Abstract Background: High-altitude cardiovascular adaptations increase lung pressure. This effect on the right ventricle (RV) of transplanted hearts at altitudes above 2,500 meters above sea level (masl) has not been described. Objective: The objective of the study was to describe echocardiography RV behavior in the immediate post-operative period (Days 1-7 post-Heart transplant [HTx]), 3, 6, 12, and 24 months after HTx in patients at 2,640 masl. Methods: Historical cohort of HTx patients in the period between 2005 and 2019, in a hospital located in Bogotá, Colombia. Socio-demographic, clinical, and echocardiographic evaluation data of the RV at 5 follow-up moments were analyzed. Results: 91 patients underwent HTx, 64% remained at a height > 2,500 masl in the post-operative period. Transthoracic echo was available in 37 patients (40.6%). Right ventricular dysfunction was found in 95% of patients, which was predominantly moderate (43%), with improvement 3 months after transplant. The immediate post-operative Tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion was 8.9 ± 4.9 mm, with recovery from the 3rd post-operative month (15.1 ± 3.6 mm) and without significant changes in month 24 (15.8 ± 4.9 mm). Immediate post-operative systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) was 39.2 ± 8.2 mmHg, showing a decrease at 24 post-operative months (31.0 ± 5.0 mmHg). The 5-year survival was 78% Confidence Interval 95% 60-85. Conclusion: After HTx, most patients present right ventricular dysfunction, improving at the 3rd month of transplant. There were no significant differences between patients living at more than 2,500 masl and < 2,500 masl.

Resumen Antecedentes: Las adaptaciones cardiovasculares en la altitud aumentan la presión pulmonar; el efecto de estos cambios sobre el ventrículo derecho de corazones trasplantados a altitudes superiores a 2,500 msnm no ha sido descrito. Objetivo: Describir el comportamiento por ecocardiografía transtorácica del ventrículo derecho en el postoperatorio inmediato (días 1–7 post-HTx), 3, 6, 12 y 24 meses después del trasplante cardíaco en pacientes intervenidos a 2,640 ms nm. Métodos: Cohorte histórica de pacientes trasplantados de corazón en un hospital de Bogotá, Colombia, entre 2005 y 2019. Los datos sociodemográficos, clínicos y ecocardiográficos del ventrículo derecho fueron analizados en 5 momentos del seguimiento postoperatorio. Resultados: 91 pacientes fueron sometidos a trasplante cardíaco, el 64% residía a más de 2,500 msnm en el postoperatorio. El ecocardiograma transtorácico estuvo disponibles en 37 pacientes (40.6%). En el 95% de los pacientes se documentó disfunción del ventrículo derecho la cual fue predominantemente moderada (43%), con mejoría al 3 mes del trasplante. El TAPSE en el postoperatorio inmediato fue de 8.9±4.9 mm, con recuperación a partir del tercer mes postoperatorio (15.1±3.6 mm); la mejoría se mantuvo hasta el mes 24 (15.8±4.9 mm). La PsAP postoperatoria inmediata fue de 39.2±8.2 mmHg y disminuyó a los 24 meses (31.0±5.0 mmHg). La supervivencia a los 5 años fue del 78% IC95% 60-85. Conclusión: Posterior al trasplante cardíaco, la mayoría de los pacientes presentó disfunción ventricular derecha, mejorando al tercer mes del trasplante. No hubo diferencias significativas entre los pacientes que vivían a mas de 2,500 msnm y menos de 2,500 msnm.

ABSTRACT The efficacy of two locally produced oxfendazole (OFZ) formulations against cysticercosis at 22,5% and 10%, versus a commercial formulation (Synanthic 9,06%) was evaluated in twenty-two naturally infected pigs that received a single oral dose of 30 mg/kg. Pigs were sacrificed at eight weeks post-treatment to evaluate the cysts found in their carcasses, and to determine the cysticidal efficacy, which was defined as the proportion of degenerated cysts over total cysts. Only degenerated cysts were found in muscle, heart, and tongue of pigs treated with OFZ in all groups, which shows an efficacy of 100%. Viable and degenerated cysts were found in brains, being the efficacy lower in all groups (65% [commercial OFZ], 47% [local OFZ 22.5%] and 31% [local OFZ 10%], p = 0.355). Locally produced OFZ formulations were similarly effective to the commercial formulation and may provide a practical alternative for the treatment of porcine cysticercosis.

RESUMEN Se evaluó la eficacia de dos formulaciones de oxfendazol (OFZ) contra cisticercosis producidas localmente, al 22,5% y 10% en comparación con una formulación comercial (Synanthic 9,06%) en 22 cerdos naturalmente infectados, que recibieron una dosis oral de 30 mg/kg. Los cerdos fueron sacrificados a las ocho semanas postratamiento para evaluar quistes en en sus carcasas, y se determinó la eficacia cisticida a través de la proporción de quistes degenerados sobre el total. Solo se encontraron quistes degenerados en la musculatura, corazón y lengua de los cerdos tratados con OFZ en todos los grupos, lo cual muestra una eficacia del 100%. En los cerebros se encontraron quistes viables y degenerados, con una eficacia menor en todos los grupos (65% [OFZ comercial], 47% [OFZ local 22,5%] y 31% [OFZ local 10%], p = 0,355. Las formulaciones de OFZ producidas localmente fueron igual de efectivas que la formulación comercial y pueden proporcionar una alternativa para el tratamiento de la cisticercosis porcina.

ABSTRACT The efficacy of two locally produced oxfendazole (OFZ) formulations against cysticercosis at 22,5% and 10%, versus a commercial formulation (Synanthic 9,06%) was evaluated in twenty-two naturally infected pigs that received a single oral dose of 30 mg/kg. Pigs were sacrificed at eight weeks post-treatment to evaluate the cysts found in their carcasses, and to determine the cysticidal efficacy, which was defined as the proportion of degenerated cysts over total cysts. Only degenerated cysts were found in muscle, heart, and tongue of pigs treated with OFZ in all groups, which shows an efficacy of 100%. Viable and degenerated cysts were found in brains, being the efficacy lower in all groups (65% [commercial OFZ], 47% [local OFZ 22.5%] and 31% [local OFZ 10%], p = 0.355). Locally produced OFZ formulations were similarly effective to the commercial formulation and may provide a practical alternative for the treatment of porcine cysticercosis.

RESUMEN Se evaluó la eficacia de dos formulaciones de oxfendazol (OFZ) contra cisticercosis producidas localmente, al 22,5% y 10% en comparación con una formulación comercial (Synanthic 9,06%) en 22 cerdos naturalmente infectados, que recibieron una dosis oral de 30 mg/kg. Los cerdos fueron sacrificados a las ocho semanas postratamiento para evaluar quistes en en sus carcasas, y se determinó la eficacia cisticida a través de la proporción de quistes degenerados sobre el total. Solo se encontraron quistes degenerados en la musculatura, corazón y lengua de los cerdos tratados con OFZ en todos los grupos, lo cual muestra una eficacia del 100%. En los cerebros se encontraron quistes viables y degenerados, con una eficacia menor en todos los grupos (65% [OFZ comercial], 47% [OFZ local 22,5%] y 31% [OFZ local 10%], p = 0,355. Las formulaciones de OFZ producidas localmente fueron igual de efectivas que la formulación comercial y pueden proporcionar una alternativa para el tratamiento de la cisticercosis porcina.

Resumen Introducción. La evaluación y selección de nuevas especies forrajeras con atributos apropiados de producción y calidad es una estrategia segura y eficaz para mejorar la eficiencia de los sistemas de producción de leche en Colombia. Objetivo. Describir el proceso de desarrollo y las principales características de Altoandina, nueva variedad de avena forrajera. Materiales y métodos. Durante el segundo semestre de 2016 se realizó una prueba de evaluación agronómica (PEA) en cuatro localidades de la subregión Altiplano Cundiboyacense y en cuatro localidades de la subregión Altiplano de Nariño, en un diseño de bloques completos al azar, con dos genotipos de avena forrajera AV25-S y AV25-T y tres variedades (Avenar, Cajicá, Cayuse). Resultados. AV25-S y AV25-T presentaron: tolerancia al volcamiento, a diferencia de los tres testigos que mostraron un volcamiento superior al 30 %; resistencia a la roya de la hoja y del tallo y rendimiento de forraje verde de 64,6 y 65,3 t ha-1, respectivamente, superior al obtenido en Avenar (55,5), en Cajicá (43,7) y en Cayuse (59,1). Conclusión. AV25-T por su tolerancia a volcamiento, resistencia a la roya de la hoja y del tallo y rendimiento de forraje verde superior a las variedades comerciales, fue inscrita en el sistema nacional de cultivares como nueva variedad forrajera denominada Altoandina, con recomendación para la subregión Altiplano Cundiboyacense y Altiplano de Nariño.

Abstract Introduction. The evaluation and selection of new fodder species with appropriate production and quality attributes is a safe and effective strategy to improve the efficiency of milk production systems in Colombia. Objective. To describe the development process and the main characteristics of Altoandina, a new variety of fodder oats. Materials and methods. During the second half of 2016, an agronomic assessment test (PEA) was carried out in four locations in the Altiplano Cundiboyacense subregion and in four locations in the Altiplano of Nariño subregion, in a randomized complete block design, with two genotypes of fodder oats AV25-S and AV25-T and three varieties (Avenar, Cajica, Cayuse). Results. AV25-S and AV25-T showed: tolerance to overturn unlike the three controls that showed a overturn of more than 30%, resistance to leaf and stem rust, and green forage performance of 64.6 and 65.3 t ha-1, respectively, higher than that obtained in Avenar (55.5), Cajica (43.7) and Cayuse (59.1). Conclusion. AV25-T for its tolerance to overturning, resistance to leaf and stem rust and green fodder yield superior to commercial varieties, was registered in the national cultivar system as a new fodder variety called Altoandina, with recommendation for the Cundiboyacense Altiplano and Nariño Altiplano.

Abstract: The common testing protocol to determine the shear strength of bamboo parallel to grain is ISO 22157 (2004). However, widely documented limitations of this test procedure calls for an alternative testing protocol. This study compared ISO 22157 (2004) (TP1) and 2 alternative testing protocols proposed by Base Bahay (TP2a and 2b) in determining shear strength of bamboo parallel to grain. The study used a local bamboo known as “kawayang tinik” (Bambusa blumeana). Results showed that TP1 produced more pure shear failures at 65% compared to TP2a and TP2b at 55% each. Shear strength values between the three methods were not significantly different, although, TP2b resulted in the lowest coefficient of variation at 18%. Also, TP2b was found to be the most effective in terms of specimen preparation, ease of assembly of testing equipment, and low variability in data.

Abstract: The world is experiencing a new stage, the Fourth industrial Revolution or also called industry 4.0, which promotes the digital revolution of industries through the use of artificial intelligence and the internet of things; this revolution will generate new jobs. This work proposes the creation of Educational Mechatronics, which is an educational methodology that aims to develop the skills and abilities required by the jobs of the new industrial era by promoting the analytical thinking as a previous step forward critical thinking competence, allowing to generate solutions and innovative proposals for problems of industrial automation and automatic process control that companies from the industrial sector experience nowadays. The educational mechatronics integrates the Educational Model of the University, resources and existing academic spaces, practical activities and mechatronic prototypes focused on promoting the critical thinking of Mechatronic Engineering students through active learning. in addition, it is sought that with the inclusion of the Educational Mechatronics the level of attraction of the students for their career will be increased by having an intensive active participation in experimental sessions and thus reduce the percentage of student desertion. The forecoming engineers need to be trained with an innovative educational methodology since they will be in charge of strengthening and promoting the next technological revolution Industry 4.0, promoting new business and the social and economic development of the countries.

Natural infection by Fasciola hepatica is recorded in a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and a taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis), both from the department of Cusco. Animals were remitted to the Veterinary Institute (IVITA-Maranganí, FMV, UNMSM) by the authorities of the National Service of Flora and Fauna (SERFOR, Cusco Headquarters). Six trematodes were collected from the bile ducts during the necropsy of the animals, and they were preserved in 70% ethanol. Morphological analysis indicated that they correspond to F. hepatica. This was confirmed by analyzing of the mitochondrial DNA of the parasites by partially amplifying the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) and the NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1 (nad1) genes. Analysis of these genes had an identity greater than 99% compared to genes from GenBank. The present study demonstrates the occurrence of F. hepatica in these cervids, thus adding two new definitive hosts for the parasite.

En el presente trabajo se registra la infección natural por Fasciola hepatica en un venado de cola blanca (Odocoileus virginianus) y en una taruca (Hippocamelus antisensis), ambos procedentes del departamento de Cusco. Los animales fueron remitidos al Instituto Veterinario (IVITA-Maranganí, FMV, UNMSM) por las autoridades del Servicio Nacional de Flora y Fauna (SERFOR, Sede Cusco). Durante la necropsia de los animales se colectaron seis trematodos de los conductos biliares, los cuales fueron preservados en etanol al 70%. Las observaciones morfológicas indicaron que se trataban de F. hepatica. Esto fue confirmado analizando el ADN mitocondrial de los parásitos amplificando parcialmente los genes citocromo c oxidasa subunidad 1 (cox1) y el NADH deshidrogenasa subunidad 1 (nad1). El análisis de estos genes tuvo una identidad mayor al 99% comparado con registros del banco de genes (GenBank). El presente estudio demuestra la presencia de F. hepatica en estos cérvidos, agregando así dos nuevos hospederos definitivos para el parásito.

OBJECTIVES: Dengue cases range from asymptomatic to severe, eventually leading to hospitalization and death. Timely and appropriate management is critical to reduce morbidity. Since 1980, dengue has spread throughout Brazil, affecting an increasing number of individuals. This paper describes age and regional differences in dengue’s clinical presentation and associated risk of hospitalization based on more than 5 million cases reported to the Brazilian Ministry of Health from 2000-2014. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of ∼5,450,000 dengue cases, relating clinical manifestations and the risk of hospitalization to age, gender, previous infection by dengue, dengue virus serotype, years of formal education, delay to first attendance and the occurrence of dengue during outbreaks and in different Brazilian regions. RESULTS: Complicated forms of dengue occurred more frequently among those younger than 10 years (3.12% vs 1.92%) and those with dengue virus 2 infection (7.65% vs 2.42%), with a delay to first attendance >2 days (3.18% vs 0.82%) and with ≤4 years of formal education (2.02% vs 1.46%). The risk of hospitalization was higher among those aged 6-10 years old (OR 4.57; 95% CI 1.43-29.96) and those who were infected by dengue virus 2 (OR 6.36; 95% CI 2.52-16.06), who lived in the Northeast region (OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.11-2.10) and who delayed first attendance by >5 days (composite OR 3.15; 95% CI 1.33-8.9). CONCLUSIONS: In Brazil, the occurrence of severe dengue and related hospitalization is associated with being younger than 10 years old, being infected by dengue virus 2 or 3, living in the Northeast region (the poorest and the second most populated) and delaying first attendance for more than 2 days.

RESUMO A elevada variabilidade do HIV-1, bem como, a ausência de mecanismos eficientes de reparo durante os estágios da replicação viral, contribuem para a rápida emergência de cepas de HIV-1 resistentes aos antirretrovirais. A pressão seletiva exercida pelas drogas, leva à fixação de mutações capazes de conferir graus variados de resistência. A presença dessas mutações constitui um dos fatores mais importantes na falha da resposta terapêutica aos medicamentos. Assim, é de fundamental importância compreender os padrões de resistência e os mecanismos a eles associados, possibilitando a escolha de um esquema terapêutico apropriado que considere a frequência e outras características das mutações. Utilizando a Rede Neural Artificial Paraconsistente, assentada na Lógica Paraconsistente Anotada Et que tem a capacidade de mensurar incertezas e inconsistências, obtivemos níveis de concordância acima de 90% quando comparado à metodologia proposta com a metodologia atual empregada para classificar os subtipos do HIV-1. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que a Rede Neural Artificial Paraconsistente pode servir como ferramenta promissora de análise.

ABSTRACT The high variability of HIV-1 as well as the lack of efficient repair mechanisms during the stages of viral replication, contribute to the rapid emergence of HIV-1 strains resistant to antiretroviral drugs. The selective pressure exerted by the drug leads to fixation of mutations capable of imparting varying degrees of resistance. The presence of these mutations is one of the most important factors in the failure of therapeutic response to medications. Thus, it is of critical to understand the resistance patterns and mechanisms associated with them, allowing the choice of an appropriate therapeutic scheme, which considers the frequency, and other characteristics of mutations. Utilizing Paraconsistents Artificial Neural Networks, seated in Paraconsistent Annotated Logic Et which has the capability of measuring uncertainties and inconsistencies, we have achieved levels of agreement above 90% when compared to the methodology proposed with the current methodology used to classify HIV-1 subtypes. The results demonstrate that Paraconsistents Artificial Neural Networks can serve as a promising tool of analysis.

Objectives Determining the prevalence of intestinal parasitism and identifying the associated risk factors in the village of Loma Arena, Bolivar department, Colombia. Methodology The community's sanitary and educational conditions were evaluated by using a questionnaire which was applied to each family group. Two stool samples obtained by spontaneous evacuation, on two different days, were gathered from each participating person for the coproparasitological study. The coprological test involved direct examination in saline physiological solution and temporary staining with Lugol's solution and the formol-ether concentration method. Results It was found that 92 % of the population was parasitised, 92 % of them with at least one pathogenic parasite. Polyparasitism was very important (89,2 %); a maximum of 7 species per host was found. Helminth and protozoa coinfection was frequent (64 %). There was only 0,9 % teniosis prevalence. There was a significant association between symptomatology and parasite presence (p< 0.05), though such relationship was not seen with potentially pathogenic parasites (with the exception of Trichuris trichura and abdominal pain). The statistical analysis did not reveal any relationship between parasitism and educational level or sanitary habits. Conclusion The uniform distribution of most intestinal parasites amongst the five age-groups evaluated showed that people in Loma Arena were evenly exposed to sources of infection in all age-groups.

Objetivos Determinar la prevalencia del parasitismo intestinal e identificar los factores de riesgo asociados a estos, en el corregimiento de Loma Arena, Departamento de Bolívar, Colombia Metodología Mediante encuesta aplicada a cada grupo familiar, fueron evaluadas las condiciones socio-sanitarias y educativas de la población. Para el estudio coproparasitológico se recolectó por cada persona, dos muestras de heces obtenidas por evacuación espontánea y en dos días diferentes. El análisis de las heces se realizó mediante un examen directo en solución salina fisiológica y coloración temporal con lugol y por el método de concentración formol-éter Resultados Se encontró que el 92 % de las personas estaban parasitadas, 92 % de ellas con al menos un patógeno. El poliparasitismo fue muy importante (89,2 %) encontrándose hasta un máximo de 7 especies por hospedador. La coinfección de protozoarios y helmintos fue frecuente (64 %). Solo se encontró una frecuencia de teniosis de 0,9 %. Se observó una asociación significativa entre sintomatología y presencia de parásitos (p<0,05) no así, entre síntomas y parásitos potencialmente patógenos a excepción de Trichuris trichura y dolor abdominal. El análisis estadístico no mostró asociación entre las parasitosis y los niveles educativos o hábitos higiénicos sanitarios. Conclusión La distribución uniforme de la mayoría de las parasitosis intestinales en los cinco grupos de edad evaluados, da cuenta de la exposición a las fuentes de infección en todas las etapas de la vida de los pobladores de Loma Arena.