogenase (LDH) e reduziu as desidrogenases 3-hidroxiacil Coenzima A (OH-DHA) e citrato sintase (CS). PX atenuou alterações de LDH, 3-OH-DHA e CS no grupo PX-FC. FC aumentou IL-10, ICAM-1 e caspase-3. PX não teve influência nestas variáveis. Conclusão: FC induziu remodelação cardíaca, associada a um aumento de inflamação, estresse oxidativo, apoptose e metabolismo energético alterado. PX atenuou remodelação cardíaca, reduzindo estresse oxidativo e melhorando bioenergética cardíaca, mas não agiu nas citocinas cardíacas nem na apoptose.

Abstract Background: Tobacco smoke exposure is an important risk factor for cardiac remodeling. Under this condition, inflammation, oxidative stress, energy metabolism abnormalities, apoptosis, and hypertrophy are present. Pentoxifylline has anti‑inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-thrombotic and anti-proliferative properties. Objective: The present study tested the hypothesis that pentoxifylline would attenuate cardiac remodeling induced by smoking. Methods: Wistar rats were distributed in four groups: Control (C), Pentoxifylline (PX), Tobacco Smoke (TS), and PX-TS. After two months, echocardiography, invasive blood pressure measurement, biochemical, and histological studies were performed. The groups were compared by two-way ANOVA with a significance level of 5%. Results: TS increased left atrium diameter and area, which was attenuated by PX. In the isolated heart study, TS lowered the positive derivate (+dp/dt), and this was attenuated by PX. The antioxidants enzyme superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase were decreased in the TS group; PX recovered these activities. TS increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and decreased 3-hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A dehydrogenases (OH-DHA) and citrate synthase (CS). PX attenuated LDH, 3-OH-DHA and CS alterations in TS-PX group. TS increased IL-10, ICAM-1, and caspase-3. PX did not influence these variables. Conclusion: TS induced cardiac remodeling, associated with increased inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and changed energy metabolism. PX attenuated cardiac remodeling by reducing oxidative stress and improving cardiac bioenergetics, but did not act upon cardiac cytokines and apoptosis.

Plants of the family Iridaceae are well represented in the grassland vegetation of southern Brazil, occurring in the Pampa and Atlantic Forest biomes. Nevertheless, little is known about the taxonomy and evolution of Iridaceae species in southern Brazil. The main goal of this review is to compile published information about South American Iridaceae, and to discuss the evolution and genetic diversity of the family presenting our own research data in the light of the published literature. The main focus is on the genera Calydorea, Cypella, Herbertia, and Sisyrinchium. Aspects of reproductive system and of pollinator attraction are also discussed.

O interesse da indústria de alimentos por produtos desenvolvidos a partir de farinhas acrescidas de proteína não se deve somente às suas características nutricionais, senão também às suas propriedades funcionais e reológicas, as quais definem as suas aplicações comerciais. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito de parâmetros operacionais do processo de extrusão sobre as propriedades de pasta de misturas de farinha de mandioca e caseína. O processo de extrusão seguiu o delineamento 'central composto rotacional' para três fatores: teor de proteína (2,5 a 9,5%), umidade (14,5 a 19,5%) e temperatura de extrusão (65 a 135 ºC). As misturas antes e após a extrusão foram analisadas no Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA) quanto a: viscosidade inicial, pico de viscosidade, quebra de viscosidade, viscosidade final e tendência à retrogradação. Os resultados obtidos nas misturas antes da extrusão mostraram aumento dos valores de viscosidade com o aumento da concentração de proteína até o ponto central (6%) e, nos teores mais elevados de proteína, ocorreu redução destes. Após a extrusão, observou-se que o teor de proteína foi a variável de maior efeito sobre as propriedades de pasta, seguida pela umidade das misturas.

The interest of the food industry in products developed from flours added with protein is not due only to their nutritional characteristics, but also due to their functional and rheological properties, which define their commercial applications. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of operational parameters of the extrusion process on the paste properties of cassava flour and casein blends. The process of extrusion followed the central composed rotational design with three factors: protein content (2.5 to 9.5%), moisture (14.5 to 19.5%), and extrusion temperature (65 to 135 ºC). Before and after extrusion, the blends were analyzed on a Rapid Visco Analyser using the following parameters: initial viscosity, peak of viscosity, breakdown, final viscosity, and retrogradation tendency. Before extrusion, the product showed an increase in viscosity characteristics with an increase in the concentration of protein until to the central point (6%). In higher levels of protein there was a reduction in the pasting properties values. After extrusion, it was observed that the amount of protein was the variable that produced the greatest effect on the paste properties followed by the moisture of the blends.