ABSTRACT Amazonian soils have been suffering severe changes resulting from human activities in the region, causing significant changes in soil attributes that can contribute to greater susceptibility to erosion processes. Therefore, the present work aimed to estimate the erodibility in natural and anthropic environments in the southern region of the Amazon. Eight areas in the region were selected, including areas of native forest, savannah, cerradão, pasture and reforestation, delimiting 32 sampling points per area, with collections at a depth of 0.00-0.20 m, totaling 256 samples. Next, texture analysis and quantification of soil organic carbon were performed, and then erodibility was estimated by indirect prediction methods, Tukey’s test, Pearson’s correlation and factorial analysis of principal components. According to the results obtained, it was observed that the evaluated areas of native forest 1 and 2, cerradão and pasture present high susceptibility to erosion in relation to the cerrado, reforestation with genipap, teak and mixed areas. Therefore, it was noted that the high level of erodibility is associated with a greater predominance of sand fraction, K factor, Ki Kr and low clay content, as well as with the management employed in the areas.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate soil attributes and root distribution in areas under forest conversion to cultivated environments. The study was carried out in four areas: forest, cupuaçu, guarana and annatto, located in the municipality of Canutama, state of Amazonas. Soils and volumetric rings were collected in the layers 0.00 – 0.10; 0.10 – 0.20; 0.20 – 0.30; 0.30 – 0.40; and 0.40 – 0.50 m for analyses of physical and chemical attributes and root distribution. Univariate statistical analyses were carried out, the means were compared with the Tukey’s test (p < 0.05) and Pearson’s correlation (p < 0.05 and < 0.01). The forest area and the cultivated environments present soil chemical limitations for agricultural production, whereas the physical attributes presented satisfactory values. The chemical attributes underwent major changes and degradations upon conversion to agriculture. Major changes were observed in the layers of 0.00 – 0.10 and 0.10 – 0.20 m for the studied areas. Cupuaçu cultivation showed higher values of roots dry weight (RDW) and roots distribution (RD), with the highest values found in the 0.00 – 0.10 and 0.10 – 0.20 m layers.

Resumo A erodibilidade é uma característica do solo que representa a susceptibilidade com que suas partículas da camada mais superficial são levadas e transportadas para locais mais baixos por agentes erosivos, causando danos ambientais e econômicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar a erodibilidade do solo em áreas de pastagens e florestas no município de Porto Velho-Rondônia. Em campo, foram selecionadas três áreas com diferentes tipos de vegetação, uma com braquiária, outra com capim mombaça e uma terceira em floresta nativa. Nas áreas com pastagens, foi delineada uma malha amostral de tamanhos iguais (90 m x 60 m), e na área de floresta uma malha amostral aproximada (90 m x 50 m), com espaçamento regular de 10 m entre os pontos amostrais para ambas as áreas. A amostragem foi realizada nos pontos de cruzamento da malha na profundidade de 0,0-0,2 m, compondo 70 pontos amostrais nas áreas com pastagens e 60 pontos amostrais na área de floresta, totalizando 200 amostras. Em seguida, foram realizadas análises laboratoriais para determinação da textura seguida do fracionamento da areia, e do carbono orgânico seguida da estimativa da matéria orgânica do solo. Os fatores de erodibilidade foram calculados por meio de modelos de predição indireta e, em seguida, foram aplicadas técnicas univariadas, geoestatísticas e multivariadas. Os ambientes de pastagem diferiram do ambiente de floresta. No entanto, a área de capim mombaça funciona como um ambiente intermediário entre a floresta e a braquiária, estando mais próxima do ambiente de floresta.

Abstract “Erodibility” is a characteristic of the soil that represents the susceptibility with which its particles from the most superficial layer are taken and transported to lower places by erosive agents, causing environmental and economic damages. This work estimated soil erodibility in pastures and forest areas in the municipality of Porto Velho-Rondônia. In the field, three areas with different types of vegetation were selected, one with brachiaria, another with mombaça grass, and a third in native forest. In areas with pastures, a sampling mesh of equal sizes was outlined (90 m x 60 m), and in the forested area an approximate sampling mesh (90 m x 50 m), with a regular spacing of 10 m between the samples points for both areas. The sampling was done at the crossing points of the mesh at a depth of 0.0-0.2 m, composing 70 sample points in the areas with pastures and 60 sample points in the forest area, totaling 200 samples. Then, laboratory analyzes were carried out to determine the texture followed by the fractionation of the sand, and the organic carbon followed by the estimate of the organic matter of the soil. The erodibility factors were calculated using indirect prediction models, and then, univariate, geostatistical and multivariate techniques were applied. The pastures’ environments differed from the forest environment. However, the mombaça grass area functions as an intermediate environment between the forest and the brachiaria, being closer to the forest environment.

Resumo O reconhecimento da influência das práticas de manejo nas condições físicas e químicas do solo é substancial para a agricultura sustentável. Por essa razão, o estudo foi desenvolvido com o objetivo de avaliar o comportamento de atributos do solo sob diferentes usos na região de Humaitá, AM, utilizando métodos estatísticos multivariados. O estudo foi desenvolvido em 8 propriedades rurais produtoras de banana, pastagem, milho, café, mandioca, hortaliças, sistema agroflorestal e fragmento florestal. Amostras de solos com estrutura preservada nas camadas de 0,0 - 0,10 e 0,10 - 0,20 m foram coletadas aleatoriamente em 5 pequenas trincheiras por área, totalizando 32 amostras nos sistemas de manejo, para determinar os atributos físicos e químicos. Os dados foram então submetidos à análise estatística univariada e multivariada. Análises exploratórias de dados (componentes principais e dendrogramas) e frequência de covariáveis ambientais foram eficientes em distinguir ambientes de produção, portanto a classificação multivariada baseada em atributos físicos e químicos do solo pode auxiliar no planejamento adequado do uso da terra. A análise dos componentes principais indica que a DS apresenta dependência direta com o RSP, sinalizando o uso do solo com pastagem o único no processo de compactação. A acidez do solo é o principal fator limitante para o desenvolvimento da cultura, exigindo a adoção de práticas corretivas de pH do solo com melhorias na oferta de nutrientes. A conversão da floresta para pastagem manteve a característica estrutural do solo, enquanto os demais usos incrementaram melhorias na qualidade física e fertilidade do solo.

Abstract The recognition of the influence of management practices on soil physical and chemical conditions is substantial for sustainable agriculture. For this reason, this study was developed for the purpose of evaluating the behavior of soil attributes under different uses in the region of Humaitá, AM, using multivariate statistical methods. The study was developed in 8 rural properties producing bananas, grassland, maize, coffee, cassava, vegetables, agroforestry system and a forest fragment. Samples of soils with preserved structure in the 0.0 - 0.10 and 0.10 - 0.20 m layers were randomly collected in 5 small trenches per area, totaling 32 samples in the management systems, to determine the physical and chemical attributes. The data were then submitted to univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Exploratory data analysis (principal components and dendrogram) and frequency of environmental covariates was efficient in distinguishing production environments, so multivariate classification based on physical and chemical attributes of the soil can help in the proper planning of land use. The analysis of the principal components indicates that the BD presents direct dependence with the SPR, signaling the use of the soil with grassland the only one in the process of compaction. Soil acidity is the main limiting factor for crop development, requiring the adoption of pH corrective practices with improvements in nutrient supply. The conversion of the forest to grassland maintained the structural characteristics of the soil, while the other uses increased improvements in physical quality and soil fertility.

Resumo Para se avaliar a qualidade do solo e a sustentabilidade em ambientes de Terra Preta Arqueológica da Amazônia, é importante a caracterização dos impactos de uso de solo dos diferentes tipos de cobertura. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos físicos e o carbono orgânico em áreas de Terra Preta Arqueológica, no município de Novo Aripuanã, AM, sob os cultivos feijão guandu (Cajanus cajan) e pastagem, em comparação com a cobertura de floresta, com base em técnicas de estatística tradicional univariada e multivariada e de geoestatística. Para isso foram delimitadas malhas com espaçamentos regulares e 88 pontos amostrais georreferenciados por malha. Foram coletadas amostras em blocos de solo com estrutura preservada e anéis volumétricos, para a determinação das propriedades físicas e do carbono orgânico do solo. O feijão guandu e pastagem diferem estatisticamente da floresta, que apresentaram características de estabilidade dos agregados acima da média, mas características texturais e carbono orgânico abaixo da média. O modelo exponencial, pelo semivariograma escalonado, mostrou que atributos físicos do solo apresentaram predominância, com grau de dependência de forte a moderado, sendo a área sob feijão guandu com maior variabilidade dos atributos do solo.

Abstract In order to evaluate soil quality and sustainability in Amazon Archaeological Dark Earth environments, it is important to characterize the impacts of the use of different cover types. The objective of this work was therefore to evaluate the physical attributes and organic carbon content in areas of “Terra Preta Arqueológica”, in the municipality of Novo Aripuanã, AM, under the cultivation of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) and pasture, in comparison with forest cover, based on traditional univariate and multivariate statistical techniques and geostatistics. In order to accomplish this, grids with regular spacing and samples with 88 georeferenced points per grid were delimited. Samples of soil blocks with preserved structure and volumetric rings were collected to determine physical properties and organic carbon content. The pigeon pea and pasture soils differ statistically from that of the forest and presented above-average aggregate stability, but texture and organic carbon characteristics were below average. The exponential model showed that the physical attributes of the soil predominated, with a strong to moderate degree of dependence, with the area under pigeon pea presenting the greatest variability of soil attributes.