Pombos silvestres (Zenaida auriculata), comuns em áreas urbanas, rurais e selvagens em muitas regiões do Brasil, são frequentemente predados por gatos domésticos. Sendo assim, os isolados de T. gondii obtidos de pombos podem refletir uma maior diversidade ambiental do que os outros hospedeiros. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a soroprevalência, isolar e genotipar T. gondii de Z. auriculata. Amostras de soro e tecido foram coletadas de 206 pombos para o teste de aglutinação modificado (MAT) e o bioensaio em camundongos. A prevalência de anticorpos contra T. gondii em pombos foi 22,3% (46/206), com títulos variando de 16 a 4096, e T. gondii foi isolado de 12 pombos. Cinco genótipos foram detectados por PCR-RFLP, incluindo os genótipos ToxoDB #1, #6, #17, #65 e um genótipo não descrito anteriormente (ToxoDB#182). Esse é o primeiro relato de isolamento de T. gondii de Z. auriculata. Este estudo também confirmou a diversidade dos isolados de T. gondii e a presença de tipo clonal II (ToxoDB #1) no Brasil.

Eared doves (Zenaida auriculata), which are common in urban, rural and wild areas in many regions of Brazil, are frequently prey for domestic cats. Therefore Toxoplasma gondii isolates obtained from doves may reflect greater environmental diversity than those from other hosts. The aim of the present study was to evaluate T. gondii seroprevalence, isolate and genotype strains from Z. auriculata. Serum and tissue samples were collected from 206 doves for use in the modified agglutination test (MAT) and mouse bioassay. The prevalence of T. gondii antibodies in the doves was 22.3% (46/206), with titers ranging from 16 to 4096, and T. gondii strains were isolated from 12 of these doves. Five genotypes were detected by means of PCR-RFLP, including ToxoDB genotypes #1, #6, #17 and #65, and one genotype that had not previously been described (ToxoDB#182). This was the first report on isolation of T. gondii from Z. auriculata. This study confirmed the genetic diversity of T. gondii isolates and the existence of clonal type II (ToxoDB genotype #1) in Brazil.

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a prevalência de helmintos gastrintestinais e renais de Zenaida auriculata naturalmente infectados capturados em Londrina, Paraná. Duzentos e um pombos-de-bando foram capturados e os helmintos gastrintestinais e renais foram coletados e identificados de acordo com as estruturas morfológicas. Cento e dezesseis (57,71%) pombos estavam parasitados por helmintos com as seguintes prevalências:Ornithostrongylus quadriradiatus em 50 pombos (24,88%), seguido por Ascaridia columbae em 47 (23,38%),Paratanaisia bragai e P. confusa em 34 (16,92%), Tetrameres fissispina em 17 (8,46%),Synhimantus nasuta em 14 (6,47%), Brachylaima mazzantii em 4 (1,99%) e Raillietina allomyodes em 2 pombos (1,00%). Setenta e quatro/201 (37,00%) aves apresentaram-se infectadas por apenas uma espécie, e 96/201 (48,00%) pombos com nematodas. A associação entre diferentes classes de helmintos ocorreu em 40/201 (20,00%) animais. Os resultados mostraram diferenças estatísticas entre a presença de nematodas (p = 0,00001) e trematodas (p ≤ 0,05) em pombos, e houve associação entre o local de captura e a presença de trematodas e A. columbae (p ≤ 0,05). Este trabalho é o primeiro a relatar a infecção de Z. auriculata no Brasil com O. quadriradiatus,A. columbae, T. fissispina, S. nasuta, R. allomyodes, P. bragaie P. confusa.

This study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal and renal helminths from naturally infected Zenaida auriculatacaptured in Londrina, Paraná State. Two hundred and one Eared doves were trapped and the gastrointestinal and renal helminths were collected and identified according to morphological structures. One hundred and sixteen (57.71%) doves were parasitized by helminths with specific prevalences forOrnithostrongylus quadriradiatus in 50 doves (24.88%),Ascaridia columbae in 47 (23.38%), Paratanaisia bragai and P. confusa in 34 (16.92%),Tetrameres fissispina in 17 (8.46%), Synhimantus nasuta in 14 (6.47%), Brachylaima mazzantii in 4 (1.99%) and Raillietina allomyodes in 2 doves (1.00%). Seventy four/201 (37.00%) birds were infected with only one species, and 96/201 (48.00%) pigeons were infected with nematodes. The association between different classes of helminths occurred in 40/201 (20.00%) animals. The results showed statistically differences between the presence of nematode (p = 0.00001) and trematode species (p ≤ 0.05) in the doves, and there was an association between the local of capture and the presence of trematodes and A. columbae (p ≤ 0.05). This study is the first to report the infection of Z. auriculata from Brazil with O. quadriradiatus, A. columbae, T. fissispina, S. nasuta, R. allomyodes, P. bragai and P. confusa.

1. The present paper represents the final report of the experiment about the constancy in a clon of the orange "Baianinha" which has been studied during the past four years. 2. The trees were obtained by grafting buds taken from one tree, 17-2, of the "Asilo" in Piracicaba, on non-selected seedling root stock of sour orange. 3. The fruits were collected separately for each tree and their diameter (in mm) determined. The test "within-between" showed clearly that the variation between the means of trees and within trees are of a totally different order, the former being about 10 times bigger than the latter. 4. Thus it was necessary to use other tests in order to be able to find out whether the trees form a uniform sample or not. A X²-test was carried out for the mean diameters of the 217 trees included in the experiment in 1937 and demonstrated the existence of an accentuated heterogeneity. The same method however could not be applied in the analysis of later years in view of the reduced number of trees. It was necessary therefore to device another test for the data of these years with 44 or 43 trees each only. In carrying out this "test of seguence" the mean diameters were arranged according to their magnitude and were given accordingly numbers of order. The probability was then calculated with which a tree may obtain by chance and in successive years such numbers of order as registered (quadro V). Fuller details are given in the test of this paper and shall be published elsewhere as well. The results of this test were in accordance with those obtained with the X²-test. 5. The trees do not form a uniform sample as explained above. Two types of heterogeneity exist: a) The variation between trees is of an entirely different order as the variation within trees, with of 7,2 to 16,5 (guadro III). It may be remembered that ft (Brieger) is identical with Vf (Snedecor) and e z (Fisher). b) The variation between trees is highly heterogeneous as shown by the x2-test (guadro IV) and the "test of sequence" (quadro V). It was possible to separate the sample into three groups : the type "Baianinha Piracicaba" with a medium mean fruit diameter per tree, the "Baía" with large fruits and the new type "Baianinha Araras" with small fruits. 6. The experimental plot was selected as beeing reasonably uniform. The statistical analysis however revealed significant, though not very important heterogeneities which can only be partially responsible for the variations between trees mentioned above (quadro VI). 7. There is a constant negative linear correlation between the number of fruits per tree and the mean fruit diameter, the coefficient r beeing the same in all years and equal to 0.5 (quadro X). On the average, a loss of 1 mm in mean diameter corresponds to a gain of 50 fruits per tree. 8. The error within trees both when comparing the errors per tree in the same year or of different years showed significant variations which are however without much praticai importance. The annual means of these errors (sD) vary from 4,69 mm in 1937 to 7,56 mm in 1939 (quadro VIII). 9. The error within trees cannot be used as a reliable measure since the variations within trees are highly abnormal, restricted by two physiological limits which prevent the appearance of very small or very large fruits and show sometimes a tendency to asymetry and bimodality. 10. The possible causes for the abnormal variation "within" were studied in some detail. The only positive result was obtained when comparing the production on older branches with that on recent strong off-shoots. In some case it was possible to collect the fruits on these components of a tree separately, the older branches forming the lower and the other the top parts of the tree (fig. 7). The latter produce always larger fruits (quadro IX and fig. 2). 11. Heterogeneity of the root stocks seems to be the most probable cause of the heterogeneity between trees. It has been shown by other experiments, not yet published, that all species used as root stocks in this country are highly variable which is not astonishing since there has not yet been any selection for root stocks (fig. 8a to 10b). A-similar variation has been found by Webber for the Californian sour orange. 12. The existence of effects of root stocks on scion, besides the appearance of general incompatibilities, has been shown in the extensive studies of Hatton. Webber (12) demonstrated correlations between root stock and the trunk area, top volume and total yield of scion in Washington Navel budded on sour orange in California. Gurgel (3) found an influence of various root stocks on pollen fertility in the "Pera" orange and the grape fruit "March seedless". Further experiments, already under way, will show if our hypothesis about the effect of the root stock on number and diameter of the fruits of the scion is correct. 13. The variation of seedlings in Citrus cannot be due exclusively to the occurrence of sexual reproduction besides simple apogamy as supposed by Webber. This author assumed that all variants were due to the appearance of embryos from normally fertilized eggs. However histological complications seem to occur which cause variations also within the apogamous offspring. 14. The praticai value of the new type "Araras" in contrast to "Piracicaba" is illustrated in figures 4 and 5 and quadro XIII. The proportion of larger fruits of the commercial types of "126" to "80" is very small in "Araras". Under the pre-war conditions the type "126" was still exportable without loss while the larger fruits could not be exported at all. Thus it would be of great economic value to establish definitely the new type "Baianinha Araras".