Resumo Objetivou-se realizar uma análise espacial da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (TMH) por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) atribuída à COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil no período de 2020 a 2021. Utilizou-se o método de cluster para agrupar as unidades federativas (UFs) com base na TMH. Em 2020, clusters com altas TMHs foram formados por UFs Norte/Nordeste. Em 2021, houve redução na TMH. Os clusters com maiores taxas permaneceram na região N/NE. Diferenças regionais foram observadas nas TMHs. Os achados podem refletir as desigualdades sociais e o acesso à atenção hospitalar, principalmente na faixa etária de menores de 1 ano pela gravidade da doença neste grupo.

Abstract The objective was to perform a spatial analysis of the hospital mortality rate (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) attributed to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil from 2020 to 2021. A cluster method was used to group federal units (FUs) based on HMR. In 2020, clusters with high HMRs were formed by north/northeast FUs. In 2021, there was a reduction in HMR. Clusters with higher rates remained in the N/NE region. Regional differences were observed in the HMR. The findings may reflect social inequalities and access to hospital care, especially in the under 1-year-old age group due to the severity of the disease in this group.

Abstract The objective was to perform a spatial analysis of the hospital mortality rate (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) attributed to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil from 2020 to 2021. A cluster method was used to group federal units (FUs) based on HMR. In 2020, clusters with high HMRs were formed by north/northeast FUs. In 2021, there was a reduction in HMR. Clusters with higher rates remained in the N/NE region. Regional differences were observed in the HMR. The findings may reflect social inequalities and access to hospital care, especially in the under 1-year-old age group due to the severity of the disease in this group.

Resumo Objetivou-se realizar uma análise espacial da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (TMH) por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) atribuída à COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil no período de 2020 a 2021. Utilizou-se o método de cluster para agrupar as unidades federativas (UFs) com base na TMH. Em 2020, clusters com altas TMHs foram formados por UFs Norte/Nordeste. Em 2021, houve redução na TMH. Os clusters com maiores taxas permaneceram na região N/NE. Diferenças regionais foram observadas nas TMHs. Os achados podem refletir as desigualdades sociais e o acesso à atenção hospitalar, principalmente na faixa etária de menores de 1 ano pela gravidade da doença neste grupo.

Resumo Objetivou-se realizar uma análise espacial da taxa de mortalidade hospitalar (TMH) por síndrome respiratória aguda grave (SRAG) atribuída à COVID-19 em crianças e adolescentes no Brasil no período de 2020 a 2021. Utilizou-se o método de cluster para agrupar as unidades federativas (UFs) com base na TMH. Em 2020, clusters com altas TMHs foram formados por UFs Norte/Nordeste. Em 2021, houve redução na TMH. Os clusters com maiores taxas permaneceram na região N/NE. Diferenças regionais foram observadas nas TMHs. Os achados podem refletir as desigualdades sociais e o acesso à atenção hospitalar, principalmente na faixa etária de menores de 1 ano pela gravidade da doença neste grupo. Objetivouse Objetivou se TMH (TMH SRAG (SRAG COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 202 2021 Utilizouse Utilizou (UFs NorteNordeste Norte Nordeste Norte/Nordeste NNE N NE N/NE grupo COVID1 COVID- 20 2

Abstract The objective was to perform a spatial analysis of the hospital mortality rate (HMR) due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) attributed to COVID-19 among children and adolescents in Brazil from 2020 to 2021. A cluster method was used to group federal units (FUs) based on HMR. In 2020, clusters with high HMRs were formed by north/northeast FUs. In 2021, there was a reduction in HMR. Clusters with higher rates remained in the N/NE region. Regional differences were observed in the HMR. The findings may reflect social inequalities and access to hospital care, especially in the under 1-year-old age group due to the severity of the disease in this group. HMR (HMR SARS (SARS COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 202 2021 FUs (FUs northnortheast north northeast NNE N NE region care 1yearold yearold 1 year old COVID1 COVID- 20 2

RESUMO Este artigo reflete sobre a política de formação de professores em rede conduzida pela Coordenação Geral de Educação Infantil vinculada à Secretaria de Educação Básica do Ministério da Educação. Destaca os cursos de Especialização em Docência na Educação Infantil desenvolvidos em parceria com universidades federais entre 2010 e 2016 e discute aspectos políticos, legais, teóricos e pedagógicos constitutivos da proposta e sua implementação por três universidades nordestinas, problematizando a docência na Educação Infantil e as necessidades de formação específica para atuar nessa etapa. 201 políticos legais nordestinas etapa 20 2

ABSTRACT The objective of this paper is to discuss the politics of networking in education conducted by the General Coordination of Early Childhood Education, which is linked to Secretary of Education of the Ministry of Education. The discussion highlights specialization courses in Teaching in Early Childhood Education created in partnership with federal universities over the years 2010 and 2016. The courses created reflect on political, legal, theoretical and pedagogical constitutive aspects of the proposal as well as their implementation by three universities from the Northeast of Brazil, problematizing teaching in early childhood education together with the need for specific training to work at this stage. 201 2016 political legal Brazil stage 20 2

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas dos casos de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) por COVID-19 em recém-nascidos (RNs) em 2020 e 2021, no Brasil, registrados no Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe). Métodos: As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, raça/cor, hospitalização, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), uso de suporte ventilatório, sinais e sintomas (febre, tosse, saturação de O2<95%, dispneia, desconforto respiratório, diarreia e vômitos), evolução (óbito ou cura), fatores de risco/comorbidades. As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas em frequências absolutas e relativas. Resultados: Houve 1.649 registros de SRAG por COVID-19 em RNs, com predomínio de pardos nos dois anos. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram, respectivamente, em 2020 e 2021: desconforto respiratório (67,0 e 69,7%), febre (46,3 e 46,2%) e tosse (37,0 e 46,3%). Em 2020, 30,5% dos pacientes receberam suporte ventilatório invasivo, e 41,6% em 2021. Além disso, mais de 55% dos casos precisaram de internação em UTI, e acima de 16% morreram. Conclusão: Destaca-se a elevada proporção de casos que precisou de cuidados intensivos e que evoluíram para óbito. Objetivo (SRAG COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 recémnascidos recém nascidos RNs (RNs 202 2021 Brasil SIVEPGripe. SIVEPGripe SIVEP . (SIVEP-Gripe) Métodos sexo raçacor raça cor raça/cor hospitalização UTI , (UTI) febre, (febre O295 O O2 95 O2<95% dispneia vômitos, vômitos vômitos) óbito cura, cura cura) riscocomorbidades risco comorbidades risco/comorbidades relativas Resultados 1649 1 649 1.64 anos respectivamente 67,0 670 67 0 (67, 69,7%, 697 69,7% 69 7 69,7%) 46,3 463 46 3 (46, 46,2% 462 2 37,0 370 37 (37, 46,3%. 46,3% 46,3%) 305 30 5 30,5 invasivo 416 41 6 41,6 disso 55 16 morreram Conclusão Destacase Destaca se COVID1 COVID- 20 (SIVEP-Gripe (UTI O29 9 O2<95 164 64 1.6 67, (67 69,7 46, 4 (46 46,2 37, (37 30, 41, O2<9 1. (6 69, (4 (3 O2< (

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of cases of COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Brazilian newborns (NBs) in 2020 and 2021, recorded in the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe — SIVEP-Gripe). Methods: The variables analyzed were gender, race/skin color, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, use of ventilatory support, signs and symptoms (fever, cough, O2 saturation<95%, dyspnea, respiratory distress, diarrhea, and vomiting), progress (death or cure), risk factors/comorbidities. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. Results: We found 1,649 records of COVID-19 SARS in NBs, with a predominance of multiracial babies in both years. The most frequent symptoms in 2020 and 2021 were, respectively: respiratory distress (67.0 and 69.7%), fever (46.3 and 46.2%), and cough (37.0 and 46.3%). In 2020, 30.5% of patients received invasive ventilatory support; in 2021, this number was 41.6%. In addition, more than 55% of cases required ICU admission, and over 16% died. Conclusion: We emphasize the high proportion of cases that required intensive care and progressed to death. Objective COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 (SARS NBs (NBs 202 Sistema SIVEPGripe. SIVEPGripe SIVEP . SIVEP-Gripe) Methods gender raceskin race skin color hospitalization (ICU admission support fever, (fever O saturation95 saturation 95 saturation<95% dyspnea diarrhea vomiting, vomiting , vomiting) death cure, cure cure) factorscomorbidities factors comorbidities factors/comorbidities frequencies Results 1649 1 649 1,64 years respectively 67.0 670 67 0 (67. 69.7%, 697 69.7% 69 7 69.7%) 46.3 463 46 3 (46. 46.2%, 462 46.2% 2 46.2%) 37.0 370 37 (37. 46.3%. 46.3% 46.3%) 305 30 5 30.5 416 41 6 41.6% addition 55 16 died Conclusion COVID1 COVID- 20 SIVEP-Gripe saturation9 9 saturation<95 164 64 1,6 67. (67 69.7 46. 4 (46 46.2 37. (37 30. 41.6 saturation<9 1, (6 69. (4 (3 41. saturation< (

RESUMO Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas dos casos de Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) por COVID-19 em recém-nascidos (RNs) em 2020 e 2021, no Brasil, registrados no Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe (SIVEP-Gripe). Métodos: As variáveis analisadas foram: sexo, raça/cor, hospitalização, internação em unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI), uso de suporte ventilatório, sinais e sintomas (febre, tosse, saturação de O2<95%, dispneia, desconforto respiratório, diarreia e vômitos), evolução (óbito ou cura), fatores de risco/comorbidades. As variáveis categóricas foram apresentadas em frequências absolutas e relativas. Resultados: Houve 1.649 registros de SRAG por COVID-19 em RNs, com predomínio de pardos nos dois anos. Os sintomas mais frequentes foram, respectivamente, em 2020 e 2021: desconforto respiratório (67,0 e 69,7%), febre (46,3 e 46,2%) e tosse (37,0 e 46,3%). Em 2020, 30,5% dos pacientes receberam suporte ventilatório invasivo, e 41,6% em 2021. Além disso, mais de 55% dos casos precisaram de internação em UTI, e acima de 16% morreram. Conclusão: Destaca-se a elevada proporção de casos que precisou de cuidados intensivos e que evoluíram para óbito.

ABSTRACT Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics of cases of COVID-19 severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Brazilian newborns (NBs) in 2020 and 2021, recorded in the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System (Sistema de Informação da Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe — SIVEP-Gripe). Methods: The variables analyzed were gender, race/skin color, hospitalization, intensive care unit (ICU) admission, use of ventilatory support, signs and symptoms (fever, cough, O2 saturation<95%, dyspnea, respiratory distress, diarrhea, and vomiting), progress (death or cure), risk factors/comorbidities. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequencies. Results: We found 1,649 records of COVID-19 SARS in NBs, with a predominance of multiracial babies in both years. The most frequent symptoms in 2020 and 2021 were, respectively: respiratory distress (67.0 and 69.7%), fever (46.3 and 46.2%), and cough (37.0 and 46.3%). In 2020, 30.5% of patients received invasive ventilatory support; in 2021, this number was 41.6%. In addition, more than 55% of cases required ICU admission, and over 16% died. Conclusion: We emphasize the high proportion of cases that required intensive care and progressed to death.

BACKGROUND: Even students with previous academic success may face challenges that affect their academic performance. Many medical schools offer programs to students at the risk of academic failure, to ensure that they succeed in the course. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: In this report we describe a pioneering academic tutoring program developed at a Brazilian medical school and discuss the initial results of the program based on the feedback from tutors and data regarding the progression of students in the medical course. RESULTS: In 2018, 33 students enrolled into the program. Students' performance difficulties were mainly associated with mental health problems and socioeconomic vulnerability. Of the 33 students, 27 (81.8%) were assisted by the Mental Health Support Service and 16 (48.5%) were assisted by the Social Assistance Service. In addition to the planning academic activity class load, tutors were able to assist students in solving socioeconomic issues, carrying out personal support interventions with the promotion of self-esteem, and presenting suggestions for behavioral changes in their routine. For most students (72%), the action plan proposed by the tutors was successful. Eight of the 14 (57%) students in the fourth year progressed to the final two years of in-hospital practical training (internship). CONCLUSIONS: The Academic Tutoring Program showed positive results for most of the students. Close monitoring and tutor intervention allowed students with poor academic performance to overcome the low performance cycle. These important tasks demand time and energy from tutors, and institutional recognition of these professionals is essential for the successful maintenance of the program.

Abstract: Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that affects 1.3% of the Brazilian population. The most common clinical manifestations are erythematous, scaling lesions that affect both genders and can occur on any anatomical site, preferentially involving the knees, elbows, scalp and genitals. Besides the impact on the quality of life, the systemic nature of the disease makes psoriasis an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease, especially in young patients with severe disease. By an initiative of the Brazilian Society of Dermatology, dermatologists with renowned clinical experience in the management of psoriasis were invited to form a work group that, in a partnership with the Brazilian Medical Association, dedicated themselves to create the Plaque Psoriasis Diagnostic and Treatment Guidelines. The relevant issues for the diagnosis (evaluation of severity and comorbidities) and treatment of plaque psoriasis were defined. The issues generated a search strategy in the Medline-PubMed database up to July 2018. Subsequently, the answers to the questions of the recommendations were devised, and each reference selected presented the respective level of recommendation and strength of scientific evidence. The final recommendations for making up the final text were worded by the coordinators.

OBJETIVO : Analisar a prevalência de consumo de álcool entre escolares adolescentes e identificar fatores individuais e contextuais associados. MÉTODOS : Estudo baseado em dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Escolar (PeNSE), com amostra de 59.699 escolares do 9º ano, residentes nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal, em 2009. A associação entre consumo regular de álcool e as variáveis explicativas independentes foi medida utilizando-se o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson com nível de significância de 0,05. As variáveis explicativas foram classificadas em quatro categorias (sociodemográficas, contexto escolar e familiar, fatores de risco e fatores de proteção). As análises multivariadas foram feitas por categoria, ajustadas por idade e sexo. As variáveis com p ≤ 0,10 foram inseridas no modelo final de análise multivariada. RESULTADOS : O maior consumo de álcool nos últimos 30 dias esteve independentemente associado a escolares: com 15 anos (OR = 1,46) ou mais, do sexo feminino (OR = 1,72), de cor branca, filhos de mães com maior escolaridade, que estudam em escola privada, que experimentaram tabaco (OR = 1,72) e drogas (OR = 1,81), que têm consumo regular de tabaco (OR = 2,16) e que já tiveram relação sexual (OR = 2,37). Os fatores relativos à família foram: faltar às aulas sem o conhecimento dos pais (OR = 1,49), pais não saberem o que escolares fazem no tempo livre (OR = 1,34), fazer menor número de refeições com os pais (OR = 1,22), relato de que os pais não se importariam se chegassem bêbados em casa (OR = 3,05), ou se importariam pouco (OR = 3,39), e ter sofrido violência doméstica (OR = 1,36). CONCLUSÕES : Os resultados confirmam a importância de considerar o álcool na adolescência como um fenômeno complexo, multifatorial e socialmente determinado.

OBJECTIVE : To describe the prevalence of alcohol consumption among adolescent school students and identify its individual and contextual associated factors. METHODS : The present research used data from the 2009 National School Health Survey (PeNSE), which included a sample of 59,699 9th grade students in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District. The association between regular alcohol consumption and independent explanatory variables was measured by means of the Pearson’s Chi-square test, with a 0.05 significance level. The explanatory variables were divided into four groups based on affinity (sociodemographic; school and family context; risk factors; and protection factors). A multivariate analysis was carried out for each group, always adjusting for age and sex. Variables with p < 0.10 were used in the final multivariate analysis model. RESULTS : The highest alcohol consumption in the preceding 30 days was independently associated with pupils aged 15 years (OR = 1.46) and over, female (OR = 1.72), white, children of mothers with higher education, studying in private school, students who had tried smoking (OR = 1.72) and drug use (OR = 1.81), with regular tobacco consumption (OR = 2.16) and those who have had sexual intercourse (OR = 2.37). The factors related to family were skipping school without parental knowledge (OR = 1.49), parents not knowing what children do in their free time (OR = 1.34), having fewer meals with their parents (OR = 1.22), reporting that parents do not care (OR = 3.05), or care little (OR = 3.39) if they go home drunk, and having suffered domestic violence (OR = 1.36). CONCLUSIONS : The results reinforce the importance of viewing alcohol consumption among adolescents as a complex, multifactorial and socially determined phenomenon.

OBJETIVO : Analizar la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol entre escolares adolescentes e identificar factores individuales y contextuales asociados. MÉTODOS : Estudio basado en datos de la Investigación Nacional de Salud Escolar (PeNSE), con muestra de 59.699 escolares del 9° (noveno) año, residentes en las capitales brasileñas y en el Distrito Federal, en 2009.La asociación entre consumo regular de alcohol y las variables explicativas independientes fue medida utilizándose la prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson con nivel de significancia de 0,05. Las variables explicativas fueron clasificadas en cuatro categorías (sociodemográficas, contexto escolar y familiar, factores de riesgo y factores de protección). Los análisis multivariados fueron realizados por categoría, ajustados por edad y sexo. Las variables con p< 0,10 fueron insertadas en el modelo final de análisis multivariado. RESULTADOS : El mayor consumo de alcohol en los últimos 30 días estuvo independientemente asociado a escolares: con 15 años (OR= 1,46) o más, del sexo femenino (OR= 1,72), de color blanco, hijos de madres con mayor escolaridad, que estudian en escuela privada, que probaron el tabaco (OR= 1,72) y drogas (OR= 1,81), que tienen consumo regular de tabaco (OR= 2,16) y que ya tuvieron relación sexual (OR= 2,37). Los factores relativos a la familia fueron: faltar a las aulas sin el conocimiento de los padres (OR= 1,49), padres no saber lo que los escolares hacen en su tiempo libre (OR= 1,34), hacer menor número de comidas con los padres (OR= 3,05), o se importarían poco (OR= 3,39), y haber sufrido violencia doméstica (OR= 1,36). CONCLUSIONES : Los resultados confirman la importancia de considerar el alcohol en la adolescencia como un fenómeno complejo, multifactorial y socialmente determinado.

OBJETIVO : Analisar a prevalência de consumo de álcool entre escolares adolescentes e identificar fatores individuais e contextuais associados. MÉTODOS : Estudo baseado em dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde Escolar (PeNSE), com amostra de 59.699 escolares do 9º ano, residentes nas capitais brasileiras e no Distrito Federal, em 2009. A associação entre consumo regular de álcool e as variáveis explicativas independentes foi medida utilizando-se o teste Qui-quadrado de Pearson com nível de significância de 0,05. As variáveis explicativas foram classificadas em quatro categorias (sociodemográficas, contexto escolar e familiar, fatores de risco e fatores de proteção). As análises multivariadas foram feitas por categoria, ajustadas por idade e sexo. As variáveis com p ≤ 0,10 foram inseridas no modelo final de análise multivariada. RESULTADOS : O maior consumo de álcool nos últimos 30 dias esteve independentemente associado a escolares: com 15 anos (OR = 1,46) ou mais, do sexo feminino (OR = 1,72), de cor branca, filhos de mães com maior escolaridade, que estudam em escola privada, que experimentaram tabaco (OR = 1,72) e drogas (OR = 1,81), que têm consumo regular de tabaco (OR = 2,16) e que já tiveram relação sexual (OR = 2,37). Os fatores relativos à família foram: faltar às aulas sem o conhecimento dos pais (OR = 1,49), pais não saberem o que escolares fazem no tempo livre (OR = 1,34), fazer menor número de refeições com os pais (OR = 1,22), relato de que os pais não se importariam se chegassem bêbados em casa (OR = 3,05), ou se importariam pouco (OR = 3,39), e ter sofrido violência doméstica (OR = 1,36). CONCLUSÕES : Os resultados confirmam a importância de considerar o álcool na adolescência como um fenômeno complexo, multifatorial e socialmente determinado.

OBJECTIVE : To describe the prevalence of alcohol consumption among adolescent school students and identify its individual and contextual associated factors. METHODS : The present research used data from the 2009 National School Health Survey (PeNSE), which included a sample of 59,699 9th grade students in Brazilian capitals and the Federal District. The association between regular alcohol consumption and independent explanatory variables was measured by means of the Pearson’s Chi-square test, with a 0.05 significance level. The explanatory variables were divided into four groups based on affinity (sociodemographic; school and family context; risk factors; and protection factors). A multivariate analysis was carried out for each group, always adjusting for age and sex. Variables with p < 0.10 were used in the final multivariate analysis model. RESULTS : The highest alcohol consumption in the preceding 30 days was independently associated with pupils aged 15 years (OR = 1.46) and over, female (OR = 1.72), white, children of mothers with higher education, studying in private school, students who had tried smoking (OR = 1.72) and drug use (OR = 1.81), with regular tobacco consumption (OR = 2.16) and those who have had sexual intercourse (OR = 2.37). The factors related to family were skipping school without parental knowledge (OR = 1.49), parents not knowing what children do in their free time (OR = 1.34), having fewer meals with their parents (OR = 1.22), reporting that parents do not care (OR = 3.05), or care little (OR = 3.39) if they go home drunk, and having suffered domestic violence (OR = 1.36). CONCLUSIONS : The results reinforce the importance of viewing alcohol consumption among adolescents as a complex, multifactorial and socially determined phenomenon.

OBJETIVO : Analizar la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol entre escolares adolescentes e identificar factores individuales y contextuales asociados. MÉTODOS : Estudio basado en datos de la Investigación Nacional de Salud Escolar (PeNSE), con muestra de 59.699 escolares del 9° (noveno) año, residentes en las capitales brasileñas y en el Distrito Federal, en 2009.La asociación entre consumo regular de alcohol y las variables explicativas independientes fue medida utilizándose la prueba de Chi-cuadrado de Pearson con nivel de significancia de 0,05. Las variables explicativas fueron clasificadas en cuatro categorías (sociodemográficas, contexto escolar y familiar, factores de riesgo y factores de protección). Los análisis multivariados fueron realizados por categoría, ajustados por edad y sexo. Las variables con p< 0,10 fueron insertadas en el modelo final de análisis multivariado. RESULTADOS : El mayor consumo de alcohol en los últimos 30 días estuvo independientemente asociado a escolares: con 15 años (OR= 1,46) o más, del sexo femenino (OR= 1,72), de color blanco, hijos de madres con mayor escolaridad, que estudian en escuela privada, que probaron el tabaco (OR= 1,72) y drogas (OR= 1,81), que tienen consumo regular de tabaco (OR= 2,16) y que ya tuvieron relación sexual (OR= 2,37). Los factores relativos a la familia fueron: faltar a las aulas sin el conocimiento de los padres (OR= 1,49), padres no saber lo que los escolares hacen en su tiempo libre (OR= 1,34), hacer menor número de comidas con los padres (OR= 3,05), o se importarían poco (OR= 3,39), y haber sufrido violencia doméstica (OR= 1,36). CONCLUSIONES : Los resultados confirman la importancia de considerar el alcohol en la adolescencia como un fenómeno complejo, multifactorial y socialmente determinado.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência do consumo de álcool entre escolares brasileiros e verificar os fatores sociodemográficos associados ao consumo nos últimos 30 dias. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal com amostra de conglomerados de 109.104 estudantes do 9º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas do Brasil em 2012. Foram analisadas as prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% de indicadores do consumo de álcool. RESULTADOS: Experimentaram uma dose ou mais de bebidas 50,3% (IC95% 49,0 - 51,6) dos escolares. O consumo de bebida alcoólica nos últimos 30 dias foi de 26,1% (IC95% 24,5 - 27,7), e alunos de escola privada e pública não diferiram nas prevalências. Episódios de embriaguez foram relatados por 21,8% (IC95% 21,1 - 22,5) dos alunos. A percepção dos escolares sobre a reação negativa de sua família caso eles chegassem em casa bêbados ocorreu em 89,7% (95%CI 89,6 - 89,9) dos casos; 10% (IC95% 8,9 - 11,1) dos estudantes relataram ter tido problemas com suas famílias ou amigos devido a bebida. Entre adolescentes com idade igual ou superior a 14 anos, a primeira dose de bebida alcoólica ocorreu de forma mais frequente entre 12 a 13 anos. As formas mais comuns de obter bebidas foram em festas, junto aos amigos, comprando no mercado, bar ou supermercado e em casa. O consumo de bebida alcoólica nos últimos 30 dias foi menos frequente entre meninos, aumentando com a idade. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstra a extensão do problema do álcool, tornando-se importante avançar em ações como o aperfeiçoamento das medidas legislativas protetoras e maior rigor na fiscalização das vendas de bebidas para adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of alcohol consumption among Brazilian students and identify the sociodemographic factors associated alcohol consumption in the last 30 days. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a cluster sample of 109,104 9th grade students in Brazilian public and private schools in 2012. The prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of the indicators of alcohol consumption were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the students analyzed, 50.3% (95%CI 49.0 - 51.6) experimented one dose of alcoholic beverages or more. The consumption of alcohol in the last 30 days was 26.1% (95%CI 24.5 - 27.7), and there was no difference in prevalence between students from public and private schools. Drunkenness episodes were reported by 21.8% (95%CI 21.1 - 22.5) of the students. The perception of students about the negative reaction of their family if they came home drunk occurred in 89,7% (95%CI 89,6 - 89,9) of cases, and 10% (95%CI 8.9 - 11.1) of them reported having problems with their families or friends because they had been drinking. Among adolescents aged less than 14 years old, the first alcoholic drink intake was predominantly at 12 to 13 years old. The most common way to get a drink was at parties, with friends, buying in them in supermarkets, stores or bars and at home. The consumption of alcohol in the last 30 days was less frequent among boys, increasing with age. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates the extension of alcohol as a problem, making it important to advance in measures such as the improvement of protective legislation for children and adolescents and stricter enforcement in alcohol sales.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a vitimização e a prática de bullying em escolares brasileiros, segundo dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), e comparar a evolução entre as pesquisas de 2009 e 2012. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal com análises univariadas e multivariadas das variáveis: não ser bem tratado, sofrer bullying e praticar bullying. Como variáveis independentes, foram analisadas: idade, sexo, raça/cor, tipo de escola, escolaridade materna. Foram comparadas as prevalências entre as edições da PeNSE de 2009 e 2012. RESULTADOS: Não foram bem tratados pelos colegas na escola 27,5% dos adolescentes, tendo sido maior a frequência entre meninos (OR = 1,50) mais velhos, 15 anos (OR = 1,29) e 16 anos (OR = 1,41), alunos de escolas públicas (OR = 2,08), de raça/cor preta (OR = 1,18) e cujas mães tinham menor escolaridade. Relatam ter sofrido bullying 7,2%, tendo sido a maior chance em alunos mais jovens (13 anos) do sexo masculino (OR = 1,26), da raça/cor preta (OR = 1,15) e indígena (OR = 1,16) e cujas mães apresentaram menor escolaridade. A prática de bullying foi relatada por 20,8% e mostrou maior chance em alunos mais velhos, 14 anos (OR = 1,08) e 15 anos (OR = 1,18), do sexo masculino (OR = 1,87), raça/cor preta (OR = 1,14) e amarela (OR = 1,15), filhos de mães com maior escolaridade e alunos de escola privada. Ocorreu aumento de bullying nas capitais, passando de 5,4 para 6,8% entre 2009 e 2012. DISCUSSÃO: A ocorrência de bullying revela que o contexto escolar brasileiro também tem se tornado um espaço de reprodução da violência, sendo fundamental atuar de forma intersetorial e articulando redes de proteção social, visando seu enfrentamento.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the victimization and bullying practice in Brazilian school children, according to data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey and to compare the surveys from 2009 and 2012. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with univariate and multivariate analyzes of the following variables: to have been treated badly by colleagues, to have been bullied and to have bullied other children. The following independent variables were analyzed: age, sex, race/color, type of school, maternal education. Prevalence rates were compared between the editions of 2009 and 2012 of the survey. RESULTS: Of all the adolescents analyzed, 27.5% have not been treated well by peers at school, with greater frequency among boys (OR = 1.50), at the age of 15 years (OR = 1.29) and 16 (OR = 1.41), public school students (OR = 2.08), black (OR = 1.18) and whose mothers had less education; 7.2% reported having been bullied, with a greater chance in younger students (13 years old), male (OR = 1.26), black (OR = 1.15) and indigenous (OR = 1.16) and whose mothers had less education; 20.8% reported to have bullied other children, with a greater chance for older students, at the age of 14 (OR = 1.08) and 15 years (OR = 1.18), male (OR = 1.87), black (OR = 1.14) and yellow (OR = 1.15), children of mothers with higher education, private school students. There was an increase of bullying in the Brazilian capitals, from 5.4 to 6.8%, between 2009 and 2012. DISCUSSION: The occurrence of bullying reveals that the Brazilian school context is also becoming a space of reproduction of violence, in which it is crucial to act intersectorally and to articulate social protection networks, aiming to face this issue.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência do consumo de álcool entre escolares brasileiros e verificar os fatores sociodemográficos associados ao consumo nos últimos 30 dias. METODOLOGIA: Estudo transversal com amostra de conglomerados de 109.104 estudantes do 9º ano do ensino fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas do Brasil em 2012. Foram analisadas as prevalências e intervalos de confiança de 95% de indicadores do consumo de álcool. RESULTADOS: Experimentaram uma dose ou mais de bebidas 50,3% (IC95% 49,0 - 51,6) dos escolares. O consumo de bebida alcoólica nos últimos 30 dias foi de 26,1% (IC95% 24,5 - 27,7), e alunos de escola privada e pública não diferiram nas prevalências. Episódios de embriaguez foram relatados por 21,8% (IC95% 21,1 - 22,5) dos alunos. A percepção dos escolares sobre a reação negativa de sua família caso eles chegassem em casa bêbados ocorreu em 89,7% (95%CI 89,6 - 89,9) dos casos; 10% (IC95% 8,9 - 11,1) dos estudantes relataram ter tido problemas com suas famílias ou amigos devido a bebida. Entre adolescentes com idade igual ou superior a 14 anos, a primeira dose de bebida alcoólica ocorreu de forma mais frequente entre 12 a 13 anos. As formas mais comuns de obter bebidas foram em festas, junto aos amigos, comprando no mercado, bar ou supermercado e em casa. O consumo de bebida alcoólica nos últimos 30 dias foi menos frequente entre meninos, aumentando com a idade. CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstra a extensão do problema do álcool, tornando-se importante avançar em ações como o aperfeiçoamento das medidas legislativas protetoras e maior rigor na fiscalização das vendas de bebidas para adolescentes.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of alcohol consumption among Brazilian students and identify the sociodemographic factors associated alcohol consumption in the last 30 days. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with a cluster sample of 109,104 9th grade students in Brazilian public and private schools in 2012. The prevalence and 95% confidence intervals of the indicators of alcohol consumption were analyzed. RESULTS: Of the students analyzed, 50.3% (95%CI 49.0 - 51.6) experimented one dose of alcoholic beverages or more. The consumption of alcohol in the last 30 days was 26.1% (95%CI 24.5 - 27.7), and there was no difference in prevalence between students from public and private schools. Drunkenness episodes were reported by 21.8% (95%CI 21.1 - 22.5) of the students. The perception of students about the negative reaction of their family if they came home drunk occurred in 89,7% (95%CI 89,6 - 89,9) of cases, and 10% (95%CI 8.9 - 11.1) of them reported having problems with their families or friends because they had been drinking. Among adolescents aged less than 14 years old, the first alcoholic drink intake was predominantly at 12 to 13 years old. The most common way to get a drink was at parties, with friends, buying in them in supermarkets, stores or bars and at home. The consumption of alcohol in the last 30 days was less frequent among boys, increasing with age. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrates the extension of alcohol as a problem, making it important to advance in measures such as the improvement of protective legislation for children and adolescents and stricter enforcement in alcohol sales.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a vitimização e a prática de bullying em escolares brasileiros, segundo dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde do Escolar (PeNSE), e comparar a evolução entre as pesquisas de 2009 e 2012. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de estudo transversal com análises univariadas e multivariadas das variáveis: não ser bem tratado, sofrer bullying e praticar bullying. Como variáveis independentes, foram analisadas: idade, sexo, raça/cor, tipo de escola, escolaridade materna. Foram comparadas as prevalências entre as edições da PeNSE de 2009 e 2012. RESULTADOS: Não foram bem tratados pelos colegas na escola 27,5% dos adolescentes, tendo sido maior a frequência entre meninos (OR = 1,50) mais velhos, 15 anos (OR = 1,29) e 16 anos (OR = 1,41), alunos de escolas públicas (OR = 2,08), de raça/cor preta (OR = 1,18) e cujas mães tinham menor escolaridade. Relatam ter sofrido bullying 7,2%, tendo sido a maior chance em alunos mais jovens (13 anos) do sexo masculino (OR = 1,26), da raça/cor preta (OR = 1,15) e indígena (OR = 1,16) e cujas mães apresentaram menor escolaridade. A prática de bullying foi relatada por 20,8% e mostrou maior chance em alunos mais velhos, 14 anos (OR = 1,08) e 15 anos (OR = 1,18), do sexo masculino (OR = 1,87), raça/cor preta (OR = 1,14) e amarela (OR = 1,15), filhos de mães com maior escolaridade e alunos de escola privada. Ocorreu aumento de bullying nas capitais, passando de 5,4 para 6,8% entre 2009 e 2012. DISCUSSÃO: A ocorrência de bullying revela que o contexto escolar brasileiro também tem se tornado um espaço de reprodução da violência, sendo fundamental atuar de forma intersetorial e articulando redes de proteção social, visando seu enfrentamento.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the victimization and bullying practice in Brazilian school children, according to data from the National Adolescent School-based Health Survey and to compare the surveys from 2009 and 2012. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study with univariate and multivariate analyzes of the following variables: to have been treated badly by colleagues, to have been bullied and to have bullied other children. The following independent variables were analyzed: age, sex, race/color, type of school, maternal education. Prevalence rates were compared between the editions of 2009 and 2012 of the survey. RESULTS: Of all the adolescents analyzed, 27.5% have not been treated well by peers at school, with greater frequency among boys (OR = 1.50), at the age of 15 years (OR = 1.29) and 16 (OR = 1.41), public school students (OR = 2.08), black (OR = 1.18) and whose mothers had less education; 7.2% reported having been bullied, with a greater chance in younger students (13 years old), male (OR = 1.26), black (OR = 1.15) and indigenous (OR = 1.16) and whose mothers had less education; 20.8% reported to have bullied other children, with a greater chance for older students, at the age of 14 (OR = 1.08) and 15 years (OR = 1.18), male (OR = 1.87), black (OR = 1.14) and yellow (OR = 1.15), children of mothers with higher education, private school students. There was an increase of bullying in the Brazilian capitals, from 5.4 to 6.8%, between 2009 and 2012. DISCUSSION: The occurrence of bullying reveals that the Brazilian school context is also becoming a space of reproduction of violence, in which it is crucial to act intersectorally and to articulate social protection networks, aiming to face this issue.

OBJETIVO: Descrever a prevalência do consumo de álcool e outras drogas entre estudantes adolescentes. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal com amostra de conglomerados de 60.973 estudantes do nono ano do Ensino Fundamental de escolas públicas e privadas das capitais dos estados brasileiros e do Distrito Federal, em 2009. Foram analisadas as prevalências e os intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC95%) do consumo de álcool e drogas. RESULTADOS: Para o conjunto dos alunos entrevistados, identificou-se o seguinte: experimentação de bebida alcoólica (71,4%; IC95% 70,8-72,0); consumo regular de álcool (27,3%; IC95% 26,7-28,0); embriaguez na vida (22,1%; IC95% 21,6-22,7); preocupação da família se chegasse bêbado em casa (93,8%; IC95% 93,3-94,2); problemas com uso de álcool (9,0%; IC95% 8,6-9,4) e experimentação de outras drogas (8,7%; IC95% 8,3-9,1). CONCLUSÃO: O estudo demonstra a extensão do problema do uso de álcool e drogas entre adolescentes brasileiros, destacando a facilidade com que os jovens entrevistados tiveram acesso ao álcool em festas, bares, lojas e até em suas próprias casas.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the prevalence of alcohol and other drugs consumption, among adolescent students. METHODS: A cross-sectional study with conglomerate samples of 60,973 students at freshman year high school in public and private schools in capitals and the Federal District in Brazil, in 2009. The 95% confidence interval and the prevalence of alcohol and drug consumption were analyzed. RESULTS: For the set of surveyed students, the following were identified: experimenting alcoholic beverages (71.4%; 95%CI 70.8-72.0); regular alcoholic beverage consumption (27.3%; 95%CI 26.7-28.0); drunkenness in lifetime (22.1%; 95%CI 21.6-22.7); family is worried when the student gets home drunk (93.8%; 95%CI 93.3-94.2); problems with alcohol use (9.0%; 95%CI 8.6-9.4); consumption of other drugs (8.7%; 95%CI 8.3-9.1). CONCLUSION: This study shows the extension of the alcohol and drugs problem among Brazilian adolescents, with special emphasis on the easy access of students to alcoholic beverages at parties, bars, stores, and at home.