Abstract This study evaluated the effects of broiler age (A) and levels of replacement (L) of control diet (CD) on the utilization of energy and nutrients of whole corn germ. 720 one-day-old broilers (b) were allocated at completely randomized design to six treatments and six replicates, in three assays: pre-starter (1-8 days, 10 b/cage), starter (15-22 days, 6 b/cage), and grower (28-35 days, 4 b/cage) phases. The treatments were: CD and four test diets (L): 100, 150, 200, 250, or 300 g kg-1 of the CD replaced by WCG levels. The data were adjusted to the response surface model. The stationary points for apparent energy metabolizable (AME) and AME corrected for nitrogen balance (AMEn) were: 4173 and 3591 kcal kg-1, respectively, and coefficients of gross energy (AMCGE), crude protein (AMCCP), dry matter (AMCDM), and ether extract (AMCEE) were: 49.3, 40.4, 72.6, and 61.3%, respectively; and Ileal digestibility coefficient of crude protein (IDCCP), dry matter (IDCDM), digestibility crude protein values (DCP), and digestibility dry matter value (DDM) were: 78.0, 57.96, 8.50, and 56.17%, respectively. The EP for AMEn was at 18 days of age, 28 g kg-1 WCG. There was a correlation between A and L on digestibility and metabolisability of nutrient’s WCG. (A (L (CD germ 72 onedayold one day old b (b replicates assays prestarter pre 1 8 (1- b/cage, bcage b/cage , cage 1522 15 22 (15-2 2835 35 (28-3 phases 100 150 200 250 30 kg1 kg kg- model (AME (AMEn 417 359 kg1, 1, respectively AMCGE, AMCGE (AMCGE) AMCCP, AMCCP (AMCCP) AMCDM, AMCDM (AMCDM) AMCEE (AMCEE 493 49 3 49.3 404 40 40.4 726 72.6 613 61 61.3% IDCCP, IDCCP (IDCCP) IDCDM, IDCDM (IDCDM) DCP, DCP (DCP) DDM (DDM 780 78 0 78.0 5796 57 96 57.96 850 50 8.50 5617 56 17 56.17% 2 nutrient s 7 (1 152 (15- 283 (28- 20 25 41 (AMCGE (AMCCP (AMCDM 49. 40. 72. 61.3 (IDCCP (IDCDM (DCP 78. 579 5 9 57.9 85 8.5 561 56.17 ( (15 (28 61. 57. 8. 56.1 (2 56.

RESUMO A mancha-alvo na cultura da soja, causado pelo fungo Corynespora cassiicola, pode ser controlada pela aplicação de fungicidas. O grupo mais recente de fungicidas sítio-específicos registrados são os inibidores da succinato desidrogenase (ISDH). No entanto, aplicações excessivas podem contribuir para a seleção de populações menos sensíveis. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sensibilidade de 54 isolados de C. cassiicola aos fungicidas ISDH, bixafem e fluxapiroxade. Isolados de C. cassiicola foram obtidos de folhas de soja (n=53) e algodão (n=1), coletadas em cinco regiões produtoras, de 2014 a 2018. Para determinar a concentração efetiva para redução de 50% do crescimento fúngico (CE50) foi utilizada o método da microtitulação colorimétrica. Os valores de CE50 variaram de 0,02 μg mL-1 a 37,80 μg mL-1 para bixafem e de <0,0125 μg mL-1 a 44,40 μg mL-1 para fluxapiroxade, indicando a ocorrência de isolados de C. cassiicola com menor sensibilidade aos fungicidas avaliados. Isolados com maior e menor sensibilidade foram encontrados no mesmo local de coleta, sendo importante a adoção de estratégias antirresistência para evitar o aumento de populações menos sensíveis. manchaalvo mancha alvo sítioespecíficos sítio específicos ISDH. ISDH . (ISDH) entanto sensíveis 5 C fluxapiroxade n=53 n53 n 53 (n=53 n=1, n1 n=1 , 1 (n=1) produtoras 201 2018 50 CE (CE50 colorimétrica CE5 002 0 02 0,0 mL1 mL mL- 3780 37 80 37,8 00125 0125 <0,012 4440 44 40 44,4 avaliados coleta (ISDH n=5 n5 (n=5 n= (n=1 20 (CE5 00 0, 378 3 8 37, 0012 012 <0,01 444 4 44, (n= 2 (CE 001 01 <0,0 (n <0, <0 <

ABSTRACT Soybean target spot, caused by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola, can be controlled with fungicide application. Succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI) are the most recently registered group of site-specific fungicides. However, excessive use of these fungicides can contribute to the selection of less sensitive populations of the fungus. The current study aimed to assess the sensitivity of 54 C. cassiicola isolates to the SDHI fungicides bixafen and fluxapyroxad. The isolates were obtained from soybean (n=53) and cotton (n=1) leaves collected in five producing regions from 2014 to 2018. To determine the half-maximal effective concentration (EC50), the colorimetric microtiter plate assay was adopted. The EC50 values ranged from 0.02 μg mL-1 to 37.80 μg mL-1 for bixafen and from <0.0125 μg mL-1 to 44.40 μg mL-1 for fluxapyroxad, indicating the presence of C. cassiicola isolates with lower sensitivity to the tested fungicides. Isolates showing increased and reduced sensitivity were found in the same sampling site, which emphasizes the importance of adopting anti-resistance strategies to prevent the increase in less sensitive populations. spot application (SDHI sitespecific site specific However 5 C fluxapyroxad n=53 n53 n 53 (n=53 n=1 n1 1 (n=1 201 2018 halfmaximal half maximal EC50, EC , (EC50) adopted EC5 002 0 02 0.0 mL1 mL mL- 3780 37 80 37.8 00125 0125 <0.012 4440 44 40 44.4 antiresistance anti resistance n=5 n5 (n=5 n= (n= 20 (EC50 00 0. 378 3 8 37. 0012 012 <0.01 444 4 44. (n 2 (EC5 001 01 <0.0 (EC <0. <0 <

RESUMO A mancha-alvo na cultura da soja, causado pelo fungo Corynespora cassiicola, pode ser controlada pelo uso de cultivares menos sensíveis ao fungo, pela rotação de culturas e pela aplicação de fungicidas. O grupo mais recente de fungicidas sítio-específicos registrados são os inibidores da succinato desidrogenase (ISDH). No entanto, aplicações excessivas de fungicidas sítio-específicos podem contribuir para a seleção de populações menos sensíveis. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a sensibilidade de 54 isolados de C. cassiicola aos fungicidas ISDH, bixafem e fluxapiroxade. Isolados de C. cassiicola foram obtidos de folhas de soja (n=53) e de algodão (n=1), coletadas em cinco regiões produtoras de soja no Brasil (MT, PR, GO MS e MA), de 2014 a 2018. Para determinar a concentração efetiva para redução de 50% do crescimento micelial (CE50) foi utilizada o método da microtitulação colorimétrica. Os valores de CE50 variaram de 0,02 μg mL-1 a 37,80 μg mL-1 para bixafem e de <0,0125 μg mL-1 a 44,40 μg mL-1 para fluxapiroxade, indicando a ocorrência de isolados de C. cassiicola com menor sensibilidade aos fungicidas avaliados. Isolados com maior e menor sensibilidade foram encontrados no mesmo local de coleta, sendo importante a adoção de estratégias antirresistência, limitando o número de aplicações do mesmo grupo químico e associando os fungicidas sítio-específicos a fungicidas multissítios para evitar o aumento de populações menos sensíveis. manchaalvo mancha alvo sítioespecíficos sítio específicos ISDH. ISDH . (ISDH) entanto 5 C fluxapiroxade n=53 n53 n 53 (n=53 n=1, n1 n=1 , 1 (n=1) MT, MT (MT PR MA, MA MA) 201 2018 50 CE (CE50 colorimétrica CE5 002 0 02 0,0 mL1 mL mL- 3780 37 80 37,8 00125 0125 <0,012 4440 44 40 44,4 avaliados coleta antirresistência (ISDH n=5 n5 (n=5 n= (n=1 20 (CE5 00 0, 378 3 8 37, 0012 012 <0,01 444 4 44, (n= 2 (CE 001 01 <0,0 (n <0, <0 <

ABSTRACT Soybean target spot, caused by the fungus Corynespora cassiicola, can be controlled by using cultivars less susceptible to the fungus, crop rotation and fungicide applications. The most recently registered group of site-specific fungicides are succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHI). However, excessive use of these site-specific fungicides can contribute to the selection of less sensitive populations. The present study aimed to assess the sensitivity of 54 C. cassiicola isolates to the SDHI fungicides bixafen and fluxapyroxad. The isolates were obtained from soybean (n=53) and cotton (n=1) leaves collected in five soybean-producing regions in Brazil (MT, PR, GO, MS and MA) from 2014 to 2018. The half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) was determined by using the colorimetric microtiter plate assay. The EC50 values ranged from 0.02 μg mL-1 to 37.80 μg mL-1 for bixafen and <0.0125 μg mL-1 to 44.40 μg mL-1 for fluxapyroxad, indicating the presence of C. cassiicola isolates with lower sensitivity to the tested fungicides. Isolates with higher and lower sensitivity were found in the same location, emphasizing the importance of adopting anti-resistance strategies, such as limiting the number of applications of one same chemical group and combining site-specific with multi-site fungicides to prevent the increase in less sensitive populations. spot sitespecific site specific SDHI. . (SDHI) However populations 5 C fluxapyroxad n=53 n53 n 53 (n=53 n=1 n1 1 (n=1 soybeanproducing producing MT, MT (MT PR GO MA 201 2018 halfmaximal half maximal EC (EC50 assay EC5 002 0 02 0.0 mL1 mL mL- 3780 37 80 37.8 00125 0125 <0.012 4440 44 40 44.4 location antiresistance anti resistance strategies multisite multi (SDHI n=5 n5 (n=5 n= (n= 20 (EC5 00 0. 378 3 8 37. 0012 012 <0.01 444 4 44. (n 2 (EC 001 01 <0.0 <0. <0 <

ABSTRACT Determining the bioactivity of essential oils extracted from plants is crucial for the development of alternatives for controlling insect pests in stored grains. This study aimed to investigate the bioactivity of Piper aduncum L. essential oil for the control of Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Bioassays were conducted to determine the oil toxicity, sublethal effects, attractiveness and flight initiation behavior. Toxicity tests were carried out to determine the lethal concentrations for 50 and 95 % of the insects (LC50 and LC95). Tests were also performed with sublethal exposures to C. ferrurineus, S. oryzae and S. zeamais, using their respective LC5 values (0.0002, 0.097 and 0.11 µL cm-2), to investigate effects on the attraction or repellency activity, as well as flight tests. C. ferrugineus showed greater LC50 (0.0005 µL cm-2) and LC95 (0.0012 µL cm-2) susceptibility, in relation to S. oryzae LC50 (0.35 µL cm-2) and LC95 (1.26 µL cm-2), and S. zeamais LC50 (0.39 µL cm-2) and LC95 (1.40 µL cm-2). The exposure to the sublethal LC5 concentration influenced the behavioral responses of attractiveness/repellency and flight activity. The oil had a neutral effect on C. ferrugineus LC5 (0.0002 µL cm-2) and an attractive effect on S. oryzae and S. zeamais LC5 (0.097 and 0.11 µL cm-2), and can be considered a potential insecticide for controlling pest weevil species of stored grains. grains L Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae, Curculionidae , Cucujidae. Cucujidae . Cucujidae) toxicity behavior 5 9 LC (LC5 LC95. LC95) C ferrurineus S 0.0002, 00002 0 0002 0097 097 0.09 011 11 0.1 cm2, cm2 cm 2 activity 0.0005 00005 0005 (0.000 cm-2 LC9 0.0012 00012 0012 (0.001 susceptibility 0.35 035 35 (0.3 1.26 126 1 26 (1.2 0.39 039 39 1.40 140 40 (1.4 cm2. attractivenessrepellency 0.0002 (0.09 (LC 0000 000 009 09 0.0 01 0. 0.000 (0.00 cm- 0.001 0001 001 0.3 03 3 (0. 1.2 12 (1. 1.4 14 4 (0.0 00 0.00 (0 1. (1 (

RESUMO Determinar a bioatividade de óleos essenciais extraídos de plantas é primordial para o desenvolvimento de alternativas de controle de insetos-praga em grãos armazenados. Objetivou-se investigar a bioatividade do óleo essencial de Piper aduncum L. para o controle de Sitophilus zeamais (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), Sitophilus oryzae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) e Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Cucujidae). Foram realizados bioensaios para determinar a toxicidade do óleo, efeitos subletais, comportamento de atratividade e iniciação de voo. Testes de toxicidade foram realizados, determinando-se as concentrações letais para 50 e 95 % dos insetos (CL50 e CL95). Também foram realizados testes com exposições subletais para C. ferrurineus, S. oryzae e S. zeamais, utilizando-se as suas respectivas CL5 (0,0002; 0,097; e 0,11 µL cm-2), para averiguar efeitos na atividade de atração ou repelência, e testes de voo. C. ferrugineus apresentou maior susceptibilidade CL50 (0,0005 µL cm-2) e CL95 (0,0012 µL cm-2), em relação a S. oryzae CL50 (0,35 µL cm-2) e CL95 (1,26 µL cm-2) e S. zeamais CL50 (0,39 µL cm-2) e CL95 (1,40 µL cm-2). A exposição à concentração subletal CL5 influenciou nas respostas comportamentais de atratividade/repelência e atividade de voo das espécies. O óleo apresentou efeito neutro para C. ferrugineus CL5 (0,0002 µL cm-2) e atrativo para S. oryzae e S. zeamais CL5 (0,097 e 0,11 µL cm-2), podendo ser considerado potencial inseticida para o controle de espécies de gorgulhos-praga de grãos armazenados. insetospraga praga armazenados Objetivouse Objetivou se L Coleoptera (Coleoptera Curculionidae, Curculionidae , Cucujidae. Cucujidae . Cucujidae) determinandose determinando 5 9 CL (CL5 CL95. CL95) C ferrurineus S utilizandose utilizando 0,0002 00002 0 0002 0,097 0097 097 011 11 0,1 cm2, cm2 cm 2 repelência 0,0005 00005 0005 (0,000 cm-2 CL9 0,0012 00012 0012 (0,001 0,35 035 35 (0,3 1,26 126 1 26 (1,2 0,39 039 39 1,40 140 40 (1,4 cm2. atratividaderepelência (0,09 gorgulhospraga gorgulhos (CL 0,000 0000 000 0,09 009 09 01 0, (0,00 cm- 0,001 0001 001 0,3 03 3 (0, 1,2 12 (1, 1,4 14 4 (0,0 0,00 00 0,0 (0 1, (1 (

ABSTRACT Objectives: Candida spp. has been reported as one of the common agents of nosocomial bloodstream infections and is associated with a high mortality. Therefore, this study evaluated the clinical findings, local epidemiology, and microbiological aspects of candidemia in eight tertiary medical centers in the state of Parana, South of Brazil. Methods: In this study, we reported 100 episodes of candidemia in patients admitted to eight different hospitals in five cities of the state of Parana, Brazil, using data collected locally (2016 and 2017) and tabulated online. Results: The incidence was found to be 2.7 / 1000 patients / day and 1.2 / 1000 admissions. C. albicans was responsible for 49% of all candidemia episodes. Cancer and surgery were the two most common underlying conditions associated with candidemia. The mortality rate within 30 days was 48%, and removal of the central venous catheter (p = 0.029) as well as empirical or prophylactic exposure to antifungals were both related to improved survival (p = 0.033). Conclusions: This study highlights the high burden and mortality rates of candidemia in hospitals from Parana as well as the need to enhance antifungal stewardship program in the enrolled medical centers.

RESUMO Fitorremediação, como implementação de microalgas no tratamento de efluentes, é utilizada para remover compostos nitrogenados e fósforo que podem causar eutrofização. O presente estudo avaliou a fitorremediação de águas residuárias urbanas e piscicultura e o desempenho zootécnico do Litopenaeus vannamei, usando Chlorella vulgaris. As microalgas foram cultivadas em três tratamentos (efluente da estação de tratamento de esgoto T1 STS, efluente aquícola T2 FF e T3 meio padrão (SM) Guillard f/2), conduzidos em quintuplicata para cada meio de cultura, utilizando garrafão de 20 L por 8 dias. 5 L de inóculo (25%) mais 15 L de meio de cultura, T1 STS, T2 FF e T3 SM (75% de cada) foram usados para iniciar o estudo. O experimento com camarões foi realizado com três tratamentos em quintuplicata, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, durante 15 dias. Os animais foram mantidos em tanques de 100 L sob aeração constante, resultando em concentração acima de 5,0 mg L− 1 de oxigênio dissolvido, densidade de 70 animais m-3, alimentados quatro vezes ao dia (8:00, 11 : 00, 14:00 e 16:00 h) ofertando ração comercial T1 (C-Feed) com 35% de proteína bruta, T2 e T3 com ração comercial mais adição de 5% de biomassa seca de C. vulgaris. O melhor resultado para o desempenho de algas, biomassa lipídica e remoção de nutrientes foi o FF. O aditivo com melhor desempenho foi FF-Feed. C. vulgaris possui alto potencial para remoção de nutrientes de águas residuárias, produção de biomassa e lipídios, além de aumentar a produtividade do camarão.

ABSTRACT Phytoremediation, as the implementation of microalgae in the treatment of effluents, is used to remove nitrogen compounds and phosphorus that can cause eutrophication in receiving water bodies. The present study evaluated the phytoremediation of urban and fish farming wastewater and growth performance of Litopenaeus vannamei using microalgae Chlorella vulgaris. Microalgae were cultivated stationary with three treatments: T1 sewage treatment station effluent (STS), T2 fish farming effluent (FF) and T3 with standard medium (SM) Guillard f/2), conducted in quintuplicate for each culture medium, using a 20 L carboy for eight days. 5.0 L inoculum (25%) plus 15 L culture medium, T1 STS, T2 FF and T3 SM (75% of each) were used to start the experiment. The shrimp experiment was realized with three treatments in quintuplicates, completely randomized design, during 15 days. The animals were maintained in tanks of 100 L under constantly aerated, resulting in a concentration above 5.0 mg L− 1 of dissolved oxygen, in a density of 70 animals m-3, fed four times per day (8:00, 11:00, 14:00 and 16:00 h) offering to T1 commercial feed (C-Feed) with 35% crude protein, T2 and T3 with commercial feed plus addition of 5.0% dry biomass of C. vulgaris. The best result for algal perfomance, lipid biomass and nutrient removal was with Fish farm wastewater. The additive with the highest performance was FF-Feed. C. vulgaris has a high potential for removing nutrients from wastewater, producing biomass and lipids, in addition to increasing shrimp productivity.

ABSTRACT Candidemia is a significant cause of bloodstream infections (BSI) in nosocomial settings. The identification of species can potentially improve the quality of care and decrease human mortality. Quantitative PCR (qPCR) was evaluated for Candida albicans detection using culture suspensions containing C. albicans , spiked human blood, the cloned qPCR target fragment (ITS2 region) and the results of these assays were compared. The assays showed a good detection limit: C. albicans DNA extracted from yeast (sensitivity 0.2 CFU/µL), spiked human blood (sensitivity 10 CFU/mL), and cloned fragment of ITS2 region (sensitivity 20 target copies/μL). The efficiency of ITS2 fragment-qPCR ranged from 89.67 to 97.07, and the linearity (R2) of the standard curve ranged from 0.992 to 0.999. The results showed that this ITS2-qPCR has a great potential as a molecular prototype model for the development of a test to be applied in clinical practice, greatly reducing the time of candidemia diagnosis, which is extremely important in this clinical setting.

RESUMO O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do óleo essencial de Croton pulegiodorus Baill sobre oito populações de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky com diferentes padrões de susceptibilidade a inseticidas sintéticos. As populações foram obtidas de Sete Lagoas-MG, Jacarezinho-PR, Bom Conselho-PE, Garanhuns-PE, Jupi-PE, Lajedo-PE, São João-PE e Serra Talhada-PE. Para estimar as concentrações letais (CL50 e CL90) do óleo para cada população, foram realizados testes de fumigação. A susceptibilidade de S. zeamais ao óleo essencial variou entre as populações. Garanhuns e Bom Conselho foram considerados padrões de susceptibilidade, apresentando as menores CL50 (3,40 μL L-1 de ar) e CL90 (9,60 μL L-1 de ar) para C. pulegiodorus. A população de Jupi apresentou as maiores CL50 (14,49 μL L-1 de ar) e CL90 (19,60 μL L-1 de ar) para C. pulegiodorus. A razão de resistência variou de 1,84 vezes para população de São João a 4,26 vezes para a população de Jupi. Assim, o óleo essencial de C. pulegiodorus apresentou efeito fumigante causando mortalidade em todas as populações de S. zeamais utilizadas.

ABSTRACT The present study aimed to assess the effects of the essential oil of Croton pulegiodorus Baill on eight populations of Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky with different patterns of susceptibility to synthetic insecticides. Populations of S. zeamais were obtained from Sete Lagoas-MG, Jacarezinho-PR, Bom Conselho-PE, Garanhuns-PE, Jupi-PE, Lajedo-PE, São João-PE and Serra Talhada-PE. To estimate the lethal concentrations (LC50 and LC90) of oil for each population, fumigation tests were performed. The susceptibility of S. zeamais to the essential oil varied among populations. Garanhuns and Bom Conselho was considered the susceptibility patterns, presenting the lowest LC50 (3.40 μL L-1 of air) and LC90 (9.60 μL L-1 of air) for the essential oil, respectively. The population from Jupi exhibited the highest LC50 (14.49 μL L-1 of air) and LC90 (19.60 μL L-1 of air) for C. pulegiodorus. The resistance ratio ranged from 1.84 for the São João to 4.26 for the Jupi population. Thus, the essential oil of C. pulegiodorus showed fumigant activity, causing mortality in all S. zeamais populations used.

ABSTRACT Background: Hepatitis C is an important health problem. In Brazil, 1-2 million people are infected. Despite this expressive number, and the availability of very successful treatment, many patients remained undiagnosed mainly because of the asymptomatic nature of the infection. Objectives: To describe epidemiological characteristics of HCV-infected patients seen at referral centers in Brazil, the source of referral, and the time spanned to reach a reference center, in order to improve the identification of undiagnosed patients. Methods: Multicenter observational, cross-sectional study carried out in 15 centers of Brazil, between January/2016 and June/2017. Data of patients with a confirmed diagnosis (anti-HCV and HCV-RNA) were collected by interview using standard questionnaires and by review of charts. Results: Two thousand patients were included; 55.1% were male, mean age 58 ± 11 years. Only 14.9% had higher education and 84.2% received up to five monthly minimum Brazilian wages (approximately US$260.00/month). The time between diagnosis and beginning of follow-up was 22.9 months. The most common reasons for testing were check-up (33.2%) and blood donation (19%). General practitioners diagnosed most of the patients (30.1%). Fibrosis stage was mainly evaluated by liver biopsy (61.5%) and 31.3% of the patients were cirrhotic at diagnosis. Conclusions: This multicenter Brazilian study showed that the mean time to reach a referral center for treatment was almost two years. Primary care physicians diagnoses most hepatitis C cases in the country. Population campaigns and medical education should be encouraged to intensify screening of asymptomatic individuals, considering the efficiency of check-ups in identifying new patients.

RESUMO O fungo Corynespora cassiicola, agente causal da mancha-alvo na soja, apresenta baixa esporulação em meios de cultura artificiais, o que dificulta a produção de esporos em condições de laboratório. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a esporulação e o crescimento micelial radial de 21 isolados de C. cassiicola, obtidos de folhas de soja coletadas nas principais regiões produtoras do Brasil e submetidos a diferentes regimes de iluminação e estresse. Os isolados foram submetidos a três regimes de iluminação: luz contínua, 12 h/12 h de luz-escuro e escuro contínuo e duas condições de estresse mecânico: raspagem superficial da colônia ou ausência de estresse. A produção de esporos dos isolados foi quantificada utilizando um hemacitômetro, enquanto o crescimento micelial radial foi realizado pela média de dois diâmetros perpendiculares da colônia. A esporulação e o crescimento micelial radial sob diferentes regimes de iluminação e estresse, apresentaram comportamentos específicos para cada isolado. Não foi observada correlação significativa entre o crescimento micelial e a produção de esporos.

ABSTRACT The fungus Corynespora cassiicola, the causal agent of soybean target spot, presents low sporulation in artificial culture media, which makes difficult the production of spores under laboratory conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sporulation and the mycelium radial growth of 21 C. cassiicola isolates obtained from soybean leaves collected from the main soybean growing regions in Brazil and subjected to different light and stress regimes. The isolates were subjected to three light regimes: continuous light, 12 h / 12 h light-dark and continuous dark, and two mechanical stress conditions: superficial scraping of the colony or absence of stress. The spore production of isolates was quantified by using a hemacytometer, while the radial mycelium growth was determined based on the average of two perpendicular diameters of the colony. Sporulation and mycelium radial growth under different light and stress regimes presented specific behaviors for each isolate. There was no significant correlation between mycelial growth and spore production.

ABSTRACT The soybean looper Chrysodeixis includens is one of the main defoliating pests of soybean cultures in Brazil. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of offering different soybean genotypes to this insect to verify the occurrence of antixenosis. In a greenhouse, assays were carried out to determine the attractiveness of C. includens adults given free-choice tests. This experiment used a randomized block design with five replicates. A second experiment assessed oviposition preference using no-choice tests, employing a completely randomized design with five replicates. Seventeen soybean cultivars were used; several of these had previously been reported as carriers of resistance to more than one species of insect. In the laboratory, a morphological analysis was carried out by quantifying the number of trichomes on leaf surfaces and evaluating the color of the leaf blade of the germplasm. In the attractiveness assay, genotypes ‘IAC 19’, ‘IAC 18’, ‘IAC 23’, L1-1-01, PI 274453, PI 229358, PI 171451, ‘IAC 100’, ‘IAC 24’, ‘IAC 17’ and IAC 74-2832 were classified as repellents. In the oviposition preference experiment, PI 171451, PI 274453, ‘IAC 18’, L1-1-01 and ‘IAC 23’ showed the fewest eggs. The high density of trichomes presented by the genotypes PI 227687 and PI 274453 stand out as a possible C. includens resistance factor. The genotype L1-1-01 presented intermediate luminosity (L*) and more intense green (a*) and yellow (b*) colors compared to other genotypes. There was no correlation between oviposition and trichome density or leaf coloration.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate somatic embryogenesis in juvenile explants of the THB papaya cultivar. Apical shoots and cotyledonary leaves were inoculated in an induction medium composed of different concentrations of 2,4-D (6, 9, 12, 15 and 18 µM) or 4-CPA (19, 22, 25, 28 and 31 µM). The embryogenic calluses were transferred to a maturation medium for 30 days. Histological analysis were done during the induction and scanning electron microscopy after maturing. For both types of auxin, embryogenesis was achieved at higher frequencies with cotyledonary leaves incubated in induction medium than with apical shoots; except for callogenesis. The early-stage embryos (e.g., globular or heart-shape) predominated. Among the auxins, best results were observed in cotyledonary leaves induced with 4-CPA (25 µM). Histological analyses of the cotyledonary leaf-derived calluses confirmed that the somatic embryos (SEs) formed from parenchyma cells, predominantly differentiated via indirect and multicellular origin and infrequently via synchronized embryogenesis. The secondary embryogenesis was observed during induction and maturation phases in papaya THB cultivar. The combination of ABA (0.5 µM) and AC (15 g L-1) in maturation medium resulted in the highest somatic embryogenesis induction frequency (70 SEs callus-1) and the lowest percentage of early germination (4%).

OBJECTIVES: This study sought to assess the adherence of newly diagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma patients to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer system treatment guidelines and to examine the impact of adherence on the survival of patients in different stages of the disease. METHODS: This study included all patients referred for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma between 2010 and 2012. Patients (n=364) were classified according to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer guidelines. Deviations from the recommended guidelines were discussed, and treatment was determined by a multidisciplinary team. The overall survival curves were estimated with the Kaplan-Meier method and were compared using the log-rank test. RESULTS: The overall rate of adherence to the guidelines was 52%. The rate of adherence of patients in each scoring group varied as follows: stage 0, 33%; stage A, 45%; stage B, 78%; stage C, 35%; and stage D, 67%. In stage 0/A, adherent patients had a significantly better overall survival than non-adherent patients (hazard ratio=0.19, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.09-0.42; p<0.001). Among the stage D patients, the overall survival rate was worse in adherent patients than in non-adherent patients (hazard ratio=4.0, 95% CI: 1.67-9.88; p<0.001), whereas no differences were observed in patients in stages B or C. CONCLUSIONS: The rate of adherence to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging system in clinical practice varies according to clinical disease stage. Adherence to the recommended guidelines positively impacts survival, especially in patients with early-stage disease.

Through dereplication strategies using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and ultra fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS), the ethanol extract from Psycotria nemorosa leaves (Rubiaceae) showed to be composed of: cinnamic acid, dihydroactinidiolide, 4-hydroxy-β-ionone, phytol, isophytol, 4,8,12,16-tetramethylheptadecan-4-olide, lupeol, a mixture of α/β-amyrin, the keto and acetylated derivatives, besides stigmast-4-en-3-one, campesterol, stigmasterol and γ-sitosterol by GC-MS. Likewise, by UFLC-MS/MS, the main compounds identified were: butin, resveratrol, rutin, kaempferol 7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, deacetylasperuloside, epiloganin, hordenine, strictosidine, N-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline and N-formyl-tryptamine. The antinociceptive activity of the crude extract ant its fractions was reported.

RESUMO O artigo descreve a origem, desenvolvimento e principais resultados do programa de melhoramento de Capsicum da Embrapa Hortaliças, uma ação contínua com mais de três décadas. O artigo indica e ressalta como as parcerias, tanto nacionais, quanto internacionais, tanto com agentes públicos, como com agentes privados, foram essenciais para o sucesso do programa. O artigo discorre ainda sobre a formação do banco de germoplasma de Capsicum e sua importância para o programa de melhoramento, concluindo com uma série de desafios enfrentados e lições aprendidas, que poderão servir como pontos de reflexão para outros programas similares.

ABSTRACT The article describes the origin, development and main results of Embrapa Vegetables' Capsicum breeding program, a continuous activity for more than three decades. The article points out and highlights how partnerships, both in Brazil and abroad, both with the public and the private sectors, were vital to the success of the program. The article also glosses over the development of the Capsicum germplasm bank and its importance to the breeding program, concluding with a set of faced challenges and lessons learned which might be of interest to other similar programs.