ABSTRACT Waste generation is increasing due to population growth, urbanization, and economic development, especially in developing countries. Knowledge obtained on the generation of construction and demolition waste through forecasts can help decision makers adopt more efficient management practices, being fundamental to prevent the development of environmental issues. The objective of this article was to develop a model for forecasting the generation of construction and demolition waste for medium-sized Brazilian cities, using data from the municipality of Varginha, Minas Gerais. A multiple linear model (R2 = 0.880) was developed using Urban expansion, Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and GDP per capita as independent variables to predict the amount of construction and demolition waste generated in 2020 and the amount that will be produced in 2040 in the municipality. The results of applying the model indicated an increase of 18.27% in the amount of construction and demolition waste generated in the municipality, when comparing the 2020 (39,940 t) and 2040 (47,238 t) scenarios. The efficiency of the model was also verified when applying it in six other Brazilian cities of similar population size and that had research carried out on the generation of construction and demolition waste . The difference between the amount of construction and demolition waste obtained by the authors and those calculated by the model was less than 13%. The results of this research can contribute to the development of efficient construction and demolition waste management strategies, considering that it provides a tool for the resolution of current environmental problems and also allows the adoption of proactive actions for the correct management in future scenarios. growth urbanization countries practices issues mediumsized medium sized Varginha Gerais R2 R (R 0.880 0880 0 880 expansion GDP, , (GDP) 202 204 1827 18 27 18.27 39,940 39940 39 940 (39,94 t 47,238 47238 47 238 (47,23 scenarios 13 13% strategies 0.88 088 88 (GDP 20 182 1 2 18.2 39,94 3994 3 94 (39,9 47,23 4723 4 23 (47,2 0.8 08 8 18. 39,9 399 9 (39, 47,2 472 (47, 0. 39, (39 47, (47 (3 (4 (

RESUMO A geração de resíduos está aumentando em função do crescimento da população, urbanização e desenvolvimento econômico, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento. O conhecimento do quantitativo de resíduo de construção e demolição gerado por meio de previsões pode auxiliar os tomadores de decisões a adotarem práticas mais eficientes de gestão, sendo fundamentais para prevenir o desenvolvimento dos problemas ambientais. O objetivo deste artigo foi desenvolver um modelo de previsão de geração dos resíduos de construção e demolição para cidades brasileiras de médio porte populacional, utilizando como estudo de caso o munícipio de Varginha (MG). Foi elaborado um modelo linear múltiplo (R2 = 0,880), empregando como variáveis independentes a expansão urbana, o Produto Interno Bruto (PIB) e o PIB per capita para prever o quantitativo de resíduo de construção e demolição gerado em 2020 e a quantidade de resíduo que será produzida em 2040 no município. Os resultados da aplicação do modelo indicaram aumento de 18,27% no quantitativo de resíduo de construção e demolição gerado no município, quando comparados o cenário de 2020 (39.940 t) e de 2040 (47.238 t). Também foi verificada a eficiência do modelo ao aplicá-lo em outras seis cidades brasileiras de similar porte populacional e que possuíam pesquisas sobre a geração de resíduo de construção e demolição. A diferença do quantitativo de resíduo de construção e demolição obtido pelos autores e os calculados pelo modelo foram inferiores a 13%. Os resultados desta pesquisa podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de gestão de resíduos de construção e demolição eficientes, já que fornece uma ferramenta para resolução dos problemas ambientais atuais e também permite a adoção de ações proativas para a correta gestão em cenários futuros. população econômico MG. MG . (MG) R2 R (R 0,880, 0880 0,880 , 0 880 0,880) urbana (PIB 202 204 município 1827 18 27 18,27 39.940 39940 39 940 (39.94 t 47.238 47238 47 238 (47.23 t. aplicálo aplicá lo 13 13% futuros (MG 088 0,88 88 20 182 1 2 18,2 39.94 3994 3 94 (39.9 47.23 4723 4 23 (47.2 08 0,8 8 18, 39.9 399 9 (39. 47.2 472 (47. 0, 39. (39 47. (47 (3 (4 (

ABSTRACT: To evaluate root canal transportation and centering ability as influenced by operator experience using WaveOne Gold files in simulated acrylic resin root canals. Thirty-two simulated acrylic resin canals were distributed to two groups (n = 16). Group 1 is made up of inexperienced students, and group 2 by specialists in the field of endodontics. These canals were shaped to an apical size of 07/25 with the Primary WaveOne Gold file. Photographic images were used to evaluate apical transport and centering of the instrumentation, which was analyzed using Photoshop and Image J image editing software. File separation was also recorded. The data were recorded using Google Forms and analyzed using the R statistical program. The normality of the data was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test, and the t-test was performed to establish differences between the groups. The level of statistical significance was established as p <0.05. The normality of the data was evaluated using the Shapiro-Wilk test. Then statistical significance was analyzed using the T-test. The most remarkable difference when evaluating centering was evident at the 6 mm level. In terms of apical transport, the major discrepancy was at the 1 mm level. However, no significant differences were observed between both groups in any of the points evaluated. A low incidence of instrument fracture was reported. According to our results, the operator's experience does not influence shaping in simulated root canals in terms of centering ability and apical transportation when using WaveOne Gold files.

RESUMEN: Evaluar la influencia del operador sobre el transporte apical y centrado de la instrumentación endodóntica utilizando WaveOne Gold en canales radiculares simulados de resina acrílica. Se asignaron 32 canales simulados de resina acrílica a dos grupos (n = 16). El grupo 1 conformado por estudiantes inexpertos y el grupo 2 por especialistas en el área de endodoncia. Estos canales se instrumentaron hasta un tamaño apical de 25/07 con lima Primary WaveOne Gold. Para evaluar el transporte apical y el centrado de la instrumentación se utilizaron imágenes fotográficas que fueron analizadas mediante los software de edición de imagen Photoshop e Image J. Además fue registrada la incidencia de fractura de instrumentos. Los datos fueron registrados mediante un formulario Google Forms y analizados mediante el software estadístico R. Se evaluó la normalidad de los dato s mediante el test Shapiro-Wilk y para establecer diferencias entre los grupos se realizó la prueba t. El nivel de significancia estadística fue establecido en p < 0,05. La mayor diferencia al evaluar el centrado se evidenció a nivel de los 6 mm y en cuanto al transporte apical la mayor discrepancia fue a nivel de 1 mm. Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos e n ninguno de los puntos evaluados. Se reportó una baja incidencia de fractura de instrumentos. La experiencia del operador no influye en la conformación del canal radicular simulado al evaluar centrado y transporte apical al utilizar limas WaveOne Gold.

Abstract These are the preliminary results of the investigations carried out on the archaeological site Cerro Pergoche, located on the left bank of the Alto Chicama River, San Isidro farmhouse, Barro Negro town center, Usquil district, Otuzco province, La Libertad region at 3500 m altitude; with a pre-Hispanic occupation corresponding to the Early Intermediate Period, Late Intermediate Period, and probably the Late Horizon (1st to 15th centuries AD), whose outstanding evidence is located, at the top and western slopes of Cerro Pergoche in two very well defined sectors, and corresponding to constructions with edged stone and with an orthogonal plan, including dwelling places, spaces in the form of squares, terraces, walls, among other architectural characteristics and cemetery areas, associated with ceramics, mainly from the mountain tradition. The flora has 24 families, 37 genus and 39 species that include seven endemic species (Nasa usquiliensis, Elaphoglossum nivosum, Coreopsis senaria, Calceolaria cajabambae,Paspalum tuberosum, Trihesperus glaucus and Drymaria divaricata). The new species named in honor of Usquil as Nasa usquiliensis Weigend, T. Henning & C. Schneid. (Loasaceae), and traditionally values the medicinal and dry cleaning importance of various plant species. The fauna was represented by species of reptiles (2), birds (55) and mammals (3); of which two saurians (Stenocercus personata and Stenocercus melanopygus) and two birds (Incaspiza pulchra and Metallura phoebe) are endemic and frequent in rocky and shrubby areas of the northern Andes.

Resumen Se presentan los resultados preliminares de las investigaciones realizadas en el sitio arqueológico cerro Pergoche ubicado en la margen izquierda del río Alto Chicama, caserío San Isidro, centro poblado Barro Negro, distrito Usquil, provincia Otuzco, región La Libertad sobre los 3500 m.; con una ocupación prehispánica correspondiente al Periodo Intermedio Temprano, Periodo Intermedio Tardío y, probablemente, el Horizonte Tardío (siglos I al XV d.C.), cuyas evidencias más sobresalientes, se localizan, en la cima y laderas occidentales de Cerro Pergoche en dos sectores muy bien definidos, y correspondiendo a construcciones con piedra canteada y de planta ortogonal, incluyendo lugares de vivienda, espacios a manera de plazas, terrazas, murallas, entre otras características arquitectónicas y áreas de cementerios, asociados a cerámica, principalmente de tradición andina. La flora presenta 24 familias, 37 géneros y 39 especies que incluyen siete especies endémicas (Nasa usquiliensis, Elaphoglossum nivosum, Coreopsis senaria, Calceolaria cajabambae, Paspalum tuberosum, Trihesperus glaucus y Drymaria divaricata). Se destaca a la especie nueva nombrada en honor a Usquil como Nasa usquiliensis Weigend, T. Henning & C. Schneid. (Loasaceae), y valora tradicionalmente la importancia medicinal y en tintorería de varias especies vegetales. La fauna estuvo representada por especies de reptiles (2), aves (55) y mamíferos (3); de los cuales dos saurios (Stenocercus personata y Stenocercus melanopygus) y dos aves (Incaspiza pulchra y Metallura phoebe) son endémicas y frecuentes en zonas rocosas y arbustiva de los andes del norte.

RESUMO O presente estudo avaliou o efeito da suplementação com OmniGen-AF® na proliferação de linfócitos e títulos de anticorpos após vacinação em bovinos leiteiros. Amostras de sangue periférico foram coletadas de 32 vacas leiteiras para quantificação dos títulos de anticorpos anti-Leptospira, e amostras de sangue periférico de 16 vacas leiteiras foram também coletadas para avaliação da proliferação de linfócitos. Observou-se que a suplementação com OmniGen-AF® aumentou a proliferação basal de linfócitos (sem estímulos) 21 dias após a vacinação (P=0,03), apesar de reduzir a proliferação de linfócitos B quando estimulada com Leptospira borgpetersenii serovar Hardjo inativada pelo calor (P=0,03). Ademais, nenhum efeito da suplementação sobre a proliferação de linfócitos no momento imediatamente anterior à vacinação e nos títulos de anticorpos anti-Leptospira foi encontrado. Além disso, a proliferação de linfócitos estimulada com lipopolissacarídeos foi maior em vacas multíparas que em primíparas 21 dias após a vacinação (P=0,03). Desse modo, o presente estudo demonstra que a suplementação com OmniGen-AF® não afetou de forma robusta a proliferação de linfócitos e os títulos de anticorpos anti-Leptospira após vacinação em vacas leiteiras sadias.

Resumo Na Argentina, a distribuição mais austral do jacaré-de-papo-amarelo (Caiman latirostris Daudin 1802) ocorre na Provincia de Santa Fe, sendo que suas populações são manejadas pelo “Proyecto Yacaré” desde 1990. Entre os anos de 1997 e 2016, nós capturamos 77 fêmeas nidificantes do jacaré-de-papo-amarelo em Santa Fe. Nossos resultados sugerem que as classes de tamanho definidas para o jacaré-de-papo-amarelo não representam a realidade dos animais capturados no presente estudo. Portanto, propõe-se uma alteração nas classes de tamanho para o jacaré-de-papo-amarelo. Nós também observamos que as fêmeas reintroduzidas pelo “Proyecto Yacaré” representaram 32% das fêmeas capturadas. Estes resultados indicam que fêmeas reintroduzidas pelo programa de manejo estão sobrevivendo e reproduzindo na natureza por, pelo menos, 20 anos.

Abstract The southern distribution of the Broad-snouted Caiman (Caiman latirostris Daudin 1802) in Argentina occurs in Santa Fe Province, where its population has been under management by “Proyecto Yacaré” since 1990. From 1997 to 2016, we captured 77 nesting female Broad-snouted Caimans in Santa Fe Province. Our results suggest that previously defined size classes for Broad-snouted Caiman do not adequately describe the reproductively mature female segment of the population. Here we propose to change size ranges for general size classes for Broad-snouted Caiman. In addition, we have observed that reintroduced reproductive females by Proyecto Yacaré represent about 32% of captured females. These results indicate that reintroduced females by the management program are surviving and reproducing in the wild at least up to 20 years.

ABSTRACT With the objective to evaluate the antagonistic activity of T. harzianum (strain A-34) on the causal agent of rice blast (P. grisea), were developed several in vitro experiments. It was evaluated the biocontrol mechanisms such as competition through mounted the percent inhibition of radial growth of hyphae of P. grisea from 24 to 240 hours and the antagonistic capacity. In addition, was evaluated micoparasitism to inclination the observation of events Microscopy winding, penetration, vacuolization, lysis, and antibiosis by observing 24 hours a confrontation between the hyphae of the phytopathogenic fungus and biological control agent. It was obtained at 120 hours 100 % inhibition of micelial growth of causal agent, what corresponded with the degree 1 of antagonistic capacity (scale) and is recorded as a hyperparasitic action on P. grisea. It was evidenced an antibiotic effect of metabolites produced by T. harzianum (strain A-34) to 24 hours of confrontation, where there was time interaction between the hyphae of microorganisms with 14,3 % inhibition, also was evidence the micoparasitism events by penetration, vacuolization and lysis in the cells of phytopathogenic fungus. These results demonstrated the ability of T. harzianum (strain A-34) on causal agent of rice blast (P. grisea)

RESUMEN Con el objetivo de evaluar la actividad antagónica de T. harzianum (cepa A-34) sobre el agente causal del tizón del arroz (P. grisea), se montó un experimento en el que se estudiaron los mecanismos de acción de competencia a través del Porcentaje de Inhibición del Crecimiento Radial de las hifas de P. grisea desde las 24 hasta las 240 horas y la capacidad antagónica; además, se evaluó el micoparasitismo a través de la observación al microscopio de los eventos de enrollamiento, penetración, vacuolización, lisis, así como la antibiosis mediante la observación a las 24 horas del enfrentamiento entre las hifas del hongo fitopatógeno y el agente de control biológico. Se obtuvo a las 120 horas un 100 % de inhibición del crecimiento micelial del agente causal, lo que correspondió al grado 1 de la escala de capacidad antagónica y se registra como una acción hiperparasítica sobre P. grisea. Se evidenció un efecto antibiótico de los metabolitos producidos por la cepa A-34 de T. harzianum a las 24 horas del enfrentamiento, momento donde no existió interacción entre las hifas de los microorganismos con un 14,3 % de inhibición; igualmente se observaron los eventos de micoparasitismo por enrollamiento, penetración, vacuolización y lisis en las células del hongo fitopatógeno. Estos resultados demostraron la capacidad antagónica de T. harzianum (cepa A-34) sobre el agente causal del tizón del arroz (P. grisea)

In the past, Bothrops alternatus envenoming was widely studied in many organs of mice. However, little is known about the alterations in secondary lymphoid organs. In this paper we present a preliminary histological study of the early events that occur in inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes in order to determine the pathophysiological effects that B. alternatus venom triggers in key organs of the immune system. The assay was carried out in inguinal lymph nodes of mice (male CF-1) inoculated i.v. with different doses of venom (1, 10 and 20 ug) at 24, 48, 72 and 96 h; another assay was also carried out in popliteal lymph nodes using i.m. injections of 20 ug crude venom at 6, 12, 24 and 72 h. All of the lymphoid nodes were processed according to classical techniques (H). The assessment of morphological changes was performed by microscopic examination of non-serial section cuts. In all of the cases nodes showed a cellular response without compromising tissue integrity. Early histological changes in the popliteal (6 h) and inguinal (24 h) lymph nodes were detected, characterized by subcapsular space dilatation, congestion and increase of lymphocyte migration via the high endothelial venules of the paracortex. Reactive changes were also observed in this area, with hyperplasia regardless the T cell region. No differences were detected between inguinal and popliteal lymph nodes, even for different inoculation routes. These preliminary findings highlight the deletereous effects in innate and adaptive immune system caused by B. alternatus venom besides the local tissue effects reported in previous works. Such findings in the secondary lymphoid organs contribute with updated knowledge regarding the adaptive immune responses that take place at the early stages of B. alternatus envenoming

En la intoxicación por veneno de Bothrops alternatus han sido bien estudiados el músculo estriado, riñón y sistema vascular; pero poco se conocen los cambios a nivel de los órganos linfoides secundarios. Se presenta un estudio histológico de los ganglios linfáticos inguinales y poplíteos, a fin de distinguir el impacto fisiopatológico que desencadena este veneno. Se utilizaron ratones albinos machos de la cepa CF-1, los cuales fueron inoculados con diferentes dosis de veneno (1, 10 y 20 ug por ratón, vía s.c.) a diferentes tiempos de exposición (24, 48, 72 y 96 h) para el estudio en ganglios inguinales. En los poplíteos se ensayó la dosis 20 ug (vía i.m.) a los tiempos 6, 12, 24 y 72 h. Todos los ganglios fueron removidos y procesados por técnica histológica clásica H Se detectaron cambios histológicos tempranos en los ganglios poplíteos (6 h) e inguinales (24 h), caracterizados por dilatación y congestión de espacios subcapsulares y aumento en la migración linfocitaria a través de las vénulas del endotelio alto en la paracorteza. También se observaron cambios reactivos, reconociéndose una hiperplasia a expensas de la región de células T. A pesar de que los cambios aparecieron más precozmente en los ganglios poplíteos, no se detectaron diferencias entre éstos y los inguinales, aún cuando la vía de inoculación fue diferente. Estos hallazgos preliminares ponen en evidencia que la intoxicación inducida por el veneno, además de los efectos tisulares locales conocidos, compromete al sistema inmune innato y adaptativo. Las evidencias reunidas a nivel de ganglios linfáticos, muy poco estudiados hasta el presente en la toxicología ofídica, generan un novel conocimiento en el inicio de la respuesta inmune adaptativa durante la intoxicación

A two-year-old male Duroc Jersey pig with 250 kg body-weight presented a swollen mass tissue of hard consistency in the ventral side of the neck skin fold and severe inflammation at the tarsal joint of the right hind limb. The Gram-positive bacteria Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes was isolated in pure culture by microbiological methods and was sensitive to several antibiotics including Gentamicin and Sulfa-trimethoprim. The abscesses were drained and the pig treated with sulfa-trimethoprim at 20 mg/kg for 5 d and later with gentamicin at 5 mg/kg for 5 d together with anti-inflammatory drugs. The abscesses re-emerged and the pig was sacrificed and the anatomo-pathological findings at necropsy recorded. T. pyogenes caused severe suppurative arthritis and cutaneous abscesses in a pig, suggesting the need of surveillance and rapid diagnostics methods in the Tolima pig industry.

Un Cerdo Duroc Jersey de dos años de edad y 250 kg de peso presentó una masa de consistencia dura en el pliegue cutáneo del cuello, e inflamación severa de la articulación del tarso del miembro posterior derecho. El cultivo microbiológico del contenido identificó la bacteria Gram-positiva Trueperella (Arcanobacterium) pyogenes, la cual fue sensible a varios antibióticos incluidos la gentamicina y sulfa-trimetoprim. Los abscesos se drenaron y el cerdo se trató con sulfa-trimethoprim a dosis de 20 mg/kg por cinco días, y posteriormente con gentamicina a dosis de 5 mg/kg por cinco días en asociación con antiinflamatorios. Los abscesos reemergieron, el cerdo se sacrificó y se realizó la necropsia. El aislamiento de T. pyogenes a partir de artritis supurativa y abscesos cutáneos en un cerdo indica la necesidad de implementar vigilancia epidemiológica y métodos de diagnóstico rápido en la industria porcina del departamento del Tolima.

Background: The objectives of our study on non-critically ill patients receiving parenteral nutrition (PN) are to assess the incidence of hyperglycemia, the risk factors associated to its development and its influence in patient's evolution. Methods: A multicentric prospective observational study was performed in 9 hospitals. Four multivariate studies were developed to study the temporal risk in the occurrence of hyperglycemia (endpoint), intensive care unit (ICU) admission, length of stay (LOS) and death. Demographics, nutrients, drugs and clinical variables were collected. Independent variables studied as a possible risk factors were: sex, diabetes mellitus 2, baseline glycemia, albuminemia, pancreatitis, surgery in the 7 days prior to the end point, infection, insulin/somatostatin/corticoids administration during the study, glomerular filtration rate (GFR), and difference in the amount of glucose administration between the endpoint and one day before. Results: 119 patients were enrolled in the study, 25 cases of hyperglycemia were detected. In the clinical factors associated with PN hyperglycemia, significant variables were: surgery in the 7 days before the end point, GFR, glucose load in the 24 hours previous to the end point insulin administration and somatostatine/octreotide administration during the study. Hyperglycemia was significantly associated with ICU admission and increased LOS. Conclusions: Glucose administration in non-critically ill patients receiving PN should be reassessed downwards, especially in the immediate postsurgery, renal impairment and in patients treated with somatostatin analogues. It should be taken into account that an increase in glucose dose may lead to hyperglycemia in these patients and hyperglycemia correlates with longer hospital stay and increased frequency of ICU admissions.

Antecedentes y objetivo: El estudio está dirigido a pacientes no críticos tratados con nutrición parenteral (NP) y tiene como objetivo evaluar la incidencia de hiperglucemia, los factores de riesgo asociados a su aparición y su influencia sobre su evolución clínica. Métodos: Estudio multicéntrico prospectivo y observacional en 9 hospitales. Se construyeron 4 modelos multivariantes para estudiar el riesgo de aparición de hiperglucemia (evento final), el ingreso en cuidados intensivos (UCI), el tiempo de hospitalización y muerte. Se recogieron variables demográficas, de nutrientes aportados, medicación y variables clínicas. La variables independientes estudiadas como posibles factores de riesgo fueron: sexo, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, glucemia basal, pancreatitis, cirugía en los 7 días previos al evento final, infección, administración durante el estudio de insulina/somatostatina/corticoides, nivel de filtración glomerular (GFR) y las diferencias entre el aporte de glucosa administrada entre el evento final y el día previo. Resultados: Se incluyeron 119 pacientes, de los cuales 25 presentaron hiperglucemia. Entre los factores clínicos asociados a la aparición de hiperglucemia, las variables significativas fueron: la cirugía en los 7 días previos al evento final, GFR, carga de glucosa en las 24 horas previas al evento final, administración de insulina y de somatostatina/octreotido. La hiperglucemia se asoció significativamente al ingreso en UCI y a la estancia hospitalaria. Conclusión: La administración de glucosa en pacientes no críticos en tratamiento con NP debería ser reevaluada con criterios restrictivos, especialmente en el postoperatorio inmediato, en insuficiencia renal y en pacientes tratados con análogos de la somatostatina. Debería tenerse en cuenta que los incrementos del aporte de glucosa se asocian a hiperglucemia, y esta se correlaciona con un incremento de la estancia hospitalaria y a una mayor frecuencia de ingresos en UCI.

Crotalus durissus terrificus (C.d.t.) (South American rattlesnake) venom possesses myotoxic and neurotoxic activities, both of which are also expressed by crotoxin, the principal toxin of this venom. Crotoxin contains a basic phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and a non toxic acidic protein, crotapotin. We have produced and investigated the ability of IgG antibodies raised in rabbits against PLA2 to neutralize the lethality of the whole venom. PLA2 was isolated by gel filtration chromatography (Sephadex G-75). Specific antibodies were obtained by subcutaneous and intramuscular inoculation of PLA2 (700 µg) with Freund adjuvant. Groups of six mice (20 + 2 g) were inoculated with 0.5 ml i.p. of C. d. t. venom (4 µg) or a mixture of venom that had been preincubated with the desired volume of IgG antibodies. Mortality, recorded 24 and 48 h after inoculation, showed that IgG anti-PLA2 were more effective than anticrotalic serum in neutralizing the lethal activity. These results demonstrate that it could be possible to obtain an anti-venom made by specific antibodies with a high level of protection against the lethal component of C.d.t. venom, and/or the inclusion of these antibodies as a supplement in heterologous anti-venoms.

El veneno de Crotalus durissus terrificus (C.d.t.) (Cascabel de Sud América) posee actividad miotóxica y neurotóxica, actividades que también exhibe el complejo crotoxina, principal componente tóxico de este veneno. El complejo crotoxina está constituido por una fosfolipasa A2 básica (PLA2) y una proteína acídica no tóxica, el crotapotín. En este trabajo se estudió la capacidad neutralizante de anticuerpos IgG anti-PLA2 sobre la letalidad inducida por el veneno entero. El antígeno PLA2, fue aislado por cromatografía de filtración en gel (Sephadex G-75). Se inocularon conejos machos por vía subcutánea e intramuscular, con 700 µg de PLA2 y adyuvante para la obtención de anticuerpos específicos. La capacidad neutralizante del antisuero se analizó en ratones por inoculación con diluciones de veneno entero preincubado con un volumen adecuado de anticuerpos IgG anti-PLA2. Se inocularon ratones controles con 0.5 ml i.p. de veneno (4 µg.ml-1). El número de muertes fue contabilizado a las 24 y 48 h posteriores a la inoculación, demostrándose que la capacidad neutralizante de los anticuerpos IgG anti-PLA2 fue superior a la obtenida con el antiveneno crotálico. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran la potencial aplicación de antivenenos constituidos por anticuerpos específicos contra PLA2, y/o la inclusión de estos anticuerpos como suplementos en antivenenos polivalentes.

Se realizó un estudio para determinar los efectos de la temperatura y dieta sobre el peso y composición bioquímica de los tejidos blandos del gastrópodo Chorus giganteus durante un periodo de acondicionamiento reproductivo de 133 días. Especímenes adultos obtenidos desde la zona submareal de Chaihuin (Valdivia, Chile), con tamaños entre 9 y 13cm de longitud total, fueron mantenidos en estanques de agua de mar a 13, 15 y 18ºC y alimentados ad libitum en sistemas separados con el bivalvo Mytilus chilensis o con la navajuela Tagelus dombeii. Otros dos grupos de caracoles fueron instalados en cultivos suspendidos en la bahía de Metri, al Este del seno de Reloncaví, utilizando las mismas dietas, con el fin de tener un grupo comparativo de especímenes expuestos a la temperatura ambiente (11,0-15,4ºC). Los resultados demuestran que todos los tejidos de los caracoles alimentados con T. dombeii aumentaron su peso y componentes bioquímicos, mientras que el grupo de caracoles alimentados con M. chilensis mostró una baja preferencia por esta dieta, sin presentar ganancia de tejidos. Las temperaturas más favorables para el proceso de acondicionamiento reproductivo fueron 13 y 15ºC, al igual que la temperatura ambiental, sin diferencias significativas entre estos diferentes grupos.

A study was made of the effects of temperature and diet on the dry soft tissue weight and biochemical composition of the gastropod Chorus giganteus (trumulco) over a 133 day period of reproductive conditioning. Adult specimens measuring 9-13cm in total length obtained from the subtidal habitat at Chaihuin (Valdivia, Chile) were maintained in seawater tanks at 13, 15 and 18ºC, and fed ad libitum in parallel systems with either mussels, Mytilus chilensis, or razor clams, Tagelus dombeii. Two groups of snails were simultaneously installed in suspended culture at Metri Bay on the eastern shore of Reloncavi Sound using the same diets, in order to provide a comparative group of specimens exposed to environmental temperatures (11.0-15.4ºC). The results show that all tissues of the snails fed with T. dombeii increased in dry weight and in biochemical components, while the second group of snails showed low preference for M. chilensis and no tissue gains. The most favourable temperatures for the reproductive conditioning were 13 and 15ºC, as well as the ambient temperature, with no significant differences among these treatments.

Realizou-se um estudo para determinar os efeitos da temperatura e dieta sobre o peso e composição bioquímica dos tecidos brandos do gastrópode Chorus giganteus durante um período de acondicionamento reprodutivo de 133 dias. Especímenes adultos obtidos desde a zona submareal de Chaihuin (Valdivia, Chile), com tamanhos entre 9 e 13cm de longitude total, foram mantidos em estanques de água de mar a 13, 15 e 18ºC e alimentados ad libitum em sistemas separados com o bivalve Mytilus chilensis ou com a almeja Tagelus dombeii. Outros dois grupos de caracóis foram instalados em cultivos suspendidos na bahía de Metri, ao Leste do seno de Reloncaví, utilizando as mesmas dietas, com o fim de ter um grupo comparativo de especímenes expostos à temperatura ambiente (11,0-15,4ºC). Os resultados demonstram que todos os tecidos dos caracóis alimentados com T. dombeii aumentaram seu peso e componentes bioquímicos, enquanto que o grupo de caracóis alimentados com M. chilensis mostrou uma baixa preferência por esta dieta, sem apresentar ganho de tecidos. As temperaturas mais favoráveis para o processo de acondicionamento reprodutivo foram 13 e 15ºC, ao igual que a temperatura ambiental, sem diferenças significativas entre estes diferentes grupos.