Abstract Invasive non-native freshwater mollusks are a growing concern in South America, with 16 species already recorded in the region. Among them, Sinotaia quadrata has only been documented in Argentina, for the first time in the Punilla Valley, Córdoba (2009) and La Plata, Buenos Aires (since 2015). In this study, we report the presence of S. quadrata in two additional areas, the Río de la Plata River and a stream (unnamed) in the Paraná River basin, two of the most significant rivers in South America, located in the provinces of Buenos Aires and Entre Ríos, respectively. These new records confirm the invasive nature of this species, which has also been identified in Europe, the United States, and Africa in recent years. The findings of this study highlight the need for continued monitoring and management of invasive species in South America’s freshwater ecosystems. nonnative non native America 1 region them Argentina Valley 2009 (2009 since 2015. 2015 . 2015) S areas unnamed (unnamed basin Ríos respectively Europe States years Americas s ecosystems 200 (200 201 20 (20 2 (2 (

Abstract The Natural Reserve of Punta Lara (RNPL) is a protected natural area that includes Paranaense forest southernmost in the world. This area is surrounded by a densely populated and touristic sector. The objective of this work was to estimate the richness, diversity and equity of the RNPL mollusks (aquatic and terrestrial) and to establish the relationship of their species in aquatic environments. One sampling per year was carried out between 2013 and 2019. There were 32 species recorded (six are non-native species): 23 gastropods (14 freshwater, nine terrestrial) and nine bivalves. Three species were recorded in all sampling years, while six only on one occasion. The land snail genus Drepanostomella is reported for the first time in that region, and five freshwater species are reported for the first time for the RNPL. The similarity analysis of the freshwater environment separated the coastal environments from the internal environments. The environments with the highest specific richness were in internal sites of the RNPL, while the least diverse was the coast of the Río de la Plata, where the invasive species Limnoperna fortunei predominates. It is recommended to increase the conservation efforts of the different environments of the RNPL continuously threatened by urbanization. (RNPL world sector terrestrial 201 2019 3 nonnative non native species) 2 14 (1 bivalves years occasion region Plata predominates urbanization 20 1 (

ABSTRACT The COVID-19 pandemic has affected the continuity of cognitive rehabilitation worldwide. However, the use of teleneuropsychology to provide cognitive rehabilitation has contributed significantly to the continuity of the treatment. Objectives: To measure the effects of cognitive telerehabilitation on cognition, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and memory strategies in a cohort of patients with mild cognitive impairment. Methods: A sample of 60 patients with mild cognitive impairment according to Petersen’s criteria was randomly divided into two groups: 30 treatment cases and 30 controls (waiting list group). Subjects were matched by age, sex, and Montreal Cognitive Assessment. The treatment group received ten cognitive telerehabilitation sessions of 45 minutes duration once a week. Pre-treatment (week 0) and post-treatment (week 10) measures were assessed for both groups. Different linear mixed models were estimated to test treatment effect (cognitive telerehabilitation vs. controls) on each outcome of interest over time (pre/post-intervention). Results: A significant group (control/treatment) x time (pre/post) interaction revealed that the treatment group at week 10 had better scores in cognitive variables: memory (RAVLT learning trials p=0.030; RAVLT delayed recall p=0.029), phonological fluency (p=0.001), activities of daily living (FAQ p=0.001), satisfaction with memory performance (MMQ satisfaction p=0.004) and use of memory strategies (MMQ strategy p=0.000), as well as, and a significant reduction of affective symptomatology: depression (GDS p=0.000), neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPI-Q p=0.045), forgetfulness (EDO-10 p=0.000), and stress (DAS stress p=0.000). Conclusions: Our study suggests that CTR is an effective intervention. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 worldwide However Objectives cognition Methods 6 Petersens Petersen s groups 3 waiting group. . group) age sex Assessment 4 Pretreatment Pre 0 posttreatment post vs pre/postintervention. prepostintervention pre/post intervention pre (pre/post-intervention) Results control/treatment controltreatment control (control/treatment prepost (pre/post 1 variables p=0.030 p0030 p 030 p=0.029, p0029 p=0.029 , 029 p=0.029) p=0.001, p0001 p=0.001 001 (p=0.001) FAQ p=0.001) MMQ p=0.004 p0004 004 p=0.000, p0000 p=0.000 000 p=0.000) symptomatology GDS NPIQ NPI Q p=0.045, p0045 p=0.045 045 p=0.045) EDO10 EDO (EDO-1 DAS p=0.000. Conclusions COVID1 COVID- postintervention pre/postintervention (pre/post-intervention p=0.03 p003 03 p002 p=0.02 02 p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.001 p004 p=0.04 04 EDO1 (EDO- p=0.0 p00 (p=0.00 (EDO p=0. p0 (p=0.0 p=0 (p=0. p= (p=0 (p= (p

RESUMO A pandemia do COVID-19 afetou a continuidade da reabilitação cognitiva em todo o mundo. No entanto, o uso de tele neuropsicologia para a reabilitação cognitiva tem contribuído significativamente para a continuidade do tratamento. Objetivos: Medir os efeitos da tele reabilitação cognitiva na cognição, nos sintomas neuropsiquiátricos e nas estratégias de memória em uma coorte de pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve. Métodos: Uma amostra de 60 pacientes com comprometimento cognitivo leve de acordo com os critérios de Petersen foi dividida aleatoriamente em dois grupos: 30 casos de tratamento e 30 controles (grupo de lista de espera). Os assuntos foram pareados por idade, sexo e Avaliação Cognitiva de Montreal. O grupo de tratamento recebeu dez sessões de tele reabilitação cognitiva de 45 minutos de duração uma vez por semana. As medidas pré-tratamento (semana 0) e pós-tratamento (semana 10) foram avaliadas para ambos os grupos. Diferentes modelos lineares mistos foram estimados para testar o efeito do tratamento (tele reabilitação cognitiva vs. controles) em cada desfecho de interesse ao longo do tempo (pré-/pós-intervenção). Resultados: Uma interação significativa grupo (controle/tratamento) x tempo (pré/pós) revelou que o grupo de tratamento teve melhores pontuações em variáveis cognitivas na semana 10: memória (ensaios de aprendizagem RAVLT p = 0,030; RAVLT recordação tardia p=0,029), fluência fonológica (p=0,001), atividades da vida diária (FAQ p=0,001), satisfação com o desempenho da memória (satisfação MMQ p=0,004) e uso de estratégias de memória (estratégia MMQ p=0,000), bem como uma significativa redução da sintomatologia afetiva: depressão (GDS p=0,000), sintomas neuropsiquiátricos (NPI-Q p=0,045), esquecimento (EDO-10 p=0,000) e estresse (DAS estresse p=0,000). Conclusões: Nosso estudo sugere que a CTR é uma intervenção eficaz. COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 mundo entanto Objetivos cognição Métodos 6 grupos 3 espera. espera . espera) idade Montreal 4 prétratamento pré 0 póstratamento pós 10 vs pré/pósintervenção. prépósintervenção /pós (pré-/pós-intervenção) Resultados controle/tratamento controletratamento controle (controle/tratamento pré/pós prépós (pré/pós ensaios 0,030 0030 030 p=0,029, p0029 p=0,029 , 029 p=0,029) p=0,001, p0001 p=0,001 001 (p=0,001) FAQ p=0,001) p=0,004 p0004 004 estratégia p=0,000, p0000 p=0,000 000 afetiva GDS NPIQ NPI Q p=0,045, p0045 p=0,045 045 p=0,045) EDO10 EDO (EDO-1 DAS p=0,000. Conclusões eficaz COVID1 1 COVID- pósintervenção pré/pósintervenção (pré-/pós-intervenção 0,03 003 03 p002 p=0,02 02 p000 p=0,00 00 (p=0,001 p004 p=0,04 04 EDO1 (EDO- 0,0 p00 p=0,0 (p=0,00 (EDO 0, p0 p=0, (p=0,0 p=0 (p=0, p= (p=0 (p= (p

ABSTRACT Background: Neurological and psychiatric manifestations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported throughout the scientific literature. However, studies on post-COVID cognitive impairment in people with no previous cognitive complaint are scarce. Objective: We aim to investigate the impact of COVID-19 on cognitive functions in adults without cognitive complaints before infection and to study cognitive dysfunction according to disease severity and cognitive risk factors. Methods: Forty-five post-COVID-19 patients and forty-five controls underwent extensive neuropsychological evaluation, which assessed cognitive domains such as memory, language, attention, executive functions, and visuospatial skills, including psychiatric symptomatology scales. Data were collected on the severity of infection, premorbid medical conditions, and functionality for activities of daily living before and after COVID-19. Results: Significant differences between groups were found in cognitive composites of memory (p=0.016, Cohen’s d= 0.73), attention (p<0.001, Cohen’s d=1.2), executive functions (p<0.001, Cohen’s d=1.4), and language (p=0.002, Cohen’s d=0.87). The change from premorbid to post-infection functioning was significantly different between severity groups (WHODAS, p=0.037). Self-reported anxiety was associated with the presence of cognitive dysfunction in COVID-19 subjects (p=0.043). Conclusion: Our results suggest that the presence of cognitive symptoms in post-COVID-19 patients may persist for months after disease remission and argue for the inclusion of cognitive assessment as a protocolized stage of the post-COVID examination. Screening measures may not be sufficient to detect cognitive dysfunction in post-COVID-19 patients.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: Las manifestaciones neurológicas de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 han sido reportadas en la literatura científica. Sin embargo, los estudios cognitivos post COVID-19 en personas sin queja cognitiva previa son escasos. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo es investigar el impacto cognitivo del COVID-19 en adultos sin quejas cognitivas previas a la infección y estudiar el desempeño cognitivo de acuerdo a la severidad de la enfermedad y a los factores de riesgo cognitivo. Métodos: Cuarenta y cinco pacientes post COVID-19 y cuarenta y cinco controles sanos apareados por edad, género y educación realizaron una evaluación neuropsicológica, que evalúa memoria, lenguaje, atención, funciones ejecutivas, habilidades visuoespaciales, incluyendo además escalas de sintomatología psiquiátrica, y la recopilación de datos sobre la severidad de la infección, la salud premórbida y la funcionalidad. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias significativas entre los grupos en los compuestos cognitivos de memoria (p=0,016, d de Cohen= 0,73), atención (p<0,001, d de Cohen= 1,2), funciones ejecutivas (p<0,001, d de Cohen=1,4) y lenguaje (p=0,002, d de Cohen=0,87). El cambio del funcionamiento premórbido al funcionamiento posterior a la infección, fue significativamente diferente entre los grupos de gravedad (WHODAS; p=0,037). La ansiedad autoinformada se asoció con la presencia de disfunción cognitiva en los sujetos de COVID-19 (p=0,043). Conclusión: Nuestros resultados sugieren que los síntomas cognitivos en pacientes post COVID-19 pueden permanecer hasta tres meses después de la remisión de la enfermedad. Este estudio aboga a favor de incluir la evaluación cognitiva como una etapa protocolizada del examen post COVID-19. Es posible que las medidas de cribado no sean suficientes para detectar la disfunción cognitiva en los pacientes post COVID-19.

Resumen: Introducción: la parálisis cerebral (PC) es la causa más frecuente de discapacidad motriz en niños y adolescentes. En el 85% de los casos, la manifestación motora predominante es la espasticidad. Las inyecciones de toxina botulínica tipo A (TB-A) se han usado para reducir la espasticidad en niños con PC. No existen investigaciones a nivel nacional que comprueben si los resultados son comparables a los reportados en la literatura. Objetivo: determinar el efecto del tratamiento con TB-A en el tríceps sural en conjunto con la rehabilitación física en niños con PC espástica durante los años 2017-2018 en el Centro de Rehabilitación Infantil Teletón, Uruguay. Métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, de cohorte histórica única con seguimiento longitudinal, mediante la revisión de historias clínicas de los pacientes con PC con marcha independiente o asistida que recibieron tratamiento con TB-A para el tratamiento de la espasticidad del tríceps sural durante el período 2017-2018. Resultados: se analizaron 40 procedimientos de inyección de TB-A. Se observó una buena respuesta al mes y a los 3 meses del tratamiento con TB-A, con mejoría del ángulo de dorsiflexión del pie con la rodilla en flexión y en extensión, mejoría del puntaje de la escala de espasticidad de Ashworth modificada y, en el 95% de los procedimientos, de la percepción subjetiva de los padres. Se observó una disminución del efecto hacia los 6 meses de la aplicación. Conclusión: la aplicación de TB-A en el Centro Teletón muestra resultados positivos, comparables con los reportados en la bibliografía internacional.

Abstract: Introduction: cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common source of motor disability in children and adolescents. In 85% of cases, the prevailing motor manifestation is spasticity. Botulinum toxin Type A injections (TB-A) have been used to reduce spasticity in children with cerebral palsy (CP). There are no studies at the national level that show whether the results are comparable to those reported in literature. Objective: to determine the effect of TB-A therapy in the triceps surae along with the physical rehabilitation in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) during 2017-2018 at the Teleton Children´s Rehabilitation Center, Uruguay. Method: retrospective, descriptive study of a single cohort with a longitudinal follow-up was conducted, through the review of medical records belonging to patients with CP with independent or assisted gait, who received TB-A therapy to treat sural triceps spasticity during 2017-2018. Results: 40 TB-A injection procedures were analysed. A good response was observed one month and three months after being treated with TB-A, evidencing improvement in the dorsiflexion angle between the foot and the knee in flexion and extension, improvement on the modified Ashworth spasticity scale score and, in 95% of procedures, the subjective perception of parents. The effect was observed to decrease towards 6 months after the procedure. Conclusion: application of TB-A at the Teletón Center shows positive results, comparable to those reported by international blibliography.

Resumo: Introdução: a paralisia cerebral (PC) é a causa mais freqüente de deficiência motora em crianças e adolescentes. Em 85% dos casos, a manifestação motora predominante é a espasticidade. As injeções de toxina botulínica tipo A (TB-A) têm sido usadas para reduzir a espasticidade em crianças com PC. Não há pesquisas nacionais que verifiquem se os resultados são comparáveis aos relatados na literatura. Objetivo: determinar o efeito do tratamento da TB-A no tríceps sural em conjunto com a reabilitação física em crianças com PC espástica durante os anos 2017-2018 no Centro de Rehabilitación Infantil Teletón, Uruguai. Métodos: estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, com coorte histórica única com acompanhamento longitudinal, realizado por meio da revisão de prontuários de pacientes com PC com deambulação independente ou assistida que receberam tratamento com TB-A para o tratamento da espasticidade do tríceps sural, no período 2017-2018. Resultados: 40 procedimentos de injeção de TB-A foram analisados. Observou-se boa resposta um mês e três meses após o tratamento com TB-A, com melhora no ângulo de dorsiflexão do pé com o joelho em flexão e extensão, melhora no escore da escala de espasticidade de Ashworth modificada e, em 95% dos procedimentos, a partir da percepção subjetiva dos pais. Uma diminuição no efeito foi observada 6 meses após a aplicação. Conclusão: a aplicação do TB-A no Centro de Rehabilitación Infantil Teletón apresentou resultados positivos, comparáveis aos relatados na literatura internacional.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION: From September 2020 to February 2021, a health program was implemented in the operational area VIII of the province of Salta for the Wichí, Chorote, Toba and Chulupí ethnic group communities. Components of Primary Care, Health Information Systems and Community Epidemiology were taken as a conceptual framework to develop the experience. METHODS: A mobile and interdisciplinary team was formed, that carried out assistance, promotion and prevention actions from an individual, family and community perspective. The systematization of information led to redefining the criteria for selecting the communities to be visited. RESULTS: A total of 124 visits were made to 36 communities, where 2101 people received health care. In February, 47% of the pregnant women evaluated belonged to the population at risk. Monitoring was also performed on 61% of the cohort of infants at risk due to underweight. Four training sessions were held for healthcare workers, with a participation rate of more than 70% of the people invited to attend. DISCUSSION: The presence of the local system in the communities is a relevant action of Public Health. The visits provided an approach to the communities, and the use of systematized information increased accessibility to the system. The joint work and the training of healthcare workers, most of them belonging to the communities, were a first step towards intercultural health.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN: Entre septiembre de 2020 y febrero de 2021, en el área operativa VIII de la provincia de Salta se desplegaron acciones sanitarias vinculadas al cuidado de la salud en comunidades de las etnias wichí, chorote, toba y chulupí. Componentes de la Atención Primaria, Sistemas de Información en Salud y la Epidemiología Comunitaria fueron tomados como marco conceptual para el desarrollo de la experiencia. MÉTODOS: Se conformó un equipo itinerante e interdisciplinario, que realizó acciones asistenciales, de promoción y prevención desde un enfoque individual, familiar y comunitario. La sistematización de la información permitió redefinir los criterios de selección de las comunidades a visitar. RESULTADOS: Se realizaron 124 visitas a 36 comunidades, en las cuales se atendió a 2101 personas. En febrero, el 47% del total de embarazadas evaluadas correspondió a población en riesgo. También se logró dar seguimiento al 61% de la cohorte de infantes en riesgo por bajo peso. Se desarrollaron cuatro capacitaciones a agentes sanitarios, con niveles de participación superior al 70% del total de convocados. DISCUSIÓN: La presencia del sistema local en las comunidades es una acción relevante de Salud Pública. Las visitas permitieron lograr un acercamiento a las comunidades, y el uso de información sistematizada incrementó la accesibilidad al sistema. El trabajo conjunto y de capacitación de agentes sanitarios, en su mayoría pertenecientes a las comunidades, constituyó un primer paso hacia una salud intercultural.

Abstract Sarasinula plebeia is a common land slug in tropical and subtropical areas, including South America. This species is known as Bean-slug but considered a pest of great importance in numerous crops, horticultural facilities, plant nurseries, and garden. Also, it is a natural host for nematodes that cause parasitosis in different countries. We report for the first time the occurrence of Sarasinula plebeia in Argentina, based on material collected in the provinces of Chaco and Misiones, extending the distribution of the species in South America to 34 terrestrial ecoregions.

The structure-mapping theory posits that the central component in establishing an analogy is to discover that two situations share a system of similar relations. Two experiments were performed to evaluate the hypothesis of the categorical approach that relational similarity does not constitute a necessary nor a sufficient condition for people to judge that two facts are analogous, and that the determinant factor is whether or not the compared facts belong to a common schema-governed category. In both experiments, 20 psychology students received a base fact and two target facts describing simple events, and they had to evaluate how analogous the base and each of the target facts were. In Experiment 1 both target facts included relations that were not similar to those included in the base fact. However, while in the first target fact the object to which the action described by the relation was applied made the whole fact became an exemplar of the schema-governed category applicable to the base, the object of the second target fact made it became an exemplar of an alternative schema-governed category. Experiment 2 has the same structure than the first one, with the only difference being that base and target relations were similar. In both experiments results showed that the first target fact was considered analogous to the base fact, but not the second one. This evidenced that relational similarity is not necessary (Experiment 1) nor sufficient (Experiment 2) to consider that two facts are analogous, and that, instead, the criterion employed by people to determine that two facts are or are not analogous is category membership. We discussed the implications of these results for the development of theoretical and computational models on analogical thinking.

La teoría de proyección de la estructura postula que el componente central en la realización de una analogía es detectar que dos situaciones comparten un sistema de relaciones similares. Se llevaron a cabo dos experimentos con el objetivo de evaluar la hipótesis del enfoque categorial de que la similitud de relaciones no constituye una condición necesaria ni suficiente para que las personas juzguen que dos hechos son análogos, sino que el factor determinante es la pertenencia o no de los hechos comparados a una misma categoría relacional. En ambos experimentos 18 estudiantes de Psicología recibieron un hecho base y dos hechos meta en los que se describían eventos simples, y debían evaluar cuán análogo al hecho base encontraban a cada hecho meta. En el Experimento 1 los dos hechos meta incluían relaciones que no eran similares a las del hecho base. Sin embargo, mientras que en el primer hecho meta el objeto al que se aplicaba la acción descrita por la relación convertía al hecho en un ejemplar de la categoría relacional aplicable al base, el objeto del segundo hecho meta lo convertía en un ejemplar de una categoría alternativa. El Experimento 2 tuvo la misma estructura que el primero, con la diferencia de que las relaciones base y meta eran similares. En ambos experimentos, los resultados mostraron que el primer hecho meta fue considerado análogo al hecho base, pero no el segundo. Esto evidenció que el parecido de relaciones no es necesario (Experimento 1) ni suficiente (Experimento 2) para considerar que dos hechos son análogos y que, en cambio, el criterio que emplean las personas para determinar que dos hechos son o no análogos es el de pertenencia categorial. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos hallazgos para la formulación de modelos teóricos y computacionales sobre el pensamiento analógico.

Resumen: Objetivo: cuantificar el uso de sedoanalgesia en niños críticamente enfermos con asistencia ventilatoria mecánica (AVM) en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCIN) del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Metodología: estudio observacional descriptivo y prospectivo realizado entre los meses de mayo a setiembre de 2017. Se incluyeron pacientes ingresados a UCIN que requirieron AVM y sedoanalgesia o mioparalización. Se registraron las siguientes variables: sexo, edad, peso, diagnóstico al ingreso. En relación con la sedación y analgesia se registraron dosis indicadas y recibidas de cada fármaco y las dosis acumulativas. Se las comparó con un estudio realizado en 2012 en UCIN. Resultados: se incluyeron 37 pacientes. El promedio de días de AVM fue de 3,7. La causa más frecuente de AVM fue patología respiratoria (n=34). Se observó discordancia entre dosis indicada y dosis recibida tanto de opiáceos, benzodiacepinas y paralizantes musculares, pero en menor medida que lo registrado en el año 2012. Las dosis acumulativas de midazolam, fentanyl y atracurio disminuyeron respecto al año 2012. Conclusión: se observó una disminución de las dosis promedio utilizadas de cada fármaco, de la duración de la AVM y una menor incidencia de síndrome de abstinencia. Las causas de esta observación pueden ser multifactoriales.

Summary: Objective: to quantify benzodiazepines and opioids dosages used in critically ill children under invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) hospitalized in a Paediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Methodology: an observational study was carried out from May to September 2017. It included children who under IMV hospitalized in a PICU and who were treated with benzodiazepines, opioids and/or neuromuscular blockers. These children key clinical features were recorded. Cumulative doses of benzodiazepines, opioids and neuromuscular blockers were recorded. Results were compared with the data obtained in a previous experience in the same PICU in 2012. Results: 37 children were included. IMV average duration of was 3.7 days. Cumulative doses and treatment duration of midazolam, fentanyl and atracurium decreased from 2012 to 2017. There were differences between the doses prescribed and the doses actually received in both periods. Conclusion: cumulative doses of benzodiazepines, opioids and neuromuscular blockers decreased in the 2012-2017 period.

Resumo: Objetivo: quantificar o uso da sedação e analgesia em crianças criticamente doentes com Assistência de Ventilação Mecânica (MAV) na Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTIN) do Centro Hospitalar Pediátrico Pereira Rossell (CHPR). Metodologia: estudo observacional descritivo e prospectivo realizado de maio a setembro de 2017. Incluíram-se pacientes internados em UTIN que necessitaram de MAV e sedação e analgesia e / ou bloqueadores neuromusculares. Registraram-se as seguintes variáveis: sexo, idade, peso, diagnóstico no momento da admissão. Foram registradas as doses indicadas e recebidas de cada droga de sedação e analgesia, assim como as doses cumulativas. Os resultados foram comparados com um estudo realizado em 2012 na UTIN. Resultados: incluíram-se 37 pacientes. O tempo médio de AVM foi de 3,7 dias. A causa mais frequente de MAV foi doença respiratória (n = 34). Observou-se dissonância entre a dose indicada e a dose recebida dos opiáceos, benzodiazepínicos e agentes paralisantes musculares, mas em grau menor do que o registrado em 2012. As doses cumulativas de midazolam, fentanil e atracúrio diminuíram em relação a 2012. Conclusão: observamos uma diminuição nas doses médias de cada droga utilizada, na duração da MAV e uma menor incidência de síndrome de abstinência. Esta observação pode ter causas multifatoriais.

Abstract Malformations in animals have long been known. In gastropod, natural and induced malformations are mentioned in different systems and in ocular tentacles, mainly linked to cases of parasitism and exposure to pollutants (molluscicides and chemicals). In this study we present a new malformation not documented in the ocular tentacles of slug Deroceras reticulatum that could be due to the action of pesticides. This malformation in D. reticulatum is the first malformation to be mentioned for South America in nursery gardens.

The present study was aimed at assessing the effect of object similarities in evaluations of the quality of analogies. Two groups of participants received pairs of situations with the task of assessing the extent to which they considered them to be analogous. Whereas in the first group the relation involved in the situations to be compared was highlighted, in the second group comparisons were framed by a schema-governed category. Quality evaluations of the first group were higher when the compared situations involved taxonomically similar objects, but no such effect was found within the second group. In this group, the evaluations of the quality of analogies were affected by object similarities related to central dimensions of the framing schema-governed category. We explain these findings within an alternative perspective on analogical reasoning- the category assignment approach. Implications for this field of research are discussed.

El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar el efecto que las similitudes de objeto tienen sobre las evaluaciones de calidad de una analogía. Los participantes divididos en dos grupos puntuaron en qué medida consideraban que ciertos pares de hechos eran análogos. Mientras que al primer grupo se les resaltó la relación implicada en las situaciones a comparar, al segundo se les enmarcó dicha comparación en una categoría relacional de esquema. Las evaluaciones de calidad del primer grupo fueron mayores cuando las situaciones comparadas involucraban objetos taxonómicamente similares, efecto que no fue hallado en el segundo grupo. En este grupo, lo que afectó la evaluación de las analogías fueron las similitudes de objeto relacionadas con una dimensión de la categoría esquemática que enmarcaba la comparación. Los resultados se interpretan desde un enfoque alternativo sobre el razonamiento analógico -el enfoque de la asignación categorial. Se discuten implicaciones para este campo disciplinar.

An overextended question in the field of creativity is which kind of thinking should be encouraged for people to be more creative. An experiment was conducted in which one group of participants had to solve an ill-defined problem by applying a creativity technique known as brainstorming, which implies the use of extraordinary thinking. A second group had to solve the problem by transferring a known solution from an analogous problem, which implies the use of ordinary thinking processes. Expert judges rated the creativity of solutions proposed by participants for the given problem. Data analysis showed that there were no differences between both experimental conditions. Thus, both working modalities were shown to be equally effective to promote creativity. Implications of these findings for the existing theories on creative thinking are discussed.

Una pregunta extendida en el campo de la creatividad es qué tipo de pensamiento se debiera fomentar en las personas para que sean más creativas. Se llevó adelante un experimento en el que un grupo de participantes se enfrentó a un problema de tipo mal definido y debió resolverlo aplicando la técnica de creatividad conocida como torbellino de ideas, que implica el uso de un pensamiento de tipo extraordinario. Otro grupo debió resolver el problema transfiriendo una solución conocida dada a un problema análogo, lo que supone un modo ordinario de pensamiento. La creatividad de las soluciones propuestas fue evaluada por jueces expertos. El análisis de datos no arrojó diferencias entre las condiciones, por lo que ambos modos de trabajo resultaron igualmente efectivos para promover la creatividad. Se discuten las implicancias de los resultados obtenidos para las teorías que buscan explicar el pensamiento creativo y las posibles formas de fomentarlo.

ABSTRACT The genus Potamolithus Pilsbry, 1896 (Gastropoda; Tateidae), has 31 species, 22 of which are distributed in Argentina in Del Plata basin, defining the Uruguay River and the Río de la Plata as a “hotspot” of diversity in freshwater gastropods. However, most of its species has been described only by conchology characters and a few has anatomical data, leading to the description of subspecies or morphs that overlap each other. Potamolithus lapidum some authors attribute four subspecies (with conchology data and anatomical partial data), but others include eight “morphs”. We give a start the study of Potamolithus lapidum elevating to Potamolithus lapidum supersulcatus Pilsbry, 1896 to the category of species, of which only known partially conchology and radular characters. We provide data of: shell, pallial organs, head, foot, penis, radula, female and male reproductive system, nervous system and partial sequence of mitochondrial gene cytochrome c oxidase subunit I. A good description of species of the genus Potamolithus is necessary, because some species have been listed as vulnerable species and they inhabit rivers that are being modified by human activity and the presence of invasive bivalve Limnoperna fortunei.

RESUMEN El género Potamolithus Pilsbry, 1896 (Gastropoda; Tateidae), posee 31 especies, 22 de las cuales se hayan en la Argentina distribuidas principalmente en la cuenca Del Plata, definiendo al río Uruguay y al Río de la Plata como una zona caliente de diversidad en gasterópodos dulceacuícolas. Sin embargo, la mayoría de sus especies han sido descriptas solo por caracteres conquilógicos y, unas pocas tienen datos anatómicos, conllevando a la descripción de subespecies o morfos que se superponen unos a otros. A Potamolithus lapidum algunos autores le atribuyen cuatro subespecies (con datos conquiológicos, y una con datos parciales de anatomía blanda), sin embargo otros incluyen ocho “morfos”. Aquí nosotros damos un comienzo en el estudio de Potamolithus lapidum elevando a Potamolithus lapidum supersulcatus Pilsbry, 1896 a la categoría de especie, de la cual solo se conocen caracteres conquiológicos y radulares parcialmente. Aportamos datos de: concha, órganos paleales, cabeza, pie, pene, rádula, sistemas reproductor femenino y masculino, sistema nervioso y, secuencia parcial del gen mitocondrial citocromo c oxidasa subunidad I. Es necesario realizar una buena descripción de las especies del género Potamolithus debido a que algunas de las especies ya han sido citadas como especies vulnerables y que habitan ríos que están siendo modificados por la actividad humana y por la presencia del bivalvo invasor Limnoperna fortunei.