Abstract Honey is a matrix noted for its wide consumption as a sweetener and its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties; however, its physicochemical quality can be compromised by the presence of toxicants such as pesticides. This review aims to gather recent information on pesticides in honey from the approach to their detection, understanding, and adverse effects on human health. A bibliographic and bibliometric analysis was carried out in academic databases limited to the last five and thirty years, respectively, comprising the keywords “honey”, “pesticides” and their types of pesticides or the agrochemical compound directly. It was found that there are about 30 pesticides detected in honey, in which organochlorine, organophosphate, and neonicotinoid compounds stood out for their concentrations concerning Maximum Residue Levels (MRL). Their physicochemical alteration was not well explored beyond slight variations in brightness and manganese concentration, and its consumption may have repercussions on human reproductive health. It was also determined that there was limited development on the scientific subject seeing that it is important to explore and investigate more on the issue due to the great impact of honey as a product of high consumption at a global level.

Resumo O mel é uma matriz que se destaca pelo seu amplo consumo como edulcorante e por suas propriedades anti-inflamatórias, antioxidantes e antimicrobianas; no entanto, sua qualidade físico-química pode ser comprometida pela presença de elementos tóxicos, como os pesticidas. Esta revisão tem como objetivo coletar informações recentes sobre pesticidas no mel sob a perspectiva de sua detecção, compreensão e efeitos adversos à saúde humana. Foram realizadas as análises bibliográfica e bibliométrica em bases de dados acadêmicas limitadas aos últimos cinco e trinta anos, respectivamente, com as palavras-chave “honey” (mel), “pesticides” (pesticidas) e tipos de pesticidas ou o nome do composto agroquímico diretamente. Foram detectados cerca de 30 pesticidas no mel, dos quais se destacam os compostos organoclorados, organofosforados e neonicotinoides, devido às suas concentrações em relação aos Limites Máximos de Resíduos (LMR). A alteração físico-química do mel é pouco explorada, sendo observadas pequenas variações de brilho e concentração de manganês. Note-se que o consumo de mel com pesticidas pode ter repercussões na saúde reprodutiva humana. Foi também verificado que existe a pesquisa científica sobre o assunto é limitada e que é importante explorar e investigar mais sobre o assunto, devido ao grande impacto que o mel tem como produto de alto consumo em todo o mundo.

Resumo A Bibliometria é uma disciplina que nos permite identificar tendências do conhecimento, avaliar a atividade científica e o impacto da pesquisa por meio de seu volume, evolução, visibilidade e estrutura. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de realizar uma análise bibliométrica das pesquisas científicas que contribuem com o conhecimento de compostos orgânicos voláteis de frutos comestíveis e comerciais da família Solanaceae. A pesquisa consistiu em extrair a informação dos trabalhos no banco de dados Web of Science. Analisamos a produção, a visibilidade e o impacto desses artigos, os relacionamentos e a colaboração entre autores, usando os programas BibExcel e VOSviewer. Como resultado, 178 documentos foram obtidos entre 2001 e 2017. O tomate é a fruta com o maior número de artigos relacionados que se concentram no estudo de compostos responsáveis pelo sabor, aroma e relações bióticas e abióticas. Ademais, há estudos para identificar os genes responsáveis pelas propriedades organolépticos e ecológicos. Os artigos analisados são o produto do desenvolvimento das pesquisas de 491 autores e de 239 organizações diferentes distribuídas em 45 países. Este estudo bibliométrico permitiu identificar tendências sobre o conhecimento dos compostos orgânicos voláteis em frutos de Solanaceae, para reconhecer a localização do material científico nessa área.

Abstract Bibliometric analysis is a discipline that allows us to identify knowledge trends, assesses scientific activity and the impact of research through its volume, evolution, visibility, and structure. The present study aimed to carry out a bibliometric study of scientific research that contributes to the knowledge of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) of edible and commercial fruits of Solanaceae family. The research consisted of extracting the information from papers in the Web of Science database. We analyzed and performed the production, visibility, and impact of these papers, also relationships and collaboration between authors using BibExcel and VOSviewer software. As a result, 178 documents were obtained from 2001 to 2017. Tomato is the fruit with the largest number of related articles that are focused on studying compounds responsible for taste, aroma, and biotic and abiotic relationships, as well as studies for identification of the genes responsible for these organoleptic and ecological traits. Papers analyzed are related to the research studies of 491 authors from 239 different organizations distributed in 45 countries. This bibliometric study allowed to identify trends in the knowledge in VOCs with respect to Solanaceae fruits, as well as recognizing the location of the scientific material in this field.

ABSTRACT Tomato is considered a fruit with a high food demand across the world due to its high antioxidant capacity. Lycopene content in tomato has been widely studied, particularly in cherry-type tomatoes which are considered a high source of lycopene for humans. The aim of this study was to analyze the differences in terms of concentration and variation of diverse physicochemical parameters of quality (acidity, vitamin C, pH, °Brix, color coordinates L*, a* and b*) and, antioxidants like ?-carotene and lycopene in 11 accessions of cherry-type tomatoes, considering the advantages of antioxidants for human health. Multicriteria analysis and other tests showed substantial differences among the accessions. IAC401 was associated with the best physicochemical characteristics of a promissory cherry-type tomato for cultivation due to its association with functional food, followed by IAC426R and IAC1624. This study allowed an innovative association of physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant contents of cherry-type tomatoes through multicriteria analyses which enable the analysis, elimination, and proposal of promising accessions for their use in future crops which will promote the best intrinsic features of tomato to be used in the studied region. In this case accessions with the highest scores offer not only optimum amounts of antioxidants and highest levels of organic acids and sugars.

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades reumáticas son causa frecuente de discapacidad, deterioran la calidad de vida y causan alto gasto en salud. El modelo COPCORD se ha implementado universalmente para estimar su prevalencia. El objetivo es estimar la prevalencia de las enfermedades reumáticas en la población colombiana mayor de 18 arios. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio de prevalencia utilizando un método probabilístico de muestreo aleatorio estratificado en 3 etapas: selección de los sectores cartográficos en cada ciudad, selección de los bloques de cada sector y del hogar de cada bloque. El cuestionario COPCORD, adaptado para Colombia, fue aplicado por entrevistadores estandarizados. La confirmación del diagnóstico fue hecha por un reumatólogo con acceso a toda la información. Resultados: De un total de 6.693 personas encuestadas el 64% fueron mujeres. El dolor no asociado con trauma fue reportado por el 48% de los participantes. Los sitios más frecuentes fueron rodillas (35%), manos (26%), columna lumbar (20%) y hombros (16%). El malestar musculoesquelético no específico, la osteoartritis, el síndrome de dolor regional apendicular y la lumbalgia no inflamatoria fueron las enfermedades más prevalentes. La artritis reumatoide y la lumbalgia crónica inflamatoria fueron las condiciones inflamatorias más comunes. La fiebre chikungunya afectó al 6,68% de la población. Conclusión: La prevalencia de la artritis reumatoide en Colombia es mayor a lo comúnmente reportado, menor para fibromialgia y gota, y similar para osteoartritis, lupus eritematoso sistémico y espondiloartritis. En Colombia, estas enfermedades representan un problema de salud pública sin que exista conciencia de su impacto en la población general.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Rheumatic diseases are the leading cause of permanent disability. The COP-CORD model is an effective tool in the determination of the prevalence of diseases. The objective of this study is to estimate the prevalence of rheumatic disease in a Colombian population over 18 years of age. Methods: A prevalence study was carried out using a probabilistic method of stratified random sampling in three stages: cartographic sectors in each city, selection of the blocks of each sector, and the households of each block. The COPCORD questionnaire adapted for Colombia was applied by standardised interviewers. Confirmation of the diagnosis was made by a rheumatologist with access to all the information. Results: Out of a total of 6,693 patients that completed the questionnaire, 64% were women. Pain not associated with trauma was reported by 48% of the participants. The most frequent locations were: knees 35%, hands 26%, lumbar spine 20%, and shoulders 16%. Nonspecific skeletal muscle discomfort, osteoarthritis, regional appendicular syndrome, and non-inflammatory low back pain, were the most prevalent diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis and chronic inflammatory low back pain were the most common inflammatory conditions. The prevalence of Chikungunya fever was estimated at 6.68%. Conclusion: The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis in Colombia is higher than commonly reported, lower than for fibromyalgia and gout, and similar for osteoarthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus and spondylarthritis. In Colombia these diseases are a public health problem without awareness of their impact on the general population.

Resumen Introducciónen el trasplante renal de donante fallecido es importante tener marcadores tempranos que ayuden a predecir la funcionalidad adecuada del injerto renal. La medición de creatinina continóa siendo el marcador de elección para definir si los riñones de un posible donante son aptos para ser trasplantados. La lipocalina asociada a la gelatinasa del neutrófilo urinaria (NGALu) es un biomarcador que ha sido utilizado para el diagnóstico temprano de lesión renal aguda, pero su comportamiento es incierto en el donante fallecido. Este estudio tiene como objetivo determinar si los niveles de NGALu del donante pueden predecir la función retardada del injerto (FRI) en los receptores. Métodología: cohorte prospectiva en la que se evaluaron los niveles de NGALu del donante al momento de la extracción renal; se aplicó estadística descriptiva y pruebas no paramétricas. Se exploró el comportamiento de este biomarcador en el donante del injerto renal para determinar si es un factor predictivo de función retardada del injerto. Resultados: se evaluaron 27 donantes de criterios óptimos; el 74,1 % eran hombres, la edad tuvo una mediana de 27 años (rango: 18,8-43,3); la principal causa de muerte fue trauma encefalocraneano, seguido por el accidente cerebrovascular. La creatinina tuvo una mediana de 0,8 mg/dl y los valores de NGALu tuvieron una mediana de 11,1ng/ml (4,2-33,6). En total se realizaron 46 trasplantes, de los cuales el 15,2 % presentaron función retardada del injerto y dos pacientes necesitaron terapia de reemplazo renal en la primera semana luego del trasplante. Los valores de NGALu agrupados de acuerdo a presencia o no de función retardada del injerto fueron de 11,1 ng/ml (3-17,3) en los pacientes sin función retardada del injerto y 11,2 ng/ml en los pacientes con dicha función (7,7-39,4) (p=0,40). En el análisis multivariado no se encontró ningón factor asociado al desarrollo de función retardada del injerto. Conclusión: en este estudio la medición de uNGAL en donantes fallecidos de criterios óptimos no predijo función retardada del injerto.

Abstract Introduction: For deceased donor renal transplantation, it is important to have early markers that can predict the functional outcome of the transplant. Currently, creatinine is the marker of choice for determining whether a potential donor's kidneys are suitable for transplantation. Urine neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) is a biomarker that has been utilized to diagnose early-stage acute kidney injury, but its behavior in deceased donors is uncertain. The objective of this study was to determine whether donor uNGAL levels can predict delayed graft function in recipients. Methodology: A prospective cohort utilizing descriptive statistics and non-parametric median tests was carried out to evaluate donor uNGAL levels at the time of kidney removal. The behavior of this biomarker was analyzed in kidney transplant donors to evaluate its use as a predictive factor for DGF. Results: A total of 27 standard criteria transplants were evaluated, including 7 (25.9%) women and 20 (74.1%) men with a median age of 27 years (18.75-43.25). The principal cause of death was traumatic head injury, followed by stroke. The median creatinine level was 0.8 mg/dl (0.57-1), and the median uNGAL level was 11.1 ng/ml (4.2-33.6). In total, 46 transplants were performed, of which 15.22% (7 patients) presented with delayed graft function and 2 patients needed renal replacement therapy within the first week after transplantation. The patients were grouped according to the presence of DGF, with median uNGAL values of 11.1 ng/ml (3-17.3) in patients without DGF and median values of 11.2 ng/ml (7.7-39.4) (p=0.4) in those with delayed graft function. No factors were found to be associated with the development of delayed graft function in the multivariate analysis. Discussion: in this study, uNGAL measurements in deceased standard criteria donors did not predict delayed graft function.

En el estudio, utilizando organogénesis indirecta a partir de hoja cotiledonar se evaluó la regeneración de Cordia alliodora (Ruiz y Pav) Oken, un árbol nativo de uso industrial, medicinal y ornamental. Para la desinfección de las semillas se utilizó hipoclorito de sodio al 3% por 15 min acompañado de la adición del preservante para plantas PPM® al medio de cultivo. En la fase de formación de callo fueron evaluados tres reguladores de crecimiento: BAP, Picloram y 2,4-D en concentraciones desde 0.5 hasta 12.5 mg/lt en condiciones de luz (12 h) y oscuridad, obteniendo callo en todas ellos. Los callos fueron transferidos a los medios de cultivo (mg/lt): BAP (1), 2,4-D (7.5), Picloram (7.5) y a medio de cultivo sin reguladores de crecimiento. Después de 30 días de cultivo la mayoría de los callos se oxidaron, no obstante algunos cultivados en BAP (10 mg/lt) mostraron brotes organogénicos. Los resultados obtenidos sugieren una vía de regeneración in vitro posible mediante organogénesis indirecta a partir de hoja cotiledonar y permiten proponer investigaciones posteriores para avanzar en la regeneración exitosa a partir de esta u otras técnicas de regeneración n vitro.

This study, using indirect organogenesis from cotyledonal leaf evaluated Cordia alliodora (Ruiz y Pav) Oken regeneration, a tree native to Colombia with industrial, medical and aesthetic properties. The seeds were first treated with 3% sodium hypochlorite solution during 15 minutes supplemented with PPM® added to the culture medium to remove any bacteria and fungi. Three hormones were tested in the induction phase: BAP, Picloram and 2,4-D in concentrations from 0,5 to 12,5 mg/L in light and dark conditions; production of callus was obtained in all of them. After thirty days most of the callus were oxidized; some callus on BAP 10mg/L showed organogenic shoots. These results suggest a way for in vitro regeneration through indirect organogenesis from coffee-shading walnut cotyledonal leaves and suggest that more research proceed in evaluating this regeneration technique and other in vitro regeneration techniques.

Introducción. La colecistectomía laparoscópica es el estándar de referencia para el tratamiento de la colelitiasis y la colecistitis aguda, y es la cirugía laparoscópica más practicada por los cirujanos generales. Sus ventajas, frente al abordaje abierto, son: menor morbilidad, menor estancia hospitalaria, rápida recuperación, menor dolor posoperatorio y mejor resultado cosmético. Materiales y métodos. Se llevó a cabo un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo de 300 pacientes, entre el 2009 y 2010. Se incluyeron los pacientes mayores de 14 años programados para colecistectomía por laparoscopia. El procedimiento se practicó con la asistencia de un docente universitario del programa de cirugía general de la Universidad CES. Resultados. Se practicaron 208 procedimientos urgentes y 92 cirugías electivas. La principal indicación de cirugía electiva fue la colelitiasis (79,3 %) y, en la urgente, la colecistitis-colelitiasis (74,5 %). La colecistitis fue el hallazgo quirúrgico reportado con mayor frecuencia en las cirugías urgentes (71 %) y la colelitiasis lo fue en las cirugías electivas (79,3 %); otros hallazgos fueron: piocolecisto (5,7 %) y síndrome de Mirizzi (3,5 %). La tasa de conversión fue de 15,8 % y la principal causa fue la inflamación grave (48 %). Hubo complicaciones en 3,7 % de los pacientes, el 2,9 % por sangrado y 0,67 % por lesión de vía biliar. Conclusión. Mediante una adecuada enseñanza de una técnica quirúrgica estandarizada, los cirujanos pueden llevar a cabo la colecistectomía laparoscópica con mínimas tasas de complicaciones. Una técnica quirúrgica estandarizada para la colecistectomía laparoscópica, bajo la supervisión de un docente, en la Clínica Universitaria CES, ha permitido tener resultados comparables con los reportados en la literatura científica, entre ellos, tasas bajas de conversión, corta estancia hospitalaria y, aun más importante, una tasa menor de complicaciones, en especial de lesiones de la vía biliar.

Introduction. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the gold standard in the treatment of cholelithiasis and acute cholecystitis, and laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the most frequently performed operation by general surgeons. Its advantages compared with the open approach include lower morbidity, shorter hospital stay, lesser postoperative pain, and better cosmetic result. Material and methods. Retrospective descriptive study of 300 patients admitted to our University Clinic in the period 2009 and 2010. All patients older than 14 years electively programmed for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were included. The procedures were performed with the assistance of a faculty member of our general surgery program. Results. There were 92 elective and 208 emergency procedures. Main indication for elective operation was cholelithiasis (79.3%) and cholecystitis-cholelithiasis for emergency operations (74.5%). Cholecystitis was the most frequent surgical finding in the emergency operation group (71%), and cholelithiasis in the elective operation group ((79.3%). Other findings included empyema of the gallbladder (5.7%) and Mirizzi´s syndrome (3.5%). Conversion rate was 15.8%, and its main cause was severe inflammation (48%). Complications occurred in 3.7% of the patients, 2.9% bleeding and 0.67% biliary tract iatrogenic lesion. Conclusion. With an adequate training program of the standardized surgical technique under the supervision of a faculty member, the Clínica Universitaria CES (Medellín, Colombia) has results comparable to those reported in the scientific literature, including low conversion rates, shorter hospital stays, and, most important, low complications rate, especially lesion of the biliary tract.

INTRODUCCIÓN: en muchas culturas, la madre es la responsable por excelencia del cuidado del bebé, en muchos casos el adulto más significativo, modelo de referencia imitable y transmisora principal de cultura, incluyendo conocimientos y prácticas de salud. El objetivo fue explorar en un grupo de gestantes de la ciudad de Medellín participantes de un programa de intervención, los significados con respecto a la salud bucal propia y de sus hijos. MÉTODOS: el abordaje metodológico fue la etnometodología; se aplicaron entrevistas semiestructuradas que fueron grabadas, transcritas y analizadas, agrupando las respuestas en recurrencias, divergencias, textos significativos y tendencias. RESULTADOS: las gestantes otorgan un significado importante a la boca, relacionado con la supervivencia y la estética; enfatizan en los dientes como parte integrante de la boca y consideran la salud bucal sinónimo de dientes sanos. El concepto de higiene bucal lo representan como higiene de los dientes, con cepillo y crema dental. La boca de su futuro hijo no es asunto de preocupación, aunque consideran importante su higiene, pero no en etapas tempranas. CONCLUSIONES: la boca como elemento fundamental de supervivencia, es un asunto reconocido por las entrevistadas. Los cuidados de la boca del bebé, adquieren importancia en relación con la aparición de los dientes. La seda dental, elemento necesario para la higiene de los dientes, no está incorporado en las prácticas de las gestantes, como tampoco una frecuencia del cepillado. La alfabetización en salud propone construir conocimiento que incida positivamente en el fomento y conservación de la salud.

INTRODUCTION:in many cultures, mothers are responsible for taking care of their babies, being the mother frequently the most significant adult, a model to follow, and the principal transmitter of culture, including health knowledge and practices. The objective of this study was to explore a group of pregnant women’s perceptions of their own oral health and that of their children. These women were all from Medellín, Colombia, and they were participating in one of the city’s intervention programs. METHODS:An ethno-methodological approach was used; therefore, semi-structured interviews were conducted, recorded, transcribed and analyzed, and the responses were classified according to four criteria: recurrence, divergence, tendencies, and significant meanings. RESULTS: pregnant mothers give significant importance to the mouth due to survival and esthetic reasons. They emphasize teeth over other parts of the mouth and think that oral health is synonymous to healthy teeth. The concept of oral hygiene is represented as cleaning the teeth with toothbrush and toothpaste. The mouth of their future child is not a matter of concern, and they consider oral hygiene important but not in early stages. CONCLUSIONS:the interviewed mothers recognize the mouth as an essential survival element. Care of the baby’s mouth gains importance as teeth appear. Dental floss, which is considered necessary as a cleaning element, is not used by pregnant women, not is it frequent tooth brushing. The claim of Oral Health Literacy is to build knowledge in order to promote and preserve health.

Se desarrolló un protocolo de propagación in vitro a partir de meristemos florales para Heliconia bihai cv. Lobster Salmón. Para el efecto se establecieron 250 yemas florales en diferentes tiempos utilizando NaClO al 1% durante 20 min. El medio de establecimiento Murashige y Skoog con mejores resultados fue BAP (2 mg/lt), AIA (1 mg/lt) y 0.1 g/lt de L-cisteína. La mayor produccion de brotes en multiplicación se obtuvo con 6 mg/lt de BAP y con un subcultivo posterior en medio con 2 mg/lt de BAP y 0.5 mg/lt de AIA, alcanzando una tasa de multiplicación de tres nuevas yemas. El enraizamiento de las plántulas in vitro se logró con 1.3 mg/lt de AIA. La aclimatación en vivero fue 92% de supervivencia. Se realizó un análisis de varianza (Anova) y un test de Tukey para las variables evaluadas las cuales mostraron diferencias estadísticas en cada fase. La propagación in vitro de heliconias a partir de yemas florales requiere mayor tiempo en la fase de establecimiento y multiplicación, no obstante permite mayores porcentajes de supervivencia y una menor contaminación, ofreciendo material de siembra de diferentes especies de esta planta de interés comercial.

A protocol for in vitro propagation of Heliconia bihai cv. Lobster Salmón was developed using flowering buds as initial explants. 250 flowering buds were established in different assays with NaClO at 1% during 20 minutes. The establishment in Murashige & Skoog's medium with BAP (2mg/L), AIA (1 mg/L) and L-cystein (0.1 g/L) showed the best results. Shoot multiplication was obtained with BAP (6 mg/L) with a subsequent subculture in a medium with BAP (2 mg/L) and AIA (0.5 mg/L), reaching multiplication rates of 3.0 new shoots. Rooting was achieved with AIA 1.3 mg/L. The survival rate during greenhouse acclimatization was 92%. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Turkey's test were realized for each of the variables evaluated that showed statistical differences in all stages. The in vitro propagation of heliconia with flowering buds, requires longer periods for establishment and multiplication stages but allows higher levels of survival for initial explants and lower contamination, offering an alternative to obtain important amounts of planting material of different heliconia species of commercial interest.

Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 34 años con cuadro clínico crónico de úlceras cutáneas y monoparesia inferior izquierda. Electromiografía que evidencia neuropatía sensitiva del nervio fibular superficial izquierdo; estudios ecográficos sin evidencia de enfermedad arteriovenosa. El paciente no presentó mejoría de lesiones cutáneas con inmunosupresión agresiva. En la biopsia de piel y de nervio sural se encontraron trombos y ausencia de infiltrado inflamatorio compatibles con vasculopatía y neuropatía trombóticas. Se documentó la presencia de anticoagulante lúpico, TPT prolongado y anticuerpos anti-B2 glicoproteína 1 positivos.

This following case report describes a 34 years-old man with chronic clinical skin ulcers and left lower monoparesis. Electromyography revealed sensory neuropathy of the left superficial fibular nerve; the ecographic studies showed absence of artery or venous disorder. The patient showed no improvement of skin lesions with aggressive immunosuppression. The biopsy of the skin and the sural nerve reported thrombi and absence of inflammatory infiltrates; findings that support the diagnosis of thrombotic vasculopathy and neuropathy. The presence of lupus anticoagulant, prolonged PTT and positive anti-B2 glycoprotein antibodies were documented.