Resumen Antecedentes: El fotosistema II (PSII) es susceptible al estrés por calor. Las plantas acumulan trehalosa para mejorar la tolerancia al estrés, pero se desconoce el mecanismo por el cual la trehalosa afecta al PSII por calor. Preguntas: ¿Cómo afecta la trehalosa al PSII durante estrés por calor? Especie estudiada: Triticum aestivum L. Lugar y fechas del estudio: Shanghái, China. 2019-2021. Métodos: Las plántulas de trigo pretratadas se sometieron a estres por calor y midieron sus parámetros fotosintéticos. Resultados: El estrés por calor provocó reducción en eficiencia fotoquímica de PSII, tasa de transferencia de electrones (ETR(II)), rendimiento cuántico de disipación de energía regulada Y(NPQ) y coeficiente de enfriamiento fotoquímico (qP), pero aumentó rendimiento cuántico de no- disipación de energía regulada de PSII (Y[NO]). Se alteró la forma de la curva de la cinética de inducción de fluorescencia de clorofila rápida (OJIP) y redujó rendimiento máximo de la fotoquímica primaria de PSII (Fv/Fo) y indicador de rendimiento de PSII PIabs. Disminuyeron: actividad de PSII y cadena de transporte de electrones, cantidad de estructuras de hélice α ordenadas y contenido de proteína D1. En trigo pretratado con trehalosa, la proteína D1 y estructuras secundarias de la proteína del PSII se protegieron; mejoraron el transporte de electrones del PSII y de toda la cadena y mantuvieron mayores valores de los parámetros de fluorescencia. Se obtuvieron menores Y(NO) y OJIP más estables. Conclusiones: Trehalosa exógena desempeñó un papel vital en la protección de la función del PSII, generando mayor capacidad fotosintética bajo estrés por calor.

Abstract Background: Photosystem II (PSII) is susceptible to heat stress. Plants naturally accumulate trehalose to improve stress tolerance. However, the mechanism by which trehalose affects PSII during heat stress is still unknown. Questions: How does trehalose affect PSII during heat stress? Studied species: Triticum aestivum L. Study site and dates: Shanghai, China. 2019-2021. Methods: Trehalose -pretreated wheat seedlings suffered from heat stress and their photosynthetic parameters were measured. Results: Heat stress caused a reduction in the photochemical efficiency of PSII, the electron transfer rate (ETR(II)), the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipationY(NPQ) and the coefficient of photochemical quenching (qP), but increased the quantum yield of non-regulated energy dissipation of PSII (Y[NO]). The shape of the fast chlorophyll fluorescence induction kinetics (OJIP) curve in the heat-stressed wheat was altered and the primary photochemistry maximum yield of PSII (Fv/Fo) and the PSII performance indicator PIabs were reduced. Accordingly, the activities of PSII and electron transport chain, the amount of ordered α-helix structures and the content of D1 protein also decreased. However, in trehalose-pretreated wheat, D1 protein and protein secondary structures of PSII were both protected, the electron transport activities of PSII and the whole chain were improved and greater fluorescence parameters values were maintained. Lower Y(NO) and more stable OJIP were obtained. Conclusions: Exogenous trehalose acted a vital role in the protection of the function of PSII, resulting in higher photosynthetic capacity under heat stress.

RESUMO Introdução A escalada em rocha é uma atividade física que exige excelente condicionamento físico. Além de melhorar a aptidão física e a coordenação motora, a escalada requer aperfeiçoamentos constantes no treinamento de habilidade em coordenação muscular para aprimoramento de suas táticas modernas. Objetivo Explorar o treinamento da capacidade de coordenação muscular de escaladores em rocha. Métodos Uma amostragem aleatória composta de 8 atletas foi designada para o experimento envolvendo a mensuração da composição corporal dos atletas, níveis séricos de creatina quinase e ureia sanguínea além de outros biomarcadores coletados antes e após o ensaio. Resultados Houve uma correlação negativa significativa entre o equilíbrio dinâmico e a capacidade de coordenação motora após o treinamento em esportes radicais de escalada em rocha. No segundo dia após o exercício de escalada em rocha, o peso corporal e o conteúdo de gordura dos voluntários mostrou uma redução significativa, e a concentração de creatina quinase (CK) e ureia sanguínea (BU) aumentaram significativamente. Conclusão A exploração do efeito dos esportes radicais na melhoria da capacidade de coordenação muscular dos atletas evidenciou que a força e a coordenação devem ser reforçadas no processo de escalada em rocha. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

ABSTRACT Introduction Rock climbing is a physical activity that requires excellent physical conditioning. In addition to improving physical fitness and motor coordination, rock climbing requires constant improvements in muscle coordination skill training to enhance its modern tactics. Objective Explore the muscular coordination skill training of rock climbers. Methods A random sample of 8 athletes were assigned to the experiment involving the measurement of athletes’ body composition, serum creatine kinase and blood urea levels, and other biomarkers collected before and after the trial. Results There was a significant negative correlation between dynamic balance and motor coordination ability after training in extreme rock climbing sports. On the second day after the rock climbing exercise, the volunteers’ body weight and fat content significantly reduced, and the concentration of creatine kinase (CK) and blood urea (BU) increased significantly. Conclusion The exploration of extreme sports’ effect on improving athletes’ muscle coordination ability showed that strength and coordination should be enhanced in rock climbing. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes.

RESUMEN Introducción La escalada en roca es una actividad física que exige una excelente condición física. Además de mejorar la forma física y la coordinación motriz, la escalada requiere una mejora constante en el entrenamiento de las habilidades de coordinación muscular para optimizar su táctica moderna. Objetivo Explorar el entrenamiento de las habilidades de coordinación muscular de los escaladores de roca. Métodos Se asignó una muestra aleatoria compuesta por 8 atletas al experimento que incluía la medición de la composición corporal de los atletas, los niveles de creatina quinasa sérica y de urea en sangre, además de otros biomarcadores recogidos antes y después de la prueba. Resultados Se observó una correlación negativa significativa entre el equilibrio dinámico y la capacidad de coordinación motriz tras el entrenamiento en deportes extremos de escalada. El segundo día después del ejercicio de escalada en roca, el peso corporal y el contenido de grasa de los voluntarios mostraron una reducción significativa, y la concentración de creatina quinasa (CK) y de urea en sangre (BU) aumentó significativamente. Conclusión La exploración del efecto de los deportes extremos en la mejora de la capacidad de coordinación muscular de los atletas puso de manifiesto que la fuerza y la coordinación deben mejorarse en el proceso de escalada en roca. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

OBJECTIVES: Cerebral ischemia seriously threatens human health and is characterized by high rates of incidence, disability and death. Developing an ideal animal model of cerebral ischemia that reflects the human clinical features is critical for pathological studies and clinical research. The goal of this study is to establish a local cerebral ischemia model in rhesus macaque, thereby providing an optimal animal model to study cerebral ischemia. METHODS: Eight healthy rhesus monkeys were selected for this study. CT scans were performed before the operation to exclude cerebral vascular and intracranial lesions. Under guidance and monitoring with digital subtraction angiography (DSA), a microcatheter was inserted into the M1 segment of the middle cerebral artery (MCA) via the femoral artery. Then, autologous white thrombi were introduced to block blood flow. Immediately following embolization, multisequence MRI was used to monitor cerebrovascular and brain parenchymal conditions. Twenty-four hours after embolization, 2 monkeys were sacrificed and subjected to perfusion, fixation and pathological examination. RESULTS: The cerebral ischemia model was established in 7 rhesus monkeys; one animal died during intubation. DSA and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) indicated the presence of an arterial occlusion. MRI showed acute local cerebral ischemia. HE staining revealed infarct lesions formed in the brain tissues, and thrombi were present in the cerebral artery. CONCLUSION: We established a rhesus macaque model of local cerebral ischemia by autologous thrombus placement. This model has important implications for basic and clinical research on cerebral ischemia. MRI and DSA can evaluate the models to ensure accuracy and effectiveness.

Cerebrovascular diseases pose a serious threat to human survival and quality of life and represent a major cause of human death and disability. Recently, the incidence of cerebrovascular diseases has increased yearly. Rapid and accurate diagnosis and evaluation of cerebrovascular diseases are of great importance to reduce the incidence, morbidity and mortality of cerebrovascular diseases. With the rapid development of medical ultrasound, the clinical relationship between ultrasound imaging technology and the diagnosis and treatment of cerebrovascular diseases has become increasingly close. Ultrasound techniques such as transcranial acoustic angiography, doppler energy imaging, three-dimensional craniocerebral imaging and ultrasound thrombolysis are novel and valuable techniques in the study of cerebrovascular diseases. In this review, we introduce some of the new ultrasound techniques from both published studies and ongoing trials that have been confirmed to be convenient and effective methods. However, additional evidence from future studies will be required before some of these techniques can be widely applied or recommended as alternatives.

Sugarcane brown rust disease caused by Puccinia melanocephala is one of the important fungal diseases affecting sugarcane yield around the world. Cultivar resistance is the most appropriate control method for this disease. In this study, 62 introgression lines chosen from the crossing Saccharum officinarum L. cv. Ludashi x Erianthus rockii Yunnan 95-19 were evaluated for brown rust resistance using artificial inoculation. More than 30% of the introgression lines were identified as resistant. Clones Yunye 09-609, Yunye 09-618, Yunye 09-622, Yunye 09-636, Yunye 09-637, Yunye 09-645, Yunye 09-647 and Yunye 09-652 were shown to have high levels of resistance. The resistant lines identified in this study could be used as sources of brown rust resistance in sugarcane breeding programs.