Abstract Introduction: Understanding the hydrological balance and canopy structure in forest ecology and reforestation can predict the productivity of plantations. Objectives: To monitor an incident rainfall partitioning in a plantation of Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S. F. Blake and Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merr. and its relationship with canopy openness and leaf area index. Materials and methods: Incident rainfall partitioning was monitored for one year in a plantation of S. parahyba (4.4-5.4 years) and S. saman (5.8-6.8 years) in Rionegro, Santander, Colombia. Each plantation had linear rain gauges installed under the canopy and around the stem of the trees selected. Results and discussion: Throughfall (Tf), canopy interception losses (I) and stemflow (Sf) in the 12 months corresponded to 77.5, 22.3 and 0.44 %, respectively, in relation to open precipitation for S. parahyba (2 270 mm) and to 84.7, 15.3 and 0.05 %, respectively, for S. saman (2 140 mm). For both species, Ip and effective precipitation were higher (P < 0.05) in the two dry periods of the year, while I and Sf were higher in the two rainy periods. Canopy openness was correlated only with I and Tf in S. saman, while leaf area index was not correlated with any variable. Conclusion: Rainfall partitioning points out different paths in the same studied environment. It is important to analyze the hydrological processes in reforestation environments by taking into account the morphology of the species involved.

Resumen Introducción: En la ecología forestal y reforestación, la comprensión del balance hidrológico y estructura del dosel puede ayudar a predecir la productividad de las plantaciones. Objetivos: Monitorear la redistribución de la precipitación incidente en una plantación de Schizolobium parahyba (Vell.) S. F. Blake y Samanea saman (Jacq.) Merril y su relación con la apertura del dosel e índice de área foliar. Materiales y métodos: La redistribución de la precipitación incidente se monitoreó durante un año en una plantación de S. parahyba (4.4-5.4 años) y S. saman (5.8-6.8 años) en Rionegro, Santander, Colombia. En cada plantación se instalaron pluviómetros lineales debajo de las copas y alrededor del fuste de los árboles seleccionados. Resultados y Discusión: La precipitación interna (Pi), pérdidas por interceptación del dosel (I) y escurrimiento fustal (Ef) en los 12 meses correspondieron al 77.5, 22.3 y 0.44 %, respectivamente, en relación con la precipitación incidente para S. parahyba (2 270 mm) y al 84.7, 15.3 y 0.05 %, respectivamente, para S. saman (2 140 mm). Para ambas especies, la Pi y la precipitación efectiva fue mayor (P < 0.05) en los dos periodos secos del año, mientras que la I y Ef fueron mayores en los dos periodos lluviosos. La apertura del dosel se correlacionó únicamente con la I y Pi en S. saman, mientras que el índice de área foliar no tuvo correlación con alguna variable. Conclusión: La distribución de la lluvia señala caminos diferentes en el mismo ambiente estudiado. Es importante investigar los procesos hidrológicos en los ambientes de reforestación considerando la morfología de las especies involucradas.

RESUMEN El candidato vacunal E2-CD154 es una vacuna de subunidad cuya seguridad y capacidad protectora en crías frente a la peste porcina clásica ha sido demostrada en estudios previos. Esos hallazgos se confirman en el presente estudio de fase III realizado en dos unidades de producción porcina en la provincia de Pinar del Rio con un número mayor de animales. Todos los animales en ambas granjas recibieron dos dosis de E2-CD154 los días 0 y 21. El estudio se extendió por 60 semanas, la vacuna fue bien tolerada en las crías vacunadas entre los 15 y 28 días de edad, no se documentaron efectos adversos locales o sistémicos. Las cerdas gestantes inmunizadas fueron capaces de trasmitir altos títulos de anticuerpos a sus crías (Unidad A, media geométrica = 1:1295, valor mínimo 1:100 y Unidad B, media geométrica = 1:474, valor mínimo 1:150), muy por encima del umbral de protección (1:50). Estos elevados títulos de anticuerpos neutralizantes derivados de la madre no interfirieron con la inmunogenicidad del candidato vacunal en estudio. Todas las crías vacunadas estudiadas al azar (más del 10% de las 2804) desarrollaron títulos de anticuerpos neutralizantes mayores de 1:400 en los cuatro muestreos realizados (nueve, 21, 41, y 44 semanas) en ambas granjas. Los resultados de este estudio confirman la seguridad, inmunogenicidad y robustez del candidato vacunal en esta sensible categoría en condiciones de campo.

ABSTRACT E2-CD154 is a subunit vaccine candidate that has been proven to be safe and to protect piglets from classical swine fever (CSF). In this study, those previous findings were confirmed and extended to a larger number of animals in a phase III clinical trial conducted on two production farms in Pinar del Río province. All animals in both farms were vaccinated with two doses of E2-CD154 on days 0 and 21. The study extended up to 60 weeks. The vaccine was well tolerated in piglets between 15 and 28 days of life, with neither local nor systemic side effects documented. Immunized pregnant sows were capable of transmitting high levels of maternally-derived neutralizing antibodies (MDNAs) to their offspring (Unit A, geometric mean titer = 1:1295, minimum value 1:100 and Unit B geometric mean titer = 1:474, minimum value 1:150), well above the protection threshold (1:50). These high MDNA titers in the piglets did not interfere with the immunogenicity of the candidate. All vaccinated piglets evaluated at random (more than 10% of 2804 vaccinated) developed protective neutralizing antibody titers higher than 1:400 at the four time points analyzed (nine, 21, 41, and 44 weeks) in both farms. The results of this study confirm the safety, immunogenicity and robustness of this vaccine candidate in this sensitive pig category in the field.

ABSTRACT Introduction. Porvac( is a subunit vaccine against Classical Swine Fever (CSF), whose active principle is the chimeric protein between the E2 antigen and the molecular adjuvant CD154. Its ability to prevent transplacental transmission and to protect 7 days after one dose was demonstrated. This paper summarizes the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy studies of this vaccine at different ages and handling conditions. Methods. The vaccine was produced under GMP conditions. Dubroc x Yorkshire crossbreed swine were used in all experiments. The general immunization schedule consists in two immunizations on days 0 and 21 by the intramuscular route in the neck. The neutralizing antibody response was measured by the NPLA assay. Viral challenge experiments were conducted in controlled areas. Results and Discussion. Porvac( was safe and well tolerated in piglets and pregnant sows. No local or systemic reactions were documented. The number of offspring, their weight and survival in vaccinated sows was similar to unvaccinated controls. Different immunization schedules with Porvac( induce protective neutralizing antibodies (NAb). The titers of maternal derived antibodies (MDA) in the offspring of Porvac( or Attenuated Life vaccine and Porvac( vaccinated sows were higher than 1:200 up to at least 8 weeks of life. The MDA were able to protect piglets from a lethal viral challenge. Those MDA did not interfere with Porvac( vaccination of the piglets 15 days after birth or more. Finally, Porvac( induced NAb titers persisted during 9 months above 1:2000 and were still protective against the viral challenge. Conclusions. The results demonstrate the capacity of Porvac( to be safe and to induce robust and long term immunity through all the life of the animals, without immunological windows.

RESUMEN Introducción. Porvac( es una vacuna de subunidad contra la peste porcina clásica, cuyo principio activo es la proteína quimérica entre el antígeno E2 y el adyuvante molecular CD154. Se ha demostrado su capacidad para evitar la transmisión transplacentaria y proteger 7 días después de una dosis. El presente trabajo ha resumido los estudios de seguridad y eficacia de esta vacuna en diferentes edades y condiciones de manejo. Métodos. La vacuna se produjo en condiciones de BPM. Para los ensayos clínicos se emplearon cerdos Dubroc x Yorkshire. Por lo general, se empleó un esquema de 2 dosis los días 0 y 21 y se administraron 2 mL por vía intramuscular. La respuesta de anticuerpos neutralizantes se midió por NPLA. Los ensayos de desafío viral se realizaron en áreas controladas. Resultados. Se demostró la seguridad de Porvac( en crías y en cerdas gestantes. No se observaron reacciones locales ni sistémicas. El número de crías, su peso y sobrevida fue similar en las cerdas vacunadas y sus controles. Se evidenció la capacidad de Porvac( al inducir títulos de anticuerpos neutralizantes (AcN) protectores con diferentes esquemas. Los títulos de AcN calostrales (AcNC) en las crías de madres vacunadas con Porvac® o con VVA y Porvac( fueron superiores a 1:200 hasta al menos 8 semanas. Los AcNC fueron suficientes para proteger a las crías frente al reto viral letal. Se demostró que los AcNC no interferían en la vacunación con Porvac( en crías a partir de 15 días de nacidas. Finamente, los títulos de AcN inducidos por Porvac( persistieron durante 9 meses por encima de 1:2000 y protegieron frente al retoviral. Conclusiones . Los resultados evidenciaron la seguridad de Porvac( y su capacidad para inducir una inmunidad robusta y sostenida en los animales desde su nacimiento hasta la muerte, sin ventanas inmunológicas durante todo el ciclo productivo.

ABSTRACT Background: Prognostic factors in previously healthy young patients with COVID-19 remained understudied. Objective: The objective of the study was to identify factors associated with in-hospital death or need for invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) in young (aged ≤ 65 years) and previously healthy patients with COVID-19. Methods: We conducted a prospective cohort study that included patients admitted with COVID-19. The primary outcome was in-hospital death/need for IMV. Secondary outcomes included need for IMV during follow-up, days on IMV, length of stay (LOS), hospital-acquired pneumonia/ventilator-associated pneumonia (HAP/VAP), and pulmonary embolism (PE). Bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Results: Among 92 patients, primary outcome occurred in 16 (17%), death in 12 (13%), need for IMV in 16 (17%), HAP/VAP in 7 (8%), and PE in 2 (2%). Median LOS and IMV duration were 7 and 12 days, respectively. Independent associations were found between the primary outcome and male sex (Adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 7.1, 95%CI 1.1-46.0, p < 0.05), D-dimer levels > 1000ng/mL (aOR 9.0, 95%CI 1.6-49.1, p < 0.05), and RT-PCR Ct-value ≤ 24 on initial swab samples (aOR 14.3, 95%CI 2.0-101.5, p < 0.01). Conclusions: In young and non-comorbid COVID-19 patients, male sex, higher levels of D-dimer, and low SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Ct-value on an initial nasopharyngeal swab were independently associated with increased in-hospital mortality or need for IMV.

ABSTRACT Background: Relatively low SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rates have been reported in vaccinated individuals, but updates considering the Omicron variant are lacking. Objective: The objective of the study was to provide a current estimate of the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate in a highly immunized population. Methods: A prospective cohort of Mexican hospital workers was followed (March 2020-February 2022). Reinfection was defined as the occurrence of two or more episodes of COVID-19 separated by a period of ≥ 90 days without symptoms. The reinfection rate was calculated as the number of reinfection episodes per 100,000 persons per day. Results: A total of 3732 medical consultations were provided to 2700 workers, of whom 1388 (51.4%) were confirmed COVID-19 cases. A total of 73 reinfection cases were identified, of whom 71 (97.3%) had completed their primary vaccination series and 22 (30.1%) had had a booster dose before the second episode. The overall reinfection rate was 23.1 per 100,000 persons per day (as compared to a rate of 1.9 per 100,000 persons per day before the Omicron wave). Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate rose significantly during the Omicron wave despite a high primary vaccination coverage rate. Almost one-third of reinfected workers had a vaccine booster ≥ 14 days before the last COVID-19 episode.

Abstract This study aimed to describe the perception of expert futsal players about the pathway that guides their development to expertise. Twenty-three professional futsal players from Brazil, Spain, Italy, Portugal, and Argentina were interviewed. The participants must have reached the elite in futsal by competing in professional leagues, as well as to have participated in international competitions with the national team. Six categories emerged from qualitative analysis: (1) positive influence of context, (2) Abilities/skills of the young player, (3) Educational background, (4) Training stages, (5) Key aspects of training, and (6) Retirement and post-career. Results revealed similar patterns in the pathway to expertise within futsal. Participants considered their family and coaches as key individuals in their careers. They also highlighted psychological and personal skills as the most relevant for a player to reach the elite. Furthermore, most participants considered that both unstructured play and training with better players positively influenced their careers. Our results could help coaches to adjust their long-term talent development models.

Abstract Background: it is unknown whether patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) secondary to COVID-19 are at greater risk of developing complications associated with parenteral nutrition (PN). Aim: to describe the incidence, risk factors, and clinical impact of complications in patients with ARDS-COVID-19 receiving PN. Methods: a prospective cohort study of 87 patients with ARDS-COVID-19 infection. The incidence of complications and odds ratios of risk factors were analysed. Results: age ≥ 65 years (OR, 2.52, 95 % CI: 1.16 to 5.46), obesity (OR, 3.34, 95 % CI: 2.35 to 4.33) and treatment with propofol (OR, 2.45, 95 % CI: 1.55 to 3.35) or lopinavir/ritonavir (OR, 4.98, 95 % CI: 3.60 to 6.29) were risk factors for hipertriglyceridemia. Obesity (OR, 3.11, 95 % CI: 1.10 to 8.75), dyslipidemia (OR, 3.22, 95 % CI: 1.23 to 8.40) or treatment with propofol (OR, 5.47, 95 % CI: 1.97 to 15.1) were risk factors for intravascular catheter-related infection. No risk factors were described for hiperglycemia. Mortality was higher in patients with intravascular catheter-related infection (46.7 % vs 10.8 %, p = 0.014). Mortality risk was higher in older patients (OR, 2.74, 95 % CI: 1.08 to 6.95) or patients with intravascular catheter-related infection (OR, 3.22, 95 % CI: 1.23 to 8.40). Conclusions: the incidence of complications associated with PN in patients with COVID-19-related ARDS is frequent. The mortality risk is higher in older patients or those with catheter-related infection.

Resumen Introducción: se desconoce si los pacientes diagnosticados de infección respiratoria aguda por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) presentan más riesgo de complicaciones asociadas a la nutrición parenteral (NP). Objetivo: conocer la incidencia, los factores de riesgo y la mortalidad de las complicaciones asociadas a la NP en esta población. Métodos: estudio de cohortes prospectivo de 87 pacientes diagnosticados de infección por SARS-CoV-2. Se analizan la tasa de incidencia de las complicaciones y las odds ratio (OR) de diferentes factores. Resultados: la edad ≥ 65 años (OR: 2,52, IC 95 %: 1,16 a 5,46), los antecedentes de obesidad (OR: 3,34, IC 95 %: 2,35 a 4,33) y el tratamiento con propofol (OR: 2,45, IC 95 %: 1,55 a 3,35) o lopinavir/ritonavir (OR: 4,98, IC 95 %: 3,60 a 6,29) se asociaron al desarrollo de hipertrigliceridemia. Los pacientes con obesidad (OR: 3,11, IC 95 %: 1,10 a 8,75) o dislipemia (OR: 3,22, IC 95 %: 1,23 a 8,40) y los tratados con propofol (OR: 5,47, IC 95 %: 1,97 a 15,1) presentaron mayor riesgo de infección asociada al catéter (IAC). No se observó ningún factor de riesgo relacionado con el desarrollo de hiperglucemia. La mortalidad fue mayor en los pacientes con IAC (46,7 % vs. 10,8 %, p = 0,014). El riesgo de mortalidad fue superior en los enfermos de ≥ 65 años (OR: 2,74, IC 95 %: 1,08 a 6,95) o con IAC (OR: 3,22, IC 95 %: 1,23 a 8,40). Conclusiones: la incidencia de complicaciones asociadas a la NP en pacientes diagnosticados de infección por SARS-CoV-2 es elevada. El riesgo de mortalidad es superior en los enfermos mayores de 65 años o con IAC.

Resumo Introdução O uso de si como ferramenta terapêutica é uma prática centrada no cliente e o pilar disciplinar com menor evidência pedagógica em terapia ocupacional. No Chile, surgem disciplinas vivenciais, vinculadas a métodos artísticos/lúdicos que buscam contribuir as habilidades do aluno de graduação para seu desenvolvimento. Objetivo Analisar a experiência dos alunos em relação à aprendizagem, características e contribuições das disciplinas que auxiliam para a formação do uso de si como ferramenta terapêutica, nos cursos de terapia ocupacional em universidades ao sul do Chile. Método Pesquisa qualitativa, com delineamento da teoria fundamentada de alcance exploratório. A amostragem foi não probabilística, intencional, por critério, composta por quinze alunos em etapa de estágio profissional. A coleta de dados se deu por meio de dois grupos focais, após assinatura do consentimento informado. A análise foi realizada pelo método de comparação constante de Glaser e Strauss, utilizando o programa Atlas Ti para sistematizar as informações. O rigor científico foi resguardado pelos critérios de Guba e Lincoln. Resultados Foram identificadas 530 unidades de sentido, 30 códigos abertos descritivos, agrupados em oito categorias axiais, emergindo dois núcleos temáticos que abordam o “Processo de ensino-aprendizagem na formação do Uso de Si” e o “Desenvolvimento profissional para o uso de Si”. Conclusão Para os alunos, as metodologias utilizadas contribuem de forma relevante para o desenvolvimento do autoconhecimento e das competências genéricas chave para o “Uso de Si”. Essa pedagogia poderia ser complementada com outras estratégias ativas para garantir a centralidade do usuário na terapia ocupacional.

Abstract Introduction The use of the self as a therapeutic tool is a client-centered practice with the least evidence in the pedagogy of occupational therapy. In Chile, experiential subjects arise, linked to artistic/playful methods that seek to influence the skills of the undergraduate student for their development. Objective To analyze the experience of the students in relation to the learning, characteristics, and contributions of the subjects that contribute to the development of the use of the self as a therapeutic tool, in occupational therapy careers at universities in the south of Chile. Method Qualitative research, exploratory with a grounded theory design. The sampling was non-probabilistic, intentional, by criteria, of fifteen students in the professional internship stage. Data collection was through two focus groups, after signing informed consent. The analysis was carried out using the constant comparison method of Glaser and Strauss, using the Atlas Ti program to systematize the information. Scientific rigor was guarded by the criteria of Guba and Lincoln. Results 530 units of meaning are identified, 30 descriptive open codes, grouped into eight axial categories, emerging two thematic nuclei that address the “Teaching-learning process in the formation of the Use of the Self” and the “Professional Development for the Use of the Self”. Conclusion For the students, the methodologies used to contribute in a relevant way to the development of self-knowledge and key generic competences for the “Use of the Self”. This pedagogy could be complemented with other active strategies to ensure the centrality of the user in occupational therapy.

Resumen Introducción El uso del yo como herramienta terapéutica es una práctica centrada en el cliente y el pilar disciplinar con menor evidencia pedagógica en terapia ocupacional. En Chile, surgen asignaturas vivenciales, ligadas a métodos artísticos/lúdicos que buscan incidir en competencias del estudiante de pregrado para su desarrollo. Objetivo Analizar la experiencia de las estudiantes en relación a los aprendizajes, características y contribuciones de las asignaturas que aportan a la formación del uso del yo como herramienta terapéutica, en carreras de terapia ocupacional de universidades al sur de Chile. Método Investigación cualitativa, con diseño en teoría fundamentada de alcance exploratorio. El muestreo fue no probabilístico, intencionado, por criterio, conformado por quince estudiantes en etapa de internado profesional. La recolección de datos fue mediante dos grupos focales, previa firma de consentimiento informado. El análisis se realizó por método de comparación constante de Glaser y Strauss, utilizando el programa Atlas Ti para sistematizar la información. La rigurosidad científica fue cautelada por los criterios de Guba y Lincoln. Resultados Se identifican 530 unidades de significado, 30 códigos abiertos descriptivos, agrupados en ocho categorías axiales, emergiendo dos núcleos temáticos que abordan el “Proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje en la formación del Uso del Yo” y el “Desarrollo profesional para el Uso del Yo”. Conclusión Para los estudiantes las metodologías utilizadas contribuyen de manera relevante al desarrollo del autoconocimiento y competencias genéricas clave para el “Uso del Yo”. Esta pedagogía se podría complementar con otras estrategias activas para asegurar la centralidad del usuario en la terapia ocupacional.

Abstract Introduction: Coronary ectasia has a low prevalence in the general population. Its risk factors may differ from those of coronary artery disease. Objective: To identify the prevalence of coronary ectasia in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and cardiovascular risk factors (CVRFs). Methods: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. Out of 3,254 cardiac catheterizations for AMI during one year, 2,975 had no coronary ectasia. We included 558 patients with coronary ectasia on coronary angiography and, as controls, subjects with similar characteristics except for coronary ectasia, and CVRFs were recorded. Descriptive statistics, bivariate and multivariate analysis were used; odds ratio (OR) was calculated. Results: 279 patients with and without coronary ectasia were studied. The prevalence of coronary ectasia was 8.5%. The platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR) was higher in patients with ectasia than in those without ectasia (p = 0.003). In the bivariate analysis, associated CVRFs were overweight, obesity and diabetes, and in the multivariate analysis, hypercholesterolemia (OR: 3.90; p = 0.0001) and exposure to herbicides (OR: 6.82; p = 0.020). Conclusions: A high prevalence of coronary ectasia was found, with the main risk factors being a history of herbicide use and hypercholesterolemia. PLR was found to be elevated in these patients. Early detection is important due to its association with acute coronary events.

Resumen Introducción: La ectasia coronaria tiene baja prevalencia en población general, los factores de riesgo pueden diferir de la enfermedad arterial coronaria. Objetivo: Identificar la prevalencia de ectasia coronaria en pacientes con infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM) y factores de riesgo cardiovascular (FRCV). Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, transversal. De 3,254 cateterismos cardiacos por IAM durante un año, 2,975 no presentaron ectasia coronaria. Se incluyeron 558 pacientes clasificados como portadores de ectasia coronaria en coronariografía y controles aquellos con características similares exceptuando la ectasia coronaria y se registraron los FRCV. Empleamos estadística descriptiva, análisis bivariante, multivariante y calculamos el odds ratio (OR). Resultados: Se estudiaron 279 pacientes con y sin ectasia coronaria. La prevalencia de ectasia coronaria fue del 8.5%. El índice plaqueta/linfocito (IPL) se encontró más elevado en pacientes con ectasia que en aquellos sin ectasia (p = 0.003). En el análisis bivariante los FRCV asociados fueron sobrepeso, obesidad y diabetes, y en el multivariante la hipercolesterolemia (OR: 3.90; p = 0.0001) y exposición a herbicidas (OR: 6.82; p = 0.020). Conclusiones: Encontramos alta prevalencia de ectasia coronaria, los principales factores de riesgo fueron el antecedente de uso de herbicidas e hipercolesterolemia. Identificamos el IPL elevado en estos pacientes. Es importante la detección oportuna debido a su asociación con eventos coronarios agudos.

Background: Philadelphia-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (Ph-MPN) are chronic hematological disorders characterized by the overproduction of one or more mature myeloid blood cell lineages. Classical Ph-MPN are polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocytopenia (ET) and primary myelofibrosis (PMF). Aim: To assess the epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic characteristics of Ph-MPN in Chile. Material and Methods: Retrospective review of medical records of all patients referred as MPN from 2012 to 2017. Patients with (9;21) translocation were excluded. Results: Data of 462 cases with a median age of 69 years from 10 public hospitals was reviewed. ET was the most frequently Ph-MNP found. The incidence of Ph-MPN was 1.5 x 100.000 cases. The JAK2 V617F mutation study was performed in 96% of patients and only 30% had a bone marrow biopsy. Thrombotic events were observed in 29% of patients. Bleeding events were observed in 7%. Five-year overall survival was 87%. Conclusions: ET is the most frequent Ph-MPN. The mean incidence was lower than reported in the literature, in part because of a sub diagnosis.

Resumen Introducción. Los microcarcinomas papilares de tiroides son tumores de hasta 10 mm en su diámetro mayor. Su tratamiento es sujeto de debate y se propone, desde seguimiento clínico, hasta intervención quirúrgica temprana. Este estudio buscó identificar factores de riesgo relacionados con compromiso ganglionar, que permitan una mejor selección de los pacientes en nuestro medio, en quienes se propone manejo quirúrgico inmediato o vigilancia activa, en consonancia con la clasificación del riesgo de progresión. Métodos. Estudio de cohorte analítica ambispectiva que incluyó pacientes con microcarcinoma papilar de tiroides llevados a tiroidectomía más vaciamiento central. Se caracterizó la población y se realizó un análisis de regresión logística multivariado para definir factores preoperatorios asociados al compromiso ganglionar. Adicionalmente, se evaluó de manera retrospectiva la eventual asignación a grupos de riesgo de progresión, según los criterios de Miyauchi, y su comportamiento respecto al estado nodal. Resultados. Se incluyeron 286 pacientes. El 48,9 % presentó compromiso ganglionar, y de estos, el 33,5 % presentó compromiso ganglionar significativo, que modificó su clasificación de riesgo de recaída. De estos últimos, el 59,5 % hubiesen sido manejados con vigilancia activa, según los criterios propuestos por Miyauchi. Se identificó que la edad menor de 55 años, los ganglios sospechosos en la ecografía y los nódulos mayores de 5 mm, se relacionan con compromiso ganglionar significativo. Discusión. El manejo quirúrgico inmediato parece ser una opción adecuada para pacientes con sospecha de compromiso ganglionar en ecografía preoperatoria, pacientes menores de 55 años y nódulos mayores de 5 mm. Es posible que los actuales criterios para definir vigilancia activa no seleccionen adecuadamente a los pacientes en nuestro medio.

Abstract Introduction. Papillary thyroid microcarcinomas are tumors up to 10 mm in greatest diameter. Its treatment is subject of debate, and it is proposed from clinical follow-up to early surgical intervention. The aim of the study was to identify risk factors related to lymph node involvement, which allow a better selection of patients in our setting, in whom immediate surgical management or active surveillance is proposed, in accordance with the classification of risk of progression. Methods. Ambispective analytic cohort study that included patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma who underwent thyroidectomy and central dissection. The population was characterized and a multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to define preoperative factors associated with lymph node involvement. Additionally, eventual assignment to progression risk groups, according to the Miyauchi criteria, and their nodal state were evaluated. Results. 286 patients with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma were included. Among them, 48.9% had lymph node disease, and 33.5% had a significant lymph node disease that increased their relapse risk classification. Of the latter, 59.5% could have had a conservative treatment, under Miyauchi’s criteria. For ages < 55 years old, suspect nodes in ultrasound and nodules > 5 mm were identified as related to significant lymph node involvement. Discussion. Immediate surgical management appears to be an appropriate option for patients with suspected lymph node involvement on preoperative ultrasound, patients younger than 55 years and nodules larger than 5 mm. It is possible that the current criteria for defining active surveillance do not adequately select patients in our setting.

ABSTRACT Background: Risk factors for coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) asymptomatic carriage (AC) in healthcare workers (HCWs) have been scarcely characterized. Objective: The objective of the study was to study factors associated with COVID-19 and AC in HCWs of a COVID-19 academic medical center. Methods: This is a case-control study. Cases were either symptomatic or asymptomatic HCWs with a positive SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test result between March 16 and May 21 of 2020. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR) were calculated by means of multivariable logistic regression. In addition, each subject was followed for 14 days to inform outcomes. Results: One hundred thirty of 249 (52.2%) symptomatic HCWs had COVID-19; 10 were hospitalized but none died. Of 987 asymptomatic HCWs, 37 (3.7%) were AC; 6 of the remaining 950 asymptomatic HCWs with a negative PCR test result were found to be presymptomatic COVID-19 cases the following 14 days. Nurses were more frequently present in the COVID-19 group (51.5% vs. 37.0%), but multivariable analysis rendered non-significant results. After adjustment for age, comorbidities, and working place, factors found to be associated with AC were: working in wards as a nurse (aOR = 9.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.05-80.22, p = 0.045), kitchen personnel (aOR = 4.09, 95% CI = 1.55-10.83, p = 0.005), and being a physician (aOR = 0.12, 95% CI = 0.03-0.54, p = 0.006). Conclusions: HCW category was the predominant factor associated with AC of SARS-CoV-2 in this study.

Introduction. There are theoretical and empirical reasons that justify the interest of comprehensive educational mentoring (CEM). The present work aims to identify the keys collected in the medical literature of the CEM in medical students. Materials and methods. A search has been carried out, with the words ‘Mentor’ and ‘Medical Students’ in Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ScienceDirect, Scopus© and SCIELO Journals, with no initial date until May 2019. Results. 1816 titles were reviewed, from which 169 abstracts were selected and, of them, 51 full-text articles were used to obtain keys about CEM. In the medical bibliography it is highlighted that the fundamental objective of CEM is to achieve a comprehensive personal and professional development of the student, that is important designing mentors’ selection criteria and training, achieving an adequate relationship, designing a flexible curricular plan, the institution support and work awarding, taking into account of possible obstacles to avoid them and that the process, contents and results of the plan have to be evaluated. Conclusion. The present study has identified CEM keys in the medical field. It is needed an advance in the definition of a well-focus theoretical conceptual framework and gaining evidence on the training outcomes.

Introducción. Existen razones de orden teórico y empírico que justifican el interés del acompañamiento educativo integral (AEI). El presente trabajo se propone identificar las claves recogidas en la bibliografía médica del AEI en estudiantes de Medicina. Materiales y métodos. Se ha realizado una búsqueda con las palabras ‘Mentor’ y ‘Medical students’ en Medline, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, ScienceDirect, Scopus© y SCIELO Journals, sin fecha inicial hasta mayo de 2019. Resultados. Se revisaron 1.816 títulos, de los que se seleccionaron 169 resúmenes y, de ellos, 51 artículos a texto completo. En la bibliografía médica se destaca que el objetivo fundamental del AEI es lograr un desarrollo integral personal y profesional del estudiante, contar con criterios de selección y formación de mentores excelentes, lo que es clave para lograr una adecuada relación en el AEI, diseñar un plan curricular flexible, que la institución apoye y reconozca el trabajo de AEI, que se tengan en cuenta obstáculos posibles para evitarlos y que se evalúen el proceso, los contenidos y los resultados del plan. Conclusión. El presente estudio ha identificado claves del AEI en el ámbito médico. Se constata la necesidad de avanzar en la definición de un marco conceptual teórico bien definido y en la obtención de pruebas sobre los resultados formativos.

Resumen El seguimiento de la literatura sobre la respuesta inmune humana al SARS-CoV-2 es importante para comprender los mecanismos y la progresión de COVID-19. En el presente estudio se realizó un Scoping Review de la literatura sobre la respuesta inmune humana al SARS-CoV-2 para determinar las características de la respuesta inmune innata y adaptativa, así como biomarcadores y células que juegan un papel en el desarrollo de la infección. Buscamos artículos en las bases de datos MEDLINE / PUBMED y EMBASE publicados desde el 1 de diciembre de 2019 hasta el 9 de abril de 2020, de los cuales seleccionamos 56 publicaciones para este estudio. Encontramos que la respuesta inmune se caracteriza por altos niveles de reactantes de fase aguda, neutrofilia, bajos niveles de NKs y eosinófilos, linfopenia, síndrome de tormenta de citoquinas, linfocitos T agotados, respuesta citotóxica alterada, respuesta T helper inadecuada y producción de anticuerpos específicos. En conclusión, el desequilibrio inmune se correlaciona con la severidad y la mortalidad de la enfermedad.

Abstract Monitoring literature on the broad spectrum of the human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 is important to understand the mechanisms and progression of COVID-19. The present study undertakes a scoping review of the literature on human immune response to SARS-CoV-2 to determine the characteristics of innate and adaptive responses, as well as biomarkers and cells that play a role in the development of the infection. We searched papers in MEDLINE/PUBMED and EMBASE databases published since December 1st 2019 to to April 9th 2020 from which we selected 56 for this study. We found that the immune response is characterized by high levels of acute phase reactants, neutrophilia, low levels of NKs and eosinophils, lymphopenia, cytokine storm syndrome, exhausted T cells, impaired cytotoxic response, inadequate helper response and production of specific antibodies; concluding that immune dysregulation correlates with disease severity and high mortality.