Resumen El Servicio Mejor Niñez es un organismo público que tiene como objetivo garantizar la protección de derechos de niños, niñas y adolescentes al amparo de la Ley N.º 21302. En los últimos años, se ha visto cuestionado tanto por la opinión pública como por organismos internacionales, por incumplimiento de las funciones para la cual se creó. En esta línea, el objetivo de esta investigación se centró en la percepción de los profesionales interventores sobre la vulneración de derechos sobre niños, niñas y adolescentes en la zona centro-sur de Chile. Estas personas son profesionales en Psicología y Trabajo Social que durante años han trabajado en programas de protección de vulneración de derechos, y han desempeñado un rol protector en cuanto a la protección de estos derechos. Para ello, se utilizó un método cualitativo basado en un enfoque fenomenológico, a partir de entrevistas que permitieron conocer los significados y percepciones sobre su ejercicio profesional. Los resultados destacan la visión opuesta y extrema de los profesionales sobre el proceso de intervención (satisfactoria y frustrante), así como la diversidad de modelos o enfoques utilizados en el proceso, lo que parece indicar que no existe una sistematización teórica en cuanto a la intervención que cada programa utiliza. Se estableció una reflexión importante sobre la ejecución de políticas en infancia y adolescencia que buscan promover el desarrollo integral en el marco postpandemia por COVID-19, considerando que muchas personas menores de edad se vieron nuevamente expuestas a vulneraciones de derechos durante el proceso de pandemia.

Abstract The Childhood Improvement Service is a public agency whose objective is to guarantee protection of the rights of children and adolescents with respect to the enactment of Law No. 21302. This has been questioned in recent years by both public opinion and international organizations, in relation to a failure to fulfill the functions for which it was created. In this sense, the objective of this research focused on the perception of professionals involved in children’s and adolescents’ rights in the central-south zone of Chile. The professionals are psychologists and social workers who have worked to protect the rights circumscribing the different types of interventions and multidisciplinary approaches carried out. For this purpose, a qualitative method was used in phase with a phenomenological approach, based on interviews that allowed ascertaining the meanings and perceptions regarding their professional practice. The results highlight the opposed and extreme views of the professionals in the intervention process (satisfactory versus frustrating), as well as the diversity of models or approaches used in the process, which seems to indicate that there is no theoretical systematization regarding the intervention applied by each program. Establishing an important reflection on the implementation of policies in childhood and adolescence that seek to promote integral development in the post-Covid-19 Pandemic framework.

Abstract: This article examines the perspectives of young people, family members, teachers, and principals that support the process of transition from primary to secondary education for eighth-grade students in schools with high levels of social vulnerability. It analyzes the role and expectations of actors that support this transition, as well as the expectations of the young people themselves and those of their families. A total of 32 students and 12 of their mothers were interviewed, in addition to teachers and school principals. The analysis of these interviews reveals that, regardless of their levels of achievement, all of the students expect to complete secondary education and successfully join the labor market. The adult references for these students are almost exclusively their families, and their accounts make no mention of actors from the school. Meanwhile, principals and teachers have low expectations regarding the educational future of the eighth-grade students and believe it to be a level of education on which they have little potential impact. In this context, students experience the transition to secondary education with little support from the schools, which, in addition to the low expectations, jeopardizes the success of this transition.

Resumen: Este estudio aborda las perspectivas de jóvenes, familiares, docentes y directivos que acompañan el proceso de transición desde la educación primaria a la secundaria de estudiantes de octavo año básico en establecimientos de alta vulnerabilidad social. Se analizan el rol y las expectativas de los actores que acompañan esta transición, así como las expectativas de los propios jóvenes y sus familias. Se entrevistaron 32 jóvenes, así como las madres de 12 de ellos, docentes y directivos. Los análisis muestran que, más allá de su rendimiento, todos los estudiantes esperan completar la educación secundaria e integrarse exitosamente en el mundo laboral. El referente casi exclusivo de los jóvenes son sus familias; los docentes y otros actores del establecimiento escolar están ausentes de sus relatos. Los directivos y docentes, por su parte, tienen bajas expectativas respecto del futuro educativo de los estudiantes de octavo año, y consideran que se trata de un nivel en el que tienen pocas posibilidades de impactar. En este contexto, los jóvenes viven la transición a la educación media con escaso acompañamiento por parte de los establecimientos, lo que, sumado a las bajas expectativas, supone una situación que pone en riesgo el éxito de esta transición.

The aim of this research was to evaluate the genotoxicity of the surface waters of mouths of the rivers Aconcagua, Maipo and Catapilco stream on fish Mugil cephalus and Odontesthes brevianalis. In the waters of these rivers and stream in situ, the parameters pH, conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total dissolved solids were measured. The concentration of copper, zinc and lead were measured in water and gills tissue. The genotoxicity was determined through the comet assay and micronucleus frequency. The results show that copper concentration in water was higher in the Catapilco stream followed by the Maipo river. The lead concentration was higher in the Maipo river, while that zinc was higher in the Aconcagua river. The zinc concentration in gills was greater than copper and lead in both species. The lead concentration was higher in M. cephalus in the Maipo river, while the copper was in the same species but in the Aconcagua river.. The highest genetic damage was observed in both species of fish of the Maipo River. The lowest genetic damage was in O. brevianalis from Aconcagua river. No relationship was found between genetic damage and concentration of metals in gills. In conclusion the surface waters of the mouths of Aconcagua and Maipo rivers, and Catapilco stream contains chemical agents that provoke genotoxicity in fishes.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar la genotoxicidad de las aguas de las desembocaduras de los ríos Aconcagua, Maipo y el estero Catapilco sobre las especies de peces Mugil cephalus y Odontesthes brevianalis. Se midieron in situ los parámetros de pH, conductividad, oxigeno disuelto y sólidos disueltos totales. Se determinó las concentraciones de cobre, zinc y plomo en aguas y tejido branquial. En peces, la genotoxicidad se determinó a través del ensayo cometa y la frecuencia de micronúcleos. Los resultados muestran que el cobre total en aguas fue más alto en el estero Catapilco, seguido del río Maipo. El plomo, fue más alto en el río Maipo, en tanto que, los mayores niveles de zinc se registraron en el río Aconcagua. En branquias, el zinc fue el metal que se encontró en mayor concentración en ambas especies. El plomo fue más alto en M. cephalus en el río Maipo, en tanto, el cobre fue más alto en la misma especie en el río Aconcagua. El daño genético más alto, se observó en ambas especies de peces del río Maipo. El menor daño genético fue en O. brevianalis del río Aconcagua. No se encontró correlación entre daño genético y concentración de metales en branquias. Los tres cuerpos de agua contienen agentes químicos en concentraciones biodisponibles, que provocan daño genético en peces.

Background: In 2007, a preventive strategy for childhood obesity, that included food education and an increase in physical activity, was implemented in seven public schools located in Santiago. In four of these schools, a counseling program about healthy lifestyles for teachers was also carried out. Aim: To test if counseling had an effect in the intervention for children. Material and Methods: Anthropometric measures were assessed in children at baseline and after two years of intervention. Teachers were also evaluated with anthropometry and a blood sample was obtained to measure blood glucose and serum lipids. Results: Four hundred twelve children from schools whose teachers had counseling and 237 children from schools whose teachers did not have it were evaluated. Twenty-eight teachers with and 19 with no counseling were assessed. In children, the overall prevalence of obesity decreased from 20.2 to 18.3% (p = 0.03). This reduction was only significant among females. BMIZ score decreased significantly in children of both genders. No effect of counseling was observed on weight reduction. Among teachers that received counseling, the prevalence of obesity decreased from 25 to 22.4%, with significant improvements in blood glucose and HDL cholesterol. Conclusions: Counseling directed at teachers did not improve the effect of a program to reduce obesity among schoolchildren.

In this investigation antioxidant response and toxicity of metals in receiving water effluent miner in the Blanco river in Pseudokirchneriella subcapitata was assessed. The catalase activity, lipid damage through Tbars, the growth rate of was determined. The result showed an inhibition of the growth rate of P. subcapitata which correlated with increased catalase activity and the lipid liperoxidation. These responses were correlated with the concentrations of copper and iron.

Cryptobia neghmei sp.n. is described from the blood of two species of flounder, Paralichthys microps and P. adspersus, inhabiting the Chilean coast in the southern Pacific Ocean. Flagellates were elongate, slender, with two flagella and a conspicuous undulating membrane. It was distinguished from previously described species on the basis of its unusual shape and dimensions. All of 97 flounder were infected upon examination. Developmental stages of kinetoplastid protozoans, perhaps C. neghmei sp. n., were observed in some leeches Glyptonotobdella sp. that were found attached to flounder, which probably represent a mode for transmission among piscine hosts

Se describe a Cryptobia neghmei sp.n., un protozoo sanguíneo de dos especies de lenguados, Paralichthys microps y P. adspersus, habitantes de la costa de Chile en el sur-este del océano Pacífico. Los protozoos flagelados son de forma elongada, delgados con dos flagelos y una membrana ondulante conspicua. Esta especie se distingue de aquellas descritas previamente en base a su forma y dimensiones inusuales. Los 97 lenguados revisados estaban infectados. Se observaron otros estados de desarrollo de protozoos kinetoplástidos en la sanguijuela Glyptonotobdella sp. que parasitaba a los lenguados y que probablemente sea el vector del protozoo