ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate age and sex-specific suicide rates, compare suicide rates between indigenous communities, and quantify the frequency of intrafamilial suicide clustering. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study involving 14,666 indigenous individuals in reservations in Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from 2003 through 2013 using national and local census. RESULTS The overall suicide rate was 73.4 per 100,000 person-years. Adolescent males aged 15-19 and girls aged 10-14 had the highest rates for each sex at 289.3 (95%CI 187.5-391.2) and 85.3 (95%CI 34.9-135.7), respectively. Comparing the largest reservations, Bororo had a higher suicide rate than Jaguapiru (RR = 4.83, 95%CI 2.85-8.16) and had significantly lower socioeconomic indicators including income and access to electricity. Nine of 19 suicides among children under 15 occurred in household clusters. Compared with adult suicides, a greater proportion of child (OR = 5.12, 95%CI 1.89-13.86, p = 0.001) and adolescent (OR = 3.48, 95%CI 1.29-9.44, p = 0.017) suicides occurred within household clusters. CONCLUSIONS High rates of suicide occur among children and adolescents in these indigenous reservations, particularly in poor communities. Nearly half of child suicides occur within household clusters. These findings underscore the need for broad public health interventions and focused mental health interventions in households following a suicide.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate age and sex-specific suicide rates, compare suicide rates between indigenous communities, and quantify the frequency of intrafamilial suicide clustering. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study involving 14,666 indigenous individuals in reservations in Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, from 2003 through 2013 using national and local census. RESULTS The overall suicide rate was 73.4 per 100,000 person-years. Adolescent males aged 15-19 and girls aged 10-14 had the highest rates for each sex at 289.3 (95%CI 187.5-391.2) and 85.3 (95%CI 34.9-135.7), respectively. Comparing the largest reservations, Bororo had a higher suicide rate than Jaguapiru (RR = 4.83, 95%CI 2.85-8.16) and had significantly lower socioeconomic indicators including income and access to electricity. Nine of 19 suicides among children under 15 occurred in household clusters. Compared with adult suicides, a greater proportion of child (OR = 5.12, 95%CI 1.89-13.86, p = 0.001) and adolescent (OR = 3.48, 95%CI 1.29-9.44, p = 0.017) suicides occurred within household clusters. CONCLUSIONS High rates of suicide occur among children and adolescents in these indigenous reservations, particularly in poor communities. Nearly half of child suicides occur within household clusters. These findings underscore the need for broad public health interventions and focused mental health interventions in households following a suicide.

Uréia, sulfato de amônio, salitre-do-chile e Nitrocálcio, nas doses de 75, 150, 225 e 300kg de nitrogênio por hectare, foram aplicados em experimentos com café Mundo-Novo, instalados em Latossolo Roxo da região de Ribeirão Preto e em Podzólico Vermelho- Amarelo orto da região de Mococa (SP). As produções foram crescentes com os aumentos de nitrogênio aplicado, sendo que as respostas para suas maiores quantidades foram maiores no Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo orto. O sulfato de amônio, o Nitrocálcio e a uréia mostraram-se superiores ao salitre-do-chile no Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo orto, apesar de a uréia não apresentar diferenças significativas relativamente ao salitre-do-chile. Em Latossolo Roxo, conquanto houvesse a mesma tendência, as diferenças não foram significativas. O parcelamento das doses de nitrogênio não beneficiou a produção no Latossolo Roxo, porém as produções correspondentes ao parcelamento em quatro vezes foram maiores no Podzólico Vermelho -Amarelo orto.

Ammonium nitrate limestone (ANL), ammonium sulphate, Chilean nitrate and urea at rates of 75, 150, 225 and 300 kilograms of nitrogen per hectare, splitted in 1, 2, 3 and 4 applications were used in field experiments with coffee trees, in two soils: in a Red Latosol in Ribeirão Preto and in a Red Yellow Ortho-Podzolic in Mococa, Sate of São Paulo, Brazil. In Ribeirão Preto, the experiment was set up in December 1957 and the grain yields were recorded from 1960 to 1969. In Mococa, the experiment was set up in 1960 and the grain yields were recorded from 1962 to 1971. The grain yields of coffee increased with the increases in the nitrogen rates applied. The yield responses to high nitrogen rates were greater in the Red Yellow Ortho-Podzolic soil than in the Red Latosol. Ammonium sulphate and ANL resulted in better yields than Chilean nitrate in the Red Yellow Ortho-Podzolic soil. Urea increased coffee yields above those obtained with Chilean nitrate, but the differences were not significant. No significant effects of nitrogen sources were observed in the Red Latosol. The practice of splitting the total quantities of nitrogen did not affect the grain yields of coffee in the Red Latosol. In the Red Yellow Ortho-Podzolic soil, grain yields were higher when nitrogen was splitted in four applications.

O aparecimento da murcha de Fusarium do algodoeiro, no Estado de São Paulo, em 1957, estimulou a realização de intensos trabalhos de seleção e estudos genealógicos nos materiais da coleção do Instituto Agronômico. Graças à constituição genética favorável da variedade Auburn 56, de origem norte-americana, variedades resistentes a essa doença e adaptadas às condições estaduais têm sido entregues aos lavradores desde 1963. A partir de 'Auburn 56', por seleção genealógica, foram obtidas, até 1975, as variedades IAC RM3 e IAC RM4 e suas populações melhoradas, IAC 16 e IAC 17, propiciando, até o presente, solução ao problema da murcha de Fusarium na lavoura algodoeira paulista. Os resultados mostraram também que a seleção individual realizada nas condições de ambiente diferente do original constitui meio eficiente de melhorar variedades recém-introduzidas no Estado.

Since 1957, when Fusarium wilt was first recognized on cotton fields of the State of São Paulo, Brazil, the development of wilt-resistant cotton, adapted to field conditions of the State, has been the major goal of the breeding program at the Instituto Agronômico de Campinas. At first a large collection of cotton varieties, known as wilt-resistant, was tested in infected soil. 'Auburn 56' was selected as the most promising material. Selection for adaptation and crosses with local varieties have been made during several years. The improvement of 'Auburn 56' resulted in four varieties, IAC RM3, IAC RM4-SM5, IAC 16 and IAC 17, all of them obtained through selection in field conditions and pedegree breeding. Since 1970 only wilt- resistant varieties have been released by the Instituto Agronômico. 'Auburn 56' proved to be very suitable for adaptation to new conditions. It's resistance endured the pathogen's variation, considering the presence of race 6, and possibly of others not identified, in São Paulo, absent in the USA. The results also showed that selection for adaptation to new environments may be a powerful method of increasing variation and of breeding.

São relatados os resultados de um experimento com cafeelros em latossolo vermelho-amarelo (terra de campo cerrado) de baixíssima fertilidade natural e considerado, na ocasião, como impróprio para as atividades agrícolas normais. Foram comparados sete tratamentos de adubação, sendo três à base de estéreo e quatro à base de fertilizantes exclusivamente químicos, além de um controle não adubado. Foram efetuadas observações sobre o efeito dos vários tratamentos sobre o crescimento e o estado nutritional dos cafeelros em relação com a ocorrência de sintomas de carência de vários elementos. A análise das produções obtidas durante o período 1960/69 revelou que o emprego de adubações exclusivamente químicas em presença de calcário e micronutrientes foi superior ao emprego de esterco isoladamente e equivalente a este complemento pela adubação química e calagem. O emprego dos micronutrientes e do calcário teve efeito significativo no aumento da produção. O emprego do calcário foi altamente eficaz na correção da carência de magnésio e no aumento da produção. Os resultados obtidos indicam que é viável a exploração econômica do cafeeiro no latossolo vermelho-amarelo de baixa fertilidade, através do uso exclusivo da adubação química.

This paper presents the results of an experiment of coffee fertilization on a Red Yellow Latosol of extremely low fertility. This soil was formerly considered improper for economical agriculture. Three treatments based on the application of barnyard manure and four treatments employing only mineral fertilizers were used. The effects of the treatments were studied for the period 1960 to 1969. The yields showed that the use of mineral fertilizers plus lime and micronutrients and this same mineral misture plus a dose of barnyard manure gave the best responses. The application of borax and zinc sulphate as soil dressings corrected efficiently the deficiencies of boron and zinc and increased the production when applied together with dolomite. The application of dolomite was highly efficient for correction of magnesium deficiency and increased significantly the yields. The results showed that it is possible to cultivate coffee successfully on a Red Yellow Latosol of extremely low fertility using exclusively mineral fertilizers.

O presente estudo foi executado com o objetivo de pesquisar a possibilidade de aumentar a produtividade de cafèzais velhos, sem emprêgo de matéria orgânica trazida de fora. Foram estudados N, P, K, micronutrientes (zinco, cobre e boro) e adubação verde. Utilizou-se um delineamento fatorial 3² X 2², em blocos de 18 canteiros com nove plantas cada um, com bordadura de uma planta entre os canteiros. O ensaio foi instalado na Estação Experimental de Ribeirão Prêto, em um cafèzal com mais de 40 anos de idade, em terra-roxa-legítima, e cuja produção média nos quatro anos anteriores foi de 24 sacos de café em côco por mil pés. Obteve-se grande aumento de produção com o emprêgo de nitrogênio, devido não só às quantidades aplicados, mais elevadas do que as até então recomendadas, mas principalmente à sua aplicação parcelada. Os aumentos devidos ao nitrogênio na dose de 360 g de N por planta, na forma de sulfato de amônio, corresponderam a 6, 11, 13, 16 e 34 sacos de café em côco por mil pés, nos anos de 1954 a 1958. A dose mínima de potássio empregada foi de 120 g de K(2)0 por planta. A dose de 240 g de K(2)0 por planta ainda proporcionou um aumento de produção de 9% em relação à anterior. Não houve reação ao fósforo nem à adubação verde. A aplicação de micronutrientes (zinco, boro e cobre) fêz desaparecer os sintomas de deficiência de zinco, mas resultou em decréscimo significativo da produção. A aplicação do nitrogênio melhorou a coloração e o desenvolvimento da folhagem. Não houve influência dos outros fatôres sôbre o aspecto vegetativo das plantas.

It has been believed in Brazil that it is not possible to maintain coffee plantings profitably without the use of organic matter. Consequently it has been routine to recommend yearly applications of manure or compost. The present experiment was carried out to study the possibility of increasing the yield of a coffee planting and maintaining it at a high level by the exclusive use of mineral fertilizers. A coffee plantation of the "Bourbon vermelho" variety about 40 years old grown on "terra-roxa-legítima" soil was used. A factorial experiment 3² X 2² was installed in 1953 with 9 plants per plot. The treatments used were: ammonium sulphate 0 g, 600 g and 1800 g per plant, superphosphate 0 g, 500 g and 1500 g per plant and potassium chloride 200 g, 400 g and 800 g per plant, microelements (Zn, Bo, Cu) and green manure. Until 1957 the phosphate and the chloride were applied in furrows once a year and the ammonium sulphate was applied three times a year as top dressings. Starting in 1958 all the fertilizers were applied four times a year as top dressings. The microelements were applied as foliage spray of the following solution: zinc sulphate - 6 g, copper sulphate - 1 g and borax - 3 g per liter of water. Soybean was used as green manure until 1955 and jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis, D. C.) in the later years. The response to nitrogen application was highly significant and kept increasing every year as shown by the percentage of yield increases for the years 1954 through 1958. These were 8.4%, 60.7%, 30.9%, 50.3% and 63.1%. In previous experiments doses of KCI of up to 200 g per tree had already been used. For that reason in this experiment the minimum dose of that fertilizer used was 200 g per tree. An application of 8OO g per tree of KCI gave only 9% of yield increase in relation to the 200 g per tree application. No reaction was obtained to the application of phosphorus. The microelement spray cured the zinc deficiency symptoms which were evident prior to its application, but decreased the yield significantly, the highest decrease being 39% in 1955. No reaction was obtained to the use of green manure. The results obtained seem to show that it is possible to increase substantially the yield of a coffee plantation through the use of mineral fertilizers only.

Neste trabalho foi estudada a hipótese de que os grãos de café deteriorados - parcial ou totalmente - existentes normalmente no café beneficiado, pudessem ocasionar desvalorização na qualidade da BEBIDA além do natural rebaixamento do TIPO. Em amostras de café de diversas procedências foi constatado que há acentuada influência dos grãos deteriorados na qualidade da bebida. Cafés isentos de grãos deteriorados foram classificados como de bebida estritamente mole ou mole tornando-se de bebida dura quando nesse mesmo café se encontrou elevada quantidade daqueles grãos. Com menores proporções de grãos deteriorados eram obtidas bebidas de classificação intermediária. Para os cafés de bebida Rio não houve variação na classificação: as amostras com ou sem grãos deteriorados se apresentavam sempre com a mesma bebida.

Partly or fully deteriorated beans are present in varying amounts in commercial coffee. They seem to have been affected by external agents prior to drying and vary in color from almost normal to black. The experiments reported in this paper were designed to study the influence of the deteriorated beans on the coffee flavor. Samples were secured from the various coffee growing areas of São Paulo: Campinas, Ribeirão Prêto, Mococa, Pindorama, and Vale do Paraíba. Each was hand--graded, the partly or fully deteriorated beans being separated from the normal ones. The normal beans were then mixed with varying amounts of partly or fully deteriorated beans from the same samples. The following blends were prepared for each of the coffee sources: 1 . normal beans only 2. partly deteriorated beans exclusively 3. mixture of normal beans plus 10% in weight of partly deteriorated ones 4. ditto with 20% 5. ditto with 40% 6. ditto with 2.5% of fully deteriorated beans 7. ditto with 5% 8. ditto with 10% The 8 treatments for each source were replicated 4 times, giving thus a total of 256 variables. They were then submitted to an expert coffee-taster for the cup-test. The results obtained indicated that except for the samples from one region (Vale do Paraíba), the others gave always high quality coffee when composed of normal beans only. The addition of increasing amounts of partly deteriorated beans decreased quality correspondingly. The fully deteriorated beans had a still larger impairing effect on the quality. The coffe samples from the Vale do Paraíba gave a poor cup-test (Rio taste) even when they consisted of normal beans only.