Resumen. El loro barranquero (Cyanoliseus patagonus) se distribuye en zonas de sabana, estepa y pastizales de Chile y Argentina. En esta nota documentamos por primera vez el registro de esta especie para la ciudad de Tijuana, Baja California, México. El 14 de septiembre de 2018 tuvimos avistamientos de alrededor de 60 individuos buscando alimento en el suelo en un área comercial de la ciudad. Adicionalmente, entre febrero y octubre del 2021 registramos individuos de C. patagonus perchando sobre troncos de palma de taco (Washingtonia robusta) y ocupando oquedades excavadas en los troncos. De acuerdo con la literatura, C. patagonus naturalmente anida en acantilados, pero es capaz de incursionar en el uso de sustratos vegetales y antropogénicos para su nidificación. Recomendamos implementar un programa de monitoreo para conocer la dinámica de la población dentro de la zona urbana, ya que se trata de una especie exótica altamente gregaria y con un alto potencial de fungir como reservorio de Herpesvirus y Chlamydia psittaci, lo cual podría traer serias repercusiones a la salud pública.

Abstract. The natural distribution of the Burrowing Parrot (Cyanoliseus patagonus) includes savanna, steppe and grassland areas in Chile and Argentina. Here we report the first record of this species in Tijuana, Baja California, Mexico. On 14 September 2018, we observed around 60 individuals foraging on the ground in a commercial area of the city. Additionally, between February and October 2021 we recorded individuals of C. patagonus perched on trunks of the Mexican Fan Palm (Washingtonia robusta) and occupying cavities excavated in the trunks. According to the literature, C. patagonus naturally nests in cliffs, but is also able to use other plant and anthropogenic substrates for nesting. We recommend implementing a monitoring program to determine population dynamics of this species within the Tijuana urban area, as C. patagonus is a highly gregarious exotic species with strong potential to act as a reservoir for Herpesvirus and Chlamydia psittaci, which could have serious repercussions on public health.

Abstract Introduction: Ophidian accident is a global public health problem. In Mexico, there is a high incidence of snakebites, which cause medical complications that can leave severe sequelae. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological overview of snake venom poisoning in the Baja California (BC) peninsula within the 2003-2018 period. Method: A descriptive, retrospective analysis of reported cases was carried out, based on data collection and interpretation. Results: A total of 541 records were obtained, out of which 273 occurred in BC and 268 in Baja California Sur (BCS), with an annual average of 17.06 and 16.75, respectively. The incidence rate for BC was 7.62, while for BCS it was 33.09. The highest annual incidence rate in the state of BC corresponded to southern Ensenada, with a value of 42.3, while in BCS it corresponded to the municipality of Comondú, with a value of 54.04. Conclusions: Epidemiological analyses allow a better local, state and regional understanding of the problem, in order to develop efficient action protocols to face an ophidian accident, as well as to determine the training requirements of medical personnel and establish a support network for the treatment of cases.

Resumen Introducción: El accidente ofídico es un problema de salud pública mundial. En México existe una alta incidencia de mordeduras por serpientes, que provocan complicaciones médicas que pueden dejar secuelas severas. Objetivo: Analizar el panorama epidemiológico del ofidismo en la península de Baja California (BC) en los años 2003-2018. Método: Se hizo un análisis de tipo descriptivo y retrospectivo de los casos presentados, a partir de la recopilación e interpretación de la información. Resultados: Se obtuvieron 541 registros, de los cuales 273 se presentaron en BC y 268 en Baja California Sur (BCS), con un promedio anual de 17.06 y 16.75 respectivamente. La tasa de incidencia para BC fue de 7.62 y para BCS de 33.09. La tasa de incidencia anual más alta en el Estado de BC correspondió al sur de Ensenada, con un valor de 42.3, mientras que en BCS fue en Comondú, con un valor de 54.04. Conclusiones: Los análisis epidemiológicos permiten tener un mejor entendimiento local, estatal y regional de la problemática, para poder desarrollar protocolos de acción eficientes para enfrentar un accidente ofídico, así como para determinar las necesidades de capacitación del personal médico y establecer una red de ayuda para el tratamiento de casos.

The study of cultures involves researching the concepts of beliefs and norms in order to reveal the content of the rules that coordinate human behavior, a task often pursued through an approach based on psycho-socio-cultural premises (PSCP; Díaz-Guerrero, 2002). The basis of the ethnopsychology of Mexicans is formed by the original premises of the family (Díaz-Guerrero, 1994), which lack norms or beliefs to regulate the behavior of couples, the current gender situation, or aspects of postmodern life. The goal of the present study was to investigate PSCPs in a manner that would include norms and beliefs. In order to do this, items were taken from 4 inventories and administered to a non probabilistic purposive sample of 1624 men and women of various educational levels, living in 6 different regions of Mexico. The analysis of variance and the correlation analysis (r) conducted reveal the predominance of sexism, machismo and marianismo, which are indicative of a stronger attachment to the culture in people belonging to more traditional ecosystems, basically people with lower education and males.

Estudiar las culturas incluye indagar en torno a los conceptos de creencias y normas para obtener el contenido de las reglas que coordinan el comportamiento, lo que se ha estudiado a través de las premisas psico-socio-culturales (PPSC; Díaz-Guerrero, 2002). La base de la etnopsicología del mexicano son las premisas originales de la familia (Díaz-Guerrero, 1994), las cuales no incluyen normas y creencias que rigen el comportamiento de parejas, la situación actual de género y aspectos de la vida postmoderna. El objetivo de la investigación fue indagar sobre las PPSC de manera que incluyera normas y creencias, en base a ítems extraídos de 4 inventarios, en una muestra no probabilística intencional de 1624 hombres y mujeres con diferentes niveles educativos, provenientes de 6 regiones diversas de México. Los resultados de los análisis de varianza factorial y de correlaciones (r) muestran la preponderancia del sexismo, machismo y marianismo, que marcan un apego mayor a la cultura conforme las personas pertenecen a ecosistemas más tradicionales, básicamente cuando la educación es más baja y cuando son hombres.

We utilized two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and immunoblotting (2D-immunoblotting) with anti-Sporothrix schenckii antibodies to identify antigenic proteins in cell wall preparations obtained from the mycelial and yeast-like morphologies of the fungus. Results showed that a 70-kDa glycoprotein (Gp70) was the major antigen detected in the cell wall of both morphologies and that a 60-kDa glycoprotein was present only in yeast-like cells. In addition to the Gp70, the wall from filament cells showed four proteins with molecular weights of 48, 55, 66 and 67 kDa, some of which exhibited several isoforms. To our knowledge, this is the first 2D-immunoblotting analysis of the S. schenckii cell wall.

Alpha 1,2-mannosidases from glycosyl hydrolase family 47 participate in N-glycan biosynthesis. In filamentous fungi and mammalian cells, α1,2-mannosidases are present in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex and are required to generate complex N-glycans. However, lower eukaryotes such Saccharomyces cerevisiae contain only one α1,2-mannosidase in the lumen of the ER and synthesise high-mannose N-glycans. Little is known about the N-glycan structure and the enzyme machinery involved in the synthesis of these oligosaccharides in the dimorphic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. Here, a membrane-bound α-mannosidase from S. schenckii was solubilised using a high-temperature procedure and purified by conventional methods of protein isolation. Analytical zymograms revealed a polypeptide of 75 kDa to be responsible for enzyme activity and this purified protein was recognised by anti-α1,2-mannosidase antibodies. The enzyme hydrolysed Man9GlcNAc2 into Man8GlcNAc2 isomer B and was inhibited preferentially by 1-deoxymannojirimycin. This α1,2-mannosidase was localised in the ER, with the catalytic domain within the lumen of this compartment. These properties are consistent with an ER-localised α1,2-mannosidase of glycosyl hydrolase family 47. Our results also suggested that in contrast to other filamentous fungi, S. schenckii lacks Golgi α1,2-mannosidases and therefore, the processing of N-glycans by α1,2-mannosidases is similar to that present in lower eukaryotes.

Protein glycosylation pathways, commonly found in fungal pathogens, offer an attractive new area of study for the discovery of antifungal targets. In particular, these post-translational modifications are required for virulence and proper cell wall assembly in Candida albicans, an opportunistic human pathogen. The C. albicans MNS1 gene is predicted to encode a member of the glycosyl hydrolase family 47, with 1,2-mannosidase activity. In order to characterise its activity, we first cloned the C. albicans MNS1 gene into Escherichia coli, then expressed and purified the enzyme. The recombinant Mns1 was capable of converting a Man9GlcNAc2 N-glycan core into Man8GlcNAc2 isomer B, but failed to process a Man5GlcNAc2-Asn N-oligosaccharide. These properties are similar to those displayed by Mns1 purified from C. albicansmembranes and strongly suggest that the enzyme is an ±1,2-mannosidase that is localised to the endoplasmic reticulum and involved in the processing of N-linked mannans. Polyclonal antibodies specifically raised against recombinant Mns1 also immunoreacted with the soluble ±1,2-mannosidases E-I and E-II, indicating that Mns1 could share structural similarities with both soluble enzymes. Due to the high degree of similarity between the members of family 47, it is conceivable that these antibodies may recognise ±1,2-mannosidases in other biological systems as well.