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No-tillage for flooded rice in Brazilian subtropical paddy fields: history, challenges, advances and perspectives
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Sousa, Rogério Oliveira de

; Carlos, Filipe Selau

; Silva, Leandro Souza da

; Scivittaro, Walkyria Bueno

; Ribeiro, Pablo Lacerda

; Lima, Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo

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2021, Volume 45 elocation e0210102

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT: No-tillage (NT) has been one of the main advances related to soil management in Brazilian agriculture in the last 30 years. However, its full adoption in lowland areas that are traditionally cultivated with flooded rice is still incipient (<5 %). The main reasons are associated with the soil hydromorphic condition and the management of highly recalcitrant residual crop biomass, demanding soil disturbance even occasionally. This review presents a historical survey about the soil management systems utilized in lowland areas in southern Brazil, emphasizing the experiences of NT adoption in areas with flooded rice. Results from studies focused on the main changes in chemical, physical, and microbiological soil properties due to NT adoption were addressed, as well as the NT effects on greenhouse gas emissions and crop yields. Finally, the main challenges and prospects for NT were discussed considering new emerging scenarios for flooded rice production in lowlands, especially soybean rotation and integrated agricultural production systems. No-tillage can increase the soil organic carbon, the cation exchangeable capacity and tends to promote the accumulation of nutrients as nitrogen in surface layers. Improvements in soil aggregation, porosity and water availability are usually observed in NT, but only if medium or long-term trials are considered. NT favors microbial activity in the shallower soil layer by promoting microbial biomass carbon (+45 %), microbial biomass nitrogen (+54 %) and basal respiration (+54 %) compared to conventional tillage (CT), while the activity of extracellular enzymes also may be stimulated. Crop yield tends to be similar among the soil managements systems over time. Seasonal CH4 emissions might be reduced by 21 % with NT adoption without increasing N2O. Plant breeding and geotechnology advances associated with soybean market valuation intensified the introduction of this crop in paddy fields. The main challenge for the full adoption of NT is the need for soil tillage after rice harvesting to correct soil surface irregularities or manage rice straw. In the future, advances in plant breeding and drainage techniques probably will favor the expansion of NT in southern Brazil lowlands. The traditional system of flooded rice cultivation, based on CT and monoculture associated with beef cattle under extensive grazing, is no longer viable and will not be further established.

https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20210102

Soil loss estimated by means of the RUSLE model in a subtropical climate watershed
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Zanchin, Mayara

; Moura, Maíra Martim de

; Nunes, Maria Cândida Moitinho

; Beskow, Samuel

; Miguel, Pablo

; Lima, Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Bressiani, Danielle de Almeida

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo

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2021, Volume 45 elocation e0210050

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT Erosion process occurs naturally, shaping the Earth’s surface. Soil loss can cause harmful effects to the environment when intensive anthropic activities occur. Mathematical models have been used as effective and less costly alternatives for identifying sites highly prone to soil loss, especially at the watershed scale. In Brazil, the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) is one of the most commonly used soil loss prediction models. The RUSLE requires information on soil erodibility, rainfall erosivity, topography, land use and cover (C), and conservation practices (P) to estimate average annual soil losses. Images derived from remote sensing techniques are generally used to quantify the spatialization of C factor; however, the variation in land use throughout the year is not usually considered. This study aimed to estimate soil losses in an important subwatershed of Candiota river watershed (CRWsub) by using RUSLE, considering land use and rainfall erosivity in different periods of the year. The periods considered were P1 (January, February and March), P2 (April, May and June), P3 (July, August and September) and P4 (October, November and December). Based on the results, the lowest soil losses occurred in P1. Probably, the high vegetation cover in the soil increases its protection against rainfall erosivity. In P3, the heavy rainfall events are predominantly frontal, occurring in the same months as those when the preparation of the soil for later planting takes place; that is, there is no vegetation cover in this period, thus making the soil more prone to erosion. The use of different images to classify and identify land uses is the best way to understand soil losses throughout the year in the study area. It was possible to observe that agricultural areas are generally associated with greater soil losses in the subwatershed. In addition, the land uses were considered to vary quarterly, thereby making it possible to identify the periods most prone to erosion processes throughout the year. Finally, the erosion percentages in the subwatershed can be linked to the tolerance index for different land-uses, soil classes, and slope categories.

https://doi.org/10.36783/18069657rbcs20210050

Modelagem espacial da erosão hídrica do solo associada à sazonalidade agroclimática na região sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
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Nachtigall, Stefan Domingues

; Nunes, Maria Cândida Moitinho

; Moura-Bueno, Jean Michel

; Lima, Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Miguel, Pablo

; Beskow, Samuel

; Silva, Thais Palumbo

Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental

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Dez 2020, Volume 25 Nº 6 Páginas 933 - 946

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

RESUMO A erosão hídrica constitui um sério problema de degradação do solo, com impacto em diversas áreas. Sua mensuração é de extrema importância e onerosa. Os modelos empíricos de estimativa de perdas de solo, como a Equação Universal de Perda de Solo Revisada (RUSLE), são utilizados para suprir essa demanda. Consideram-se poucos estudos no Brasil que avaliam o efeito da sazonalidade agroclimática nas estimativas de perda de solo por erosão hídrica em bacias hidrográficas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a sazonalidade agroclimática na estimativa de perdas de solo por meio da RUSLE e identificar os fatores que controlam a erosão na Bacia Hidrográfica do Arroio Fragata (BHAF). O fator erosividade da chuva (R) e a média anual de precipitação foram calculados por meio de dados de quatro estações pluviométricas.. O fator erodibilidade do solo (K) foi obtido a partir de informações de solo. O fator topográfico (LS) foi gerado com base no modelo digital de elevação (MDE) e o fator cobertura do solo e práticas conservacionistas (CP) por meio de imagens do satélite Landsat8/OLI. A variação sazonal teve efeito na perda de solo, com maiores taxas de erosão no período de verão e primavera. Perdas de solo entre 5 e 50 Mg ha-1ano-1 foram registradas em 24% da BHAF, associadas a períodos de chuvas mais erosivas, maior declividade e baixa cobertura vegetal. Os fatores da RUSLE com maior contribuição na erosão foram R, LS e CP. A abordagem apresentada pode ser útil para quantificar as perdas de solo em bacias hidrográficas.

ABSTRACT Water erosion is a serious soil degradation problem, with impact in several areas. Its measurement is extremely important and costly. Empirical models of soil loss estimation, such as the revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), are used to meet this demand. Few studies in Brazil are considered to evaluate the effect on agroclimatic seasonality in the estimates of soil loss due to water erosion in watersheds. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the agroclimatic seasonality in the estimation of soil losses through RUSLE and to identify the factors that control erosion in the watershed of the Fragata stream. Rainfall erosivity (R) was calculated by means of precipitation data for four seasons and annual average. The soil erodibility factor (K) was obtained from soil information. The topographic factor (LS) was generated from the Digital Elevation Model (MDE) and the soil cover factor and conservationist practices (CP) through Landsat8/OLI satellite images. Seasonal variation had an effect on soil loss, with higher erosion rates in the summer and spring months. Soil losses between 5 and 50 Mg ha-1ano-1 were recorded in 24% of the BHAF, associated with periods of more erosive rainfall, higher slope and low vegetation cover. RUSLE factors with the greatest contribution to erosion were R, LS, and CP. The approach presented can be useful in quantifying soil losses in river basins.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s1413-4152202020190136 820 downloads

Least limiting water range, S-index and compressibility of a Udalf under different management systems
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Lima, Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Dupont, Patrícia Bianca

; Pillon, Clenio Nailto

; Miola, Ezequiel Cesar Carvalho

Scientia Agricola

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2020, Volume 77 Nº 1 elocation e20170224

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT: Agricultural areas in the region of Turuçu, on the Southeast Hillside in the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil present many examples of soil physical degradation. Accordingly, strategies aimed at evaluating and ameliorating the structural quality of soils should be developed to ensure the sustainable use of these areas. This study aimed to evaluate the least limiting water range (LLWR), S-index, compressibility parameters, organic carbon and the organic matter granulometric fractions of a Udalf under different agricultural uses. Soil samples with disturbed and non-disturbed structure from the 0.00 to 0.10 m layer were collected on farms in the Southeast Hillside, Turuçu region, RS, for analyzing soil under: i) conventional system of corn after tobacco crop, (CT); ii) conventional system of corn after native field (CNF), iii) native field (NF) and iv) native area (NA). Both the CT and the CNF systems had a negative influence on the values of bulk density, soil porosity, least limiting water range, compressibility parameters and total organic carbon, coarse fraction carbon and carbon associated with minerals.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992x-2017-0224 1394 downloads

Developing a Soil Physical Quality Index (SPQi) for lowlands under different deployment times of no-tillage
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Reis, Diony Alves

; Lima, Claudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Bamberg, Adilson Luís

Scientia Agricola

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Abr 2019, Volume 76 Nº 2 Páginas 157 - 164

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT: Soil physical quality in lowlands from the Pampa biome under no-tillage (NT) plays an important role; therefore, this study aimed to establish a soil physical quality index (SPQi) from a minimum data set to detect the effects of different deployment times of NT in an Albaqualf. The comparison of areas with one (NT1), three (NT3), five (NT5) and seven (NT7) years of notillage was established using as reference a non-cultivated field plot (NC) for at least thirty years, nearby the sites under NT. Soil samples with undisturbed and disturbed structure were collected to determine the physical quality indicators and soil organic matter (SOM) fractions. The factor analysis (FA) was used to identify and select a minimum data set. The SPQi was elaborated by using the deviations of the measured indicators at different deployment times of NT in relation to NC. The SPQi showed sensibility to identify and explain soil physical quality changes with different deployment times of NT. In well-drained lands, higher deployment times of no-tillage promote the physical quality of lowlands.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992x-2017-0196 956 downloads

Compressibility and water availability in Albaqualf soils under different deployment times in no-tillage
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Reis, Diony Alves

; Lima, Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Bamberg, Adilson Luís

; Ribeiro, Pablo Lacerda

Scientia Agricola

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Set 2018, Volume 75 Nº 5 Páginas 393 - 399

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT: The southern Brazilian lowlands have been historically used for flooded rice cultivation. Over time, heavy machinery and intensive tillage practices have resulted in soil structure disruption, soil compaction, higher production costs and lower agricultural profitability. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different deployment times of no-tillage (NT). Soil properties including bulk density (BD), compression index (CI), preconsolidation pressure (σp), bulk density at preconsolidation pressure (BDσp), degree of compactness (DC), soil water retention curve (SWRC), plant available water (PAW) and total organic carbon (TOC) content were evaluated using a 30-yr non-cultivated field (NC), adjacent to the experimental plots as a control. The BD, σp, BDσp and DC decreased in response to NT adoption time while the soil water holding capacity increased, allowing for higher PAW. Results from this study demonstrated the positive effects of NT on the overall quality of soils.

https://doi.org/10.1590/1678-992x-2016-0219 1246 downloads

6ª DIRETRIZES DE MONITORIZAÇÃO AMBULATORIAL DA PRESSÃO ARTERIAL E 4ª DIRETRIZES DE MONITORIZAÇÃO RESIDENCIAL DA PRESSÃO ARTERIAL
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Brandão, Andrea A.

; Alessi, Alexandre

; Feitosa, Audes Magalhães

; Machado, Carlos Alberto

; Figueiredo, Carlos Eduardo Poli de

; Amodeo, Celso

; Rodrigues, Cibele Isaac Saad

; Forjaz, Claudia Lucia de Moraes

; Giorgi, Dante Marcelo Artigas

; Mion Júnior, Décio

; Coelho, Eduardo Barbosa

; Nobre, Fernando

; Lima Júnior, Emilton

; Plavnik, Frida Liane

; Silva, Giovanio Vieira da

; Chaves Júnior, Hilton

; Barbosa, Eduardo Costa Duarte

; Vilela-Martin, José Fernando

; Ribeiro, José Marcio

; Gusmão, Josiane Lima de

; Toledo, Juan Carlos Yugar

; Bortolotto, Luiz Aparecido

; Scala, Luiz Cesar Nazário

; Gomes, Marco Antônio Mota

; Malachias, Marcus Vinícius Bolívar

; Neves, Mario Fritsch Toros

; Wajngarten, Mauricio

; Gus, Miguel

; Passarelli Júnior, Oswaldo

; Jardim, Paulo Cesar Brandão Veiga

; Miranda, Roberto Dischinger

; Paula, Rogério Baumgratz de

; Ferreira Filho, Sebastião Rodrigues

; Andrade, Solange

; Geleilete, Tufik J. M.

; Koch, Vera Hermina K.

; Souza, Weimar Kunz Sebba Barroso de

; Oigman, Wille

Arquivos Brasileiros de Cardiologia

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Mai 2018, Volume 110 Nº 5 Páginas 1 - 29

Resumo: Pt | Texto: Pt | PDF: Pt

https://doi.org/10.5935/abc.20180074 2708 downloads

Tensile strength, friability, aggregation, and soil organic matter physical fractions of an Oxisol cultivated with sugarcane
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Kunde, Roberta Jeske

; Lima, Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Silva, Sérgio Delmar dos Anjos e

; Pillon, Clenio Nailto

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira

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Abr 2018, Volume 53 Nº 4 Páginas 487 - 494

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resistência tênsil, a friabilidade, a agregação e as frações físicas da matéria orgânica de um Latossolo Vermelho cultivado com cana-de-açúcar (Saccharum officinarum). Os tratamentos consistiram de um, três e cinco anos de cultivo de cana-de-açúcar, no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Como referência, utilizou-se uma mata nativa, adjacente à área de cultivo, com características de solo e relevo similares às das áreas de cultivo. Foram coletadas amostras deformadas à profundidade de 0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, para determinação dos atributos físicos do solo e para o fracionamento físico densimétrico e granulométrico da matéria orgânica. As avaliações dos atributos físicos foram capazes de detectar alterações da qualidade estrutural do Latossolo resultantes do cultivo de cana-de-açúcar. Em comparação à mata nativa, a estabilidade e a resistência tênsil dos agregados diminuíram com o tempo de cultivo da cana-de-açúcar. A resistência tênsil aumentou com a profundidade no solo, proporcionalmente à redução dos teores de carbono orgânico total. O preparo do solo e a queima da palhada reduzem o aporte de matéria orgânica fresca ao solo e aceleram a decomposição do compartimento lábil da matéria orgânica, com consequências negativas às propriedades físicas do solo ao longo do tempo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the tensile strength, friability, aggregation, and the physical fractions of soil organic matter of a Rhodic Hapludox cultivated with sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum). The treatments consisted of one, three, and five years of cultivation of sugarcane, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. As a reference, a native forest adjacent to the cultivation area, with soil and relief characteristics similar to those of the cultivation areas, was used. Deformed samples were collected at 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20-m soil depths, for the determination of the soil physical attributes and for the physical fractionation of particle-size and density of the organic matter. The physical attribute evaluations were able to detect changes in the structural quality of the Oxisol, which resulted from the sugarcane cultivation. In comparison with the native forest, the stability and tensile strength of the aggregates decreased with the time of sugarcane cultivation. Tensile strength increased with soil depth, proportionally to the reduction of total soil organic carbon content. Soil preparation and straw burning reduce the input of fresh organic matter into the soil and accelerate the decomposition of the labile organic matter compartment, with negative consequences to soil physical properties over time.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2018000400010 816 downloads

Visual Evaluation of the Soil Structure under Different Management Systems in Lowlands in Southern Brazil
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Tuchtenhagen, Ivana Kruger

; Lima, Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Bamberg, Adilson Luís

; Guimarães, Rachel Muylaert Locks

; Mansonia, Pulido-Moncada

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo

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2018, Volume 42 elocation e0170270

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT The “Visual Evaluation of Soil Structure” (VESS) is a method used primarily to evaluate the soil structural quality of Oxisols in Brazil and secondly for more specific research, consultancy, and teaching purposes. Since the methodology was never applied and compared with laboratory evaluations of physical properties of hydromorphic soils of the Pampa biome in the south of Brazil, this study evaluated the use of VESS as a visual indicator of the structure quality of a typic eutrophic Albaqualf soil under native grassland, crop-livestock integration, no-tillage, and conventional management systems. Experimental areas with these different management systems were subjected to visual (VESS) and laboratory evaluation of the soil structure. The laboratory evaluation was based on traditional methods and on measurements of bulk density, porosity, aggregate mean weight diameter, aggregate tensile strength (ATS), and total organic carbon (TOC). It was concluded that VESS was efficient in differentiating the management system. The management systems based on minimum soil disturbance and mulching with crop residues improved the soil quality, as evidenced by the VESS scores, bulk density, porosity, aggregation, and organic carbon. The TOC content was inversely related with ATS. The quality of a typic eutrophic Albaqualf was benefitted by organic matter in the surface layer.

https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20170270 2286 downloads

10.

Frações físicas da matéria orgânica em Latossolo cultivado com cana-de-açúcar no Rio Grande do Sul
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Kunde, Roberta Jeske

; Lima, Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Silva, Sérgio Delmar dos Anjos

; Pillon, Clenio Nailto

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira

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Set 2016, Volume 51 Nº 9 Páginas 1520 - 1528

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as frações físicas da matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e o índice de manejo de carbono (IMC), após diferentes períodos de preparo do solo para a implantação de cana-de-açúcar. O estudo foi realizado em Latossolo Vermelho, de textura argilosa, depois de 1, 3 e 5 anos do preparo do solo para a implantação da cultura, com queima da palhada e colheita manual. Como referência, utilizou-se o solo de mata nativa adjacente à área de estudo. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0,00-0,05, 0,05-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, para quantificar o IMC, bem como o C orgânico total, o C particulado, o C associado a minerais e o C das frações leve livre, leve oclusa e pesada da MOS. O preparo do solo associado à queima da palhada na colheita diminuiu o aporte de matéria orgânica fresca ao solo e acelerou a decomposição do compartimento lábil da MOS, com reflexos negativos sobre os estoques das frações físicas do solo. As maiores proporções de C foram verificadas na fração associada a minerais. As frações densimétricas da MOS foram mais sensíveis na detecção de alterações dos estoques, labilidade, índice de labilidade e IMC, nos diferentes tempos de implantação da cultura. As áreas com cana-de-açúcar apresentam IMC inferior a 100, o que indica impacto negativo do cultivo sobre os estoques de matéria orgânica e sobre a qualidade física do solo.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) and the carbon management index (CMI) after different periods of soil tillage for sugarcane implantation. The study was carried out in a clayey Oxisol after 1, 3, and 5 years from soil tillage for crop plantation, with burning of the straw and manual cutting for harvest. As a reference, the soil of a native forest adjacent to the studied area was used. Soil samples were collected at the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, and 0.10-0.20-m soil layers, in order to quantify the CMI, as well as total organic C, particulated C, C associated with minerals, and C in the free light, occluded light, and heavy fractions of SOM. Soil tillage associated with previous burning of straw reduced the input of fresh organic matter to the soil and accelerated the decomposition of the SOM labile compartment, negatively affecting the stocks of soil physical fractions. The highest C proportions were observed in the fraction associated with minerals. The SOM density fractions were more sensible to detect changes in the stocks, lability, and the CMI, in the different crop implantation times. The cultivated areas had CMI lower than 100, which indicates the negative impacts of cropping on the stocks of organic matter and on soil physical quality.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000900051 1281 downloads

11.

Qualidade física e frações da matéria orgânica de um Planossolo sob sistema plantio direto
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Reis, Diony Alves

; Lima, Claúdia Liane Rodrigues de

; Bamberg, Adilson Luís

Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira

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Set 2016, Volume 51 Nº 9 Páginas 1623 - 1632

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade física e as frações da matéria orgânica de um Planossolo sob sistema plantio direto (SPD), com diferentes tempos de implantação, no Sul do Brasil. Amostras de solo foram coletadas nas camadas de 0,00-0,03, 0,03-0,06, 0,06-0,10 e 0,10-0,20 m, tendo-se determinado: a porosidade total (Pt); a macroporosidade (Ma); a microporosidade (Mi); a resistência do solo à penetração (Rp); a densidade (Ds); os macro e microagregados; o diâmetro médio ponderado dos agregados (DMP); o carbono orgânico total (COT); o carbono das frações leve livre (FLL), leve oclusa (FLO) e pesada (FP); os estoques de carbono (EstC), os índices de labilidade (ILC), de estoque (IEC) e de manejo do carbono (IMC). O tempo de implantação SPD aumentou a Pt, a Ma, os EstC, e diminuiu a Mi, a Rp e a Ds. O SPD promove os atributos DMP, ILC, IEC e IMC a partir do quinto ano de implantação, e, portanto, melhora a qualidade física do solo.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the physical quality and the organic matter fractions of an Alfisol soil under no-tillage (NT) with different deployment times in Southern Brazil. Soil samples were taken at the 0.00-0.03, 0.03-0.06, 0.06-0.10, and 0.10-0.20-m depths, for determining: total porosity (Pt); macroporosity (Ma); microporosity (Mi); soil penetration resistance (Rp); bulk density (Ds); macro- and microaggregates; mean weight diameter (MWD) of soil aggregates; total organic carbon content (TOC); the free light (FLL), light occluded (FLO), and heavy (FP) carbon fractions; carbon stocks (EstC); and the lability (ILC), stock (IEC), and carbon management (IMC) indexes. SPD deployment time increased Pt, Ma, and EstC, and decreased Mi, RP, Ds. NT promotes MWD, ILC, IEC, and IMC after five years of deployment, and, therefore, it improves soil physical quality.

https://doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2016000900062 1821 downloads

12.

Hydro-Physical Properties of a Typic Hapludult under the Effect of Rice Husk Ash
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Islabão, Gláucia Oliveira

; Lima, Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Vahl, Ledemar Carlos

; Timm, Luis Carlos

; Teixeira, Juliana Brito da Silva

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo

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2016, Volume 40 elocation e0150161

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

ABSTRACT The combustion of rice husk generates a partially burnt mixture called rice husk ash (RHA) that can be used as a source of nutrients to crops and as a conditioner of soil physical properties. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of RHA levels on the hydro-physical properties of a Typic Hapludult. The experimental design was composed of random blocks with four replications, which comprised plots of 24 m2 and treatments with increasing RHA rates: 0, 40, 80 and 120 Mg ha-1. Undisturbed soil samples were collected in the soil layers of 0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m after nine months of RHA application, using steel cylinders (0.03 m of height and 0.047 m of diameter). These samples were used to determine soil bulk density (Bd), total soil porosity (TP), soil macroporosity (Ma), soil microporosity (Mi) and the available water capacity (AWC). Disturbed soil samples were collected to determine the stability of soil aggregates in water, mean weight diameter of water stable aggregates (MWD), and soil particle size distribution. The results show that, as the RHA rate increased in the soil, Bd values decreased and TP, Ma and MWD values increased. No effect of RHA was found on Mi and AWC values. The effects of RHA on the S parameter (Dexter, 2004), precompression stress and compression index (Dias Junior and Pierce, 1995) values are consistent those shown for density and total porosity. Rice husk ash was shown to be an efficient residue to improve soil physical properties, mainly at rates between 40 and 80 Mg ha-1. Rice husk ash reduces bulk density and increases total porosity, macroporosity and soil aggregation, but does not affect microporosity, field capacity, permanent wilting point, and available water capacity of the soil. The effect of rice husk ash on the S parameter, precompression stress and index compressibility coefficient values are consistent with those observed for the bulk density and total porosity.

https://doi.org/10.1590/18069657rbcs20150161 2084 downloads

13.

INTERVALO HÍDRICO ÓTIMO EM SOLO CONSTRUÍDO APÓS MINERAÇÃO DE CARVÃO EM DIFERENTES LIMITES CRÍTICOS DE RESISTÊNCIA À PENETRAÇÃO E UMIDADE
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Miola, Ezequiel Cesar Carvalho

; Pauletto, Eloy Antonio

; Lima, Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Pinto, Luiz Fernando Spinelli

; Timm, Luis Carlos

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo

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Abr 2015, Volume 39 Nº 2 Páginas 563 - 572

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

Na quantificação do intervalo hídrico ótimo (IHO), são utilizados diferentes limites críticos de resistência à penetração (RP) e umidade na capacidade de campo (θCC). Para solos agrícolas, esses valores estão sendo documentados na literatura. Entretanto, para solos construídos após mineração de carvão, constata-se grande lacuna de informações. O objetivo deste trabalho foi quantificar a faixa de variação do intervalo hídrico ótimo de um solo construído sob diferentes plantas de cobertura na área de mineração de carvão de Candiota, sul do Brasil, considerando diferentes limites críticos de umidade do solo na capacidade de campo e de resistência à penetração. Foram avaliadas no experimento, em blocos casualizados com quatro repetições, as seguintes plantas de cobertura: Hemártria (Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & C. E. Hubbard), tratamento 1 (T1); Pensacola (Paspalum notatum Flüggé), tratamento 2 (T2); Grama Tifton (Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pers.), tratamento 3 (T3); Controle (Urochloa brizantha (Hochst.) Stapf), tratamento 4 (T4); e sem plantas de cobertura, tratamento 5 (T5). Para determinar o IHO, foram utilizados diferentes valores críticos de θCC referentes às tensões de 0,006; 0,01; e 0,033 MPa e RP de 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; e 3,0 MPa, mantendo-se sempre constante a umidade do solo no ponto de murcha permanente (θPMP) como sendo igual ao valor retido na tensão de 1,5 MPa e a umidade do solo em que a porosidade de aeração (PA) é de 10 %. A faixa de variação do IHO foi maior no solo construído cultivado com Urochloa brizantha; e a menor com Pensacola, independentemente dos limites críticos de θCC e de RP. Os limites críticos de θCC e de RP utilizados na definição do IHO originaram diferentes valores de densidade critica (Dsc) para o solo construído sob diferentes plantas de cobertura. Os menores e maiores valores de Dsc foram obtidos quando utilizados como limites críticos na definição do IHO, o θCC = 0,033 MPa e a RP = 3 MPa. O solo construído cultivado com Urochloa brizantha e Hemártria apresentou valor de Ds muito próximo ao de Dsc.

In quantifying the least limiting water range (LLWR), different critical limits of resistance to penetration (RP) and moisture at field capacity (θFC) are generally used. For agricultural soils, these values are documented in the literature. However, for constructed soil after coal mining, there is a large information gap. The aim of this study was to quantify the least limiting water range of a constructed soil under different cover crops in a coal mining area in Candiota, RS (Southern Brazil), considering different critical limits of θFC and PR. A randomized block experimental design with four replications was used, with the following cover crops: Hemarthria altissima (Poir.) Stapf & C.E. Hubbard, treatment 1 (T1); Paspalum notatum Flüggé, treatment 2 (T2); Cynodon dactilon (L.) Pers., treatment 3 (T3); control of Urochloa brizantha (Hochst.) Stapf, treatment 4 (T4); and no cover crop, treatment 5 (reference treatment, T5). To determine the LLWR, different critical values were used for θFC (-0.006, -0.01, and -0.033 MPa) and RP (1.5, 2.0, 2.5, and 3.0 MPa), keeping the soil moisture constant at the permanent wilting point (θPWP) as equal to the value retained at 1.5 MPa and at air-filled porosity (AP) of 10 %. The variation in the LLWR was higher in the constructed soil under the Urochloa brizantha (T4) cover crop, and lower in the constructed soil under the Paspalum notatum (T2) cover crop, regardless of the critical limits of θFC and of RP adopted. The critical limits of θFC and RP used to calculate the LLWR values gave rise to different values for the critical bulk density (CBD) of the constructed soil under different cover crops. The lowest and highest values of CBD were obtained when a θFC of 0.033 MPa and an RP of 3 MPa were used as critical limits in calculating the LLWR. The soil bulk density (BD) values of the constructed soil under Urochloa brizantha and Hemarthria cover crops were very close to the value of CBD.

https://doi.org/10.1590/01000683rbcs20140184 2201 downloads

14.

Resistência tênsil de agregados e compressibilidade de um solo construído com plantas de cobertura em área de mineração de carvão em Candiota, RS
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Reis, Diony Alves

; Lima, Cláudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Pauletto, Eloy Antonio

Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo

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Abr 2014, Volume 38 Nº 2 Páginas 669 - 678

Resumo: Pt En | Texto: Pt En | PDF: Pt | PDF: En

A recuperação de áreas degradadas após a mineração de carvão é fundamental para a sustentabilidade do meio ambiente. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a qualidade estrutural de um solo construído sob diferentes plantas de cobertura, utilizando como referência um solo construído sem plantas de cobertura e um solo natural sob vegetação nativa à frente da mineração. Concluiu-se que as plantas de cobertura, principalmente a Tanzânia (Panicum maximum), contribuíram para melhoria da qualidade estrutural do solo construído, reduzindo a densidade do solo, promovendo a macroporosidade, a porosidade total, o teor de carbono orgânico total e do diâmetro médio dos agregados estáveis. Mais estudos precisam ser realizados enfocando a agregação, resistência tênsil de agregados e friabilidade, considerando que o método de construção interfere na qualidade estrutural desses solos.

Land reclamation after coal mining is essential for the sustainability of that environment. This study aimed to evaluate the structural quality of a soil built up under different cover crops, taking a soil built up without cover crops and natural soil under native vegetation across from the mining operation as references. It may be concluded that cover crops, especially Tanzania (Panicum maximum), contributed to improvement of the structural quality of the built-up soil, reducing bulk density and increasing macroporosity, total porosity, total organic carbon content and the average diameter of stable aggregates. More studies are needed with a focus on aggregation, tensile strength of aggregates and friability since the way in which the soils are built up affects their structural quality.

2332 downloads Citado 6 vezes em SciELO

15.

Tensile strength and friability of an Alfisol under agricultural management systems
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Reis, Diony Alves

; Lima, Claudia Liane Rodrigues de

; Pauletto, Eloy Antonio

; Dupont, Patricia Bianca

; Pillon, Clenio Nailto

Scientia Agricola

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Abr 2014, Volume 71 Nº 2 Páginas 163 - 168

Resumo: En | Texto: En | PDF: En

Management systems may influence the structural quality of soils. Tensile strength (TS) and friability (F) are indicators of soil structural quality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the TS and F of an Alfisol under different management systems. The treatments were as follows: (i) soil under conventional system with growing maize after tobacco cultivation, (ii) soil under conventional system with growing maize after use as pasture, (iii) soil under natural pasture, and (iv) a natural area with predominance of spontaneous vegetation. TS and F were evaluated at depths of 0.00-0.05 and 0.05-0.10 m. The water content of soil aggregates, soil particle-size distribution, total organic carbon, carbon in the coarse fraction and carbon associated with minerals were also determined. The increase in clay content and soil organic carbon influences the values of TS. The lowest TS was for the soil under maize cultivation after tobacco in the conventional system. Soil under natural area in the 0.05-0.10 m layer was classified as slightly friable, while other systems were classified as friable. Evaluations of the structural quality of soils under management systems can be performed using TS. However, F was not efficient in detecting changes between the different management systems.

2703 downloads Citado 2 vezes em SciELO

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