Abstract: Since the end of the civic-military dictatorship in Chile, modifications have been made to the regulations governing punitive measures and sanctions that can marginalize students from school. In this research, we aim to examine how have been incorporated into this process expulsion or cancellation of enrollment measures as security policies in Chilean schools. To do this, we reviewed laws, decrees, and policy documents in the field of School Coexistence from the year 2000 to the present. A transition can be observed, from the initial regulations that sought to stop the excesses and abuses permitted by the legislation inherited from the military regime, towards regulations framed within a paradigm of a safe school, which emerged in the context of secondary student mobilizations.

Resumen: Desde el fin de la dictadura cívico-militar en Chile, se han hecho modificaciones a las normativas que regulan las medidas punitivas y las sanciones que pueden marginar a estudiantes de la escuela. En esta investigación, se busca revisar cómo se han instalado en ese proceso las medidas de expulsión o cancelación de matrícula como políticas de seguridad en la escuela en Chile. Para eso, se revisaron leyes, decretos y documentos de políticas en el ámbito de la Convivencia Escolar desde el año 2000 a la actualidad. Se logra apreciar una transición, desde las primeras regulaciones que buscaban detener los excesos y los abusos que permitía la legislación y que eran herencia del régimen militar; hacia regulaciones enmarcadas en un paradigma de la escuela segura, que se instala en el marco de las movilizaciones de estudiantes secundarias/os.

Resumo: Desde o fim da ditadura cívico-militar no Chile, foram feitas modificações nas normativas que regulam as medidas punitivas e as sanções que podem marginalizar estudantes da escola. Nesta pesquisa, busca-se revisar como as medidas de expulsão ou cancelamento de matrícula foram instaladas neste processo como políticas de segurança na escola do Chile. Para isso, foram revisadas leis, decretos e documentos políticos no âmbito da Convivência Escolar desde o ano 2000 até o presente. Pode-se observar uma transição, desde as primeiras regulamentações que buscavam deter os excessos e os abusos permitidos pela legislação e que eram herança do regime militar; em direção a regulamentações enquadradas num paradigma de escola segura, que se instala no contexto das mobilizações de estudantes secundários.

Abstract The objective was to know the population structure of Holstein animals in the family dairy system, to identify possible origins of the genetic material, to know the degree of inbreeding and to identify possible traces of selection in the genome, which allow glimpses of the traits that have been improved over the years. The study included 270 animals genotyped with the GGP-50K® chip. After genotype quality control, 43,548 autosomal SNPs were included. To know the population structure, analyses of mixtures and principal components (PCs) were performed. To know genomic inbreeding and detect traces of selection, information on runs of homozygosity (ROH) was used. Mixture analysis was performed with the Admixture software, and PC, ROH and inbreeding analyses were performed with SVS-v7.6.8. Mixture analysis showed evidence of six components, all linked to Holstein bulls families with different country of origin. The PCs did not show stratification of the population by herd. The mean inbreeding coefficient was 0.59 ± 0.53 %. In the regions of the genome with ROHs most frequent in the population (≥20 animals), numerous associations, QTLs and genes related to milk production and composition, fertility parameters, susceptibility to diseases, body conformation, feed efficiency and some characteristics of carcass composition have been reported. The results reflect the existence of a wide genetic diversity in this population and the possibility of carrying out genetic improvement work through selection without affecting inbreeding levels.

Resumen El objetivo fue conocer la estructura poblacional de los animales Holstein del sistema de lechería familiar, identificar posibles orígenes del material genético, conocer el grado de consanguinidad e identificar posibles huellas de selección en el genoma, que permitan vislumbrar las características que se han mejorado a través de los años. El estudio incluyó 270 animales genotipados con el chip GGP-50K®. Después del control de calidad de genotipos, se incluyeron 43,548 SNP autosómicos. Para conocer la estructura poblacional se realizaron análisis de mezclas y componentes principales (CP). Para conocer la consanguinidad genómica y detectar huellas de selección, se usó información de corridas de homocigosidad (ROH). El análisis de mezclas se realizó con el software Admixture, y los de CP, ROH y consanguinidad se realizaron con SVS-v7.6.8. El análisis de mezclas mostró evidencia de seis componentes, todos ligados a familias de sementales Holstein con diferente país de origen. Los CP no evidenciaron estratificación de la población por hato. El coeficiente de consanguinidad promedio fue de 0.59 ± 0.53 %. En las regiones del genoma con ROH más frecuentes en la población (≥20 animales), se han reportado numerosas asociaciones, QTL y genes relacionados con producción y composición de la leche, parámetros de fertilidad, susceptibilidad a enfermedades, conformación corporal, eficiencia alimenticia y algunas características de composición de la canal. Los resultados reflejan la existencia de una amplia diversidad genética en esta población y la posibilidad de realizar trabajos de mejoramiento genético a través de selección sin afectar los niveles de consanguinidad.

ABSTRACT Objective. To identify the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in wastewater from hospitals in Peru. Materials and methods. Water samples were collected from the effluents of nine hospitals in Peru during March and September 2022. SARS-CoV-2 was identified by using Illumina sequencing. Variant, lineage and clade assignments were carried out using the Illumina and Nextclado tools. We verified whether the SARS-CoV-2 variants obtained from wastewater were similar to those reported by the National Institute of Health of Peru from patients during the same period and region. Results. Eighteen of the 20 hospital wastewater samples (90%) provided sequences of sufficient quality to be classified as the Omicron variant according to the WHO classification. Among them, six (30%) were assigned by Nextclade to clades 21K lineage BA.1.1 (n=1), 21L lineage BA.2 (n=2), and 22B lineages BA.5.1 (n=2) and BA .5.5 (n=1). Conclusions. SARS-CoV-2 variants were found in hospital wastewater samples and were similar to those reported by the surveillance system in patients during the same weeks and geographic areas. Wastewater monitoring could provide information on the environmental and temporal variation of viruses such as SARS-CoV-2.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Identificar la presencia del virus SARS-CoV-2 en aguas residuales de hospitales en Perú. Materiales y métodos. Se recolectaron muestras de agua en los efluentes de nueve hospitales del Perú durante marzo y septiembre de 2022 y se realizó la identificación de SARS-CoV-2 mediante secuenciación Illumina. Las asignaciones de variantes, linajes y clados se llevaron a cabo con las herramientas Illumina y Nextclado. Verificamos si las variantes de SARS-CoV-2 obtenida de las aguas residuales fueron similares a las reportadas por el Instituto Nacional de Salud del Perú procedentes de pacientes durante el mismo período y región. Resultados. Dieciocho de las 20 muestras de aguas residuales hospitalarias (90%) proporcionaron secuencias con la calidad suficiente para ser clasificadas como variante Ómicron según la clasificación de la OMS. Entre ellos, seis (30%) fueron asignados por Nextclade a los clados 21K linaje BA.1.1 (n=1), 21 L linaje BA.2 (n=2) y 22B linajes BA.5.1 (n=2) y BA.5.5 (n=1). Conclusiones. Se encontraron variantes del SARS-CoV-2 en muestras de aguas residuales hospitalarias y que fueron similares a las reportadas por el sistema de vigilancia en pacientes durante las mismas semanas y áreas geográficas. El monitoreo de aguas residuales podría proporcionar información sobre la variación ambiental y temporal de virus como el SARS-CoV-2.

Resumo Objetivo. O estudo investiga a situação atual da pesquisa educacional na Colômbia, com base nas tendências de pesquisa que emergem dos processos desenvolvidos por universidades, grupos e linhas de pesquisa no país. Metodologia. O desenho metodológico responde a uma análise de conteúdo descritiva, assente na abordagem da complementaridade, que constitui uma abordagem qualitativa orientada para a compreensão holística das realidades culturais, baseada na análise de múltiplas fontes de informação. Conclusões . a pesquisa mostra que, apesar da multiplicidade de processos investigativos nas ciências da educação, a Colômbia ainda não consolidou uma estrutura de pesquisa que permita inter-relacionar a geração de conhecimento disciplinar, interdisciplinar ou transdisciplinar para promover a qualidade educacional e a mudança social no território nacional.

Resumen Objetivo. El estudio indaga la situación actual de la investigación educativa en Colombia, a partir de las tendencias investigativas que emergen de los procesos desarrollados por las universidades, los grupos y las líneas de investigación en el país. Metodología. El diseño metodológico responde a un análisis de contenido, orientado desde el enfoque de complementariedad, el cual busca el abordaje holístico de las realidades culturales. Resultados. La investigación muestra que, a pesar de la multiplicidad de procesos investigativos en ciencias de la educación, Colombia aún no ha consolidado una estructura investigativa que permita interrelacionar la generación de saber disciplinar, interdisciplinar o transdisciplinar para promover la calidad educativa y el cambio social en el territorio nacional.

Abstract Purpose. The study investigates the current situation of educational research in Colombia, based on the research trends that emerge from the processes developed by universities, groups and lines of research in the country. Method. The methodological design responds to a descriptive content analysis, based on the complementarity perspective, which constitutes a qualitative approach aimed at the holistic understanding of complex cultural realities, based on the analysis of multiple sources of information. Results. The research shows that, despite the multiplicity of research processes in educational sciences, Colombia has not yet consolidated a research structure that enables the generation of disciplinary, interdisciplinary, or transdisciplinary knowledge to promote educational quality and social change in the national territory.

ABSTRACT The conservation of forage as silage allows its application during the dry season in dairy cattle feeding. The most commonly used forage for this purpose is maize (Zea mays L.), but due to the possible effects of climate change, the diversification of crops with shorter agronomic cycles as wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) should be considered. Therefore, the objective was to evaluate the chemical composition of silages, the productive response of dairy cows fed wheat and maize silage, as well as their feeding costs. Three treatments were evaluated with 9.8 kg DM cow-1 d-1 silage plus 4.6 kg DM cow-1 d-1 commercial concentrate each. Treatments were 100% wheat silage (WS), 50% wheat silage-50% maize silage (WMS), and 100% maize silage (MS). Six Holstein cows were used in groups of three randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a 3×3 Latin square design repeated twice. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) between treatments in silage chemical composition, except in NDF and ADF (P > 0.05). There were nonsignificant differences in animal variables (P > 0.05) with mean milk yield of 15.4 kg cow-1 d-1, 33.7 g kg-1 milkfat, 30.5 g kg-1 milk protein, 481.2 kg live weight and 2.1 body condition score. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in silage and total DM intake in the third experimental period (three periods, 14 d each one) with 8.1 and 12.7 kg DM cow-1 d-1, respectively. Although cost for wheat silage were higher than maize silage, all three treatments showed positive margins on feeding costs.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar ensilado de Tithonia tubiformis con diferentes aditivos para determinar composición química, parámetros de fermentación ruminal y de producción de gas in vitro. Se evaluaron dos etapas fenológicas (floración y reproductiva) y tres tratamientos de aditivos; control (CTR), melaza (MLZ) y bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL), mediante un diseño experimental factorial 3x2. Las variables evaluadas fueron materia seca (MS), materia orgánica (MO), proteína cruda (PC), fibra detergente neutro (FDN), fibra detergente acido (FDA), energía metabolizable estimada (eEM), digestibilidad in vitro de la MS (DIVMS), MO (DIVMO) y de la FDN (DIVFDN) y producción de gas in vitro. Se presentaron diferencias (P < 0.05) en las variables de composición química, digestibilidad in vitro, eEM y parámetros de cinética de fermentación entre tratamientos a excepción de FDA, DIVFDN, C1, B, C2 y lag, para etapas fenológicas se presentaron diferencias (P < 0.05) en todas las variables a excepción de FDN, FDA, A y C1.

Abstract The objective was to evaluate Tithonia tubiformis silage with different additives to determine its chemical composition, ruminal fer mentation parameters and in vitro gas production, two phenological stages (flowering and reproductive) and three additive treatments for the silages were evaluated; control (CTR), molasses (MLZ) and lactic acid bacteria (BAL), through an analysis of variance with a 3x2 factorial experimental design. The variables evaluated were dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), estimated metabolizable energy (eEM), in vitro digestibility of DM (IVDDM), MO (IVDOM) and NDF (IVDNDF), as well as in vitro gas production. Differences (P < 0.05) were found in the chemical composition, in vitro digestibility, eEM and parameters of fermentation kinetics variables between treatments, except for ADF, IVNDF, C1, B, C2 and lag, regarding phenological stages there were differences (P < 0.05) in all variables except for NDF, ADF, A and C1.

Resumen Introducción: La sinaptopatía coclear por exposición a ruido (SCER) es definida como una alteración funcional transitoria o permanente de las sinapsis en cinta de las células pilosas internas de la cóclea. Este artículo tiene el objetivo de comentar la utilidad de la identificación temprana de la pérdida auditiva oculta por SCER basado en marcadores audiológicos y en la metodología usada en grupos clínicos para su búsqueda. Método: Revisión de la literatura relacionada en bases científicas y la narración descriptiva de los resultados. Resultados: La SCER produce una pérdida auditiva oculta en pacientes con audiograma normal, principalmente obreros o individuos expuestos a niveles de ruido intenso. Los principales estudios de identificación de la SCER han sido realizados principalmente en estudiantes universitarios o en músicos. Conclusiones: Son necesarios ajustes en la política de salud auditiva para una amplia identificación temprana de la SCER en las poblaciones en riesgo para la pérdida auditiva oculta y luchar por una regulación del daño.

Abstract Introduction: Cochlear synaptopathy after noise exposure (CSNE) is defined as the transient or permanent functional damage to the ribbon synapsis of the inner hair cells of the cochlea. This article has the objective of comment the usefulness of early identification of the hidden hearing loss after CSNE based on audiological markers and in changes in the clinical methodology in clinical groups for its searching. Method: Review of related literature in scientific databases and narrative description of results. Results: CSNE results in a hidden hearing loss in patients with normal pitch audiogram, mainly workers or individuals exposed to high noise levels. The main studies of identification have been performed mainly in groups of students from college or musicians. Conclusions: Is necessary adjustments in hearing health policy for an wide early identification of CSNE in at risk populations for the identification of the hidden hearing loss and fight for its damage regulation.

Abstract Background: Goat production has grown worldwide as a way to improve the quality of rural life and reduce the environmental footprint; nevertheless, there is a need to increase productivity through improved feeding strategies. The market demands healthier products with organoleptic characteristics similar to the traditional ones; thus, it is necessary to evaluate the effect of new forages for goats and its acceptance by consumers. Chemical and organoleptic composition of goat milk vary according to the diet which, in turn, affects the characteristics of cheese. Cheese texture, taste and smell are the most important sensory attributes for consumers. Objective: To evaluate the effect of substituting corn straw with sunflower hay associated with chickpea for dairy goats on yield, chemical composition and sensory acceptability of cheese, as well profitability. Methods: Twenty-eight Saanen dairy goats were randomly assigned to two treatments in a 30-day experiment on a small farm. The daily ration per goat in the MZST treatment (control treatment) consisted of alfalfa hay (200 g/goat/day) and concentrate (400 g/goat/day) plus 600 g/goat/day (50% of the ration) of corn straw. The SFCP treatment substituted corn straw with sunflower-chickpea hay; it had the same alfalfa and concentrate content, but with no corn straw and was added with 600 g/goat/day of sunflower-chickpea hay. The yield, composition and sensory evaluation of fresh cheese made with milk from each treatment were recorded, and the feeding costs and returns evaluated. Variables for the chemical composition of cheese were analyzed following a completely randomized design. Results: Significant differences were observed in cheese yield and all chemical composition variables. According to sensory evaluation, SFCP cheese had significantly higher scores for texture and odor but lower for taste and overall acceptability compared to MZST. In terms of profitability, SFCP increased feed costs by 5% but resulted in higher margins over feed costs of 12 and 24% for milk and cheese, respectively, compared to MZST. Conclusion: In spite of favorable performance and economic returns of MZST treatment (control treatment), the organoleptic characteristics of the cheese reduced its general acceptance.

resumen está disponible en el texto completo

Resumo Antecedentes: A produção de caprinos em todo o mundo tem crescido como forma de melhorar a qualidade de vida rural e reduzir a pegada ambiental; pero há uma necessidade de aumentar a produtividade através de estratégias de alimentação melhoradas. A crescente procura dos consumidores por produtos mais saudáveis mas com características organolépticas semelhantes aos tradicionais, tornou necessário desenvolver estratégias para satisfazer esta necessidade, pelo que é necessário avaliar o efeito de novas forrageiras nas dietas na sua aceitação pelos consumidores. A composição química e organoléptica do leite de cabra varia de acordo com a dieta, o que por sua vez afeta as características do queijo de leite de cabra. Entre os atributos sensoriais mais importantes para os consumidores estão textura, sabor e cheiro. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito da substituição da palha de milho por feno de girassol associada ao grão-de-bico na alimentação de cabras leiteiras, em termos de rendimento, composição química e aceitabilidade sensorial do queijo, bem como desempenho econômico. Métodos: Vinte e oito cabras leiteiras Saanen foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos em um experimento de 30 dias em uma fazenda de pequena escala. A ração diária por cabra no tratamento MZST (tratamento controle) consistia em feno de alfafa (200 g/cabra/dia) e concentrado (400 g/cabra/dia) mais 600 g/cabra/dia (50% da ração) de a palha de milho e o tratamento SFCP (tratamento substituiu o feno de girassol-grão moído) continham os mesmos teores de alfafa e concentrado, mas com 600 g/cabra/dia de feno de girassol-grão. O rendimento, a composição e a avaliação sensorial dos queijos in natura feitos com leite de cada tratamento foram registrados e os custos de alimentação e retornos avaliados. As variáveis de composição química dos queijos foram analisadas seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Resultados: Houve diferenças significativas no rendimento do queijo e para todas as variáveis de composição química. A avaliação sensorial mostrou que o queijo SFCP teve pontuações significativamente mais altas para textura e odor, mas significativamente mais baixas para sabor e aceitabilidade geral em comparação com o MZST. Em termos econômicos, o SFCP aumentou os custos com alimentação em 5%, mas resultou em margens mais altas sobre os custos com alimentação de 12 e 24% para leite e queijo, respectivamente, em comparação com o MZST. Conclusão: Apesar do desempenho favorável e do retorno econômico com o tratamento MZST (tratamento controle), mudanças nas características organolépticas do queijo reduziram sua aceitação geral.

ABSTRACT Small-grain cereals may be a forage alternative for small-scale dairy systems under limiting climatic conditions given their short agronomic cycle. Cereals as dual-purpose forages (grazing and silage) have not been evaluated in Mexico. The objective was to assess the inclusion of rye (Secale cereale L.) (SCS) or triticale (×Triticosecale spp.) silage (TRS). The treatments were: T1 = 10 kg DM cow-1 d-1 SCS, T2 = 10 kg DM TRS, in both treatments with grazing access (8 h d-1) of a Kikuyu grass (Cenchrus clandestinus (Hochst. ex Chiov.) Morrone) pasture and supplemented with 3.6 kg DM cow-1 d-1 concentrate; in a double cross-over with six cows and three 14 d experimental periods, animal (milk yield, live weight, body condition score, and sampling for milk composition) and feed variables (net herbage accumulation, sward height and sampling for chemical composition) were recorded during the last 4 d of each period. There were no differences (P > 0.05) between treatments for milk yield (13.3 ± 2.8 kg cow-1 d-1), live weight (512.1 ± 85.9 kg), body condition score (2.2 ± 0.2), milk fat (35.8 ± 5.2 g kg-1), milk protein (27.8 ± 0.6 g kg-1), milk urea N (9.8 ± 2.5 mg dL-1) or milk pH (6.8 ± 0.07). Feeding costs were lower in SCS (P < 0.05); which may be an alternative for small-scale dairy systems. It is concluded that both rye and triticale are good alternatives as dual-purpose forage crops.

Resumen: Las habilidades de lectura inicial han sido ampliamente estudiadas, siendo las más reconocidas la conciencia fonológica (CF), el conocimiento del alfabeto (CA), la velocidad de nombrado (rapid automatic naming, RAN), la memoria fonológica (MF) y escritura de las letras. Diversos programas de intervención han buscado estimular y desarrollar estas habilidades, con efectos positivos. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo desarrollar una revisión sistemática de programas de intervención de lectura inicial realizados a estudiantes hispanohablantes. Para ello, se utilizó como enfoque y diseño la revisión sistemática de la literatura. La muestra de este estudio corresponde a 20 artículos (investigaciones empíricas) disponibles en la base de datos WoS, SCOPUS y SciELO. Los resultados indican que los programas en su mayoría (70 %) son de tipo mixto, con desarrollo de habilidades de decodificación y significado, el 70 % de los programas realizan intervención de manera colectiva (con todo el grupo del aula), mediante diversos recursos materiales, tales como cuaderno, lápices, cuentos, tablet, pizarra digital, etc. El 35 % de los programas se organizan en más de 70 sesiones. En relación con la edad, el 75 % de los estudios revisados realiza su intervención en el rango de edad de 5 a 6 años, mediante diversas actividades, dentro de las que se destacan ejercicios de CF, segmentación de sílabas, identificación de sonidos, análisis y síntesis fonémica, lectura de cuentos, búsqueda de palabras, CA a través de canciones. Las habilidades más trabajadas son la CF (80 %) y CA (65 %) seguida por el vocabulario con un 45 %. Se puede apreciar mayor impacto sobre las habilidades referidas a la decodificación, es decir, aquellos programas que desarrollan la CF junto con el CA. Algunos patrones que se destacan entre los programas es la sistematicidad, estructura y la instrucción explícita de las habilidades que buscan desarrollar.

Abstract: Initial reading skills have been widely studied, the most recognized being phonological awareness (PA), alphabet knowledge (AK), rapid automatic naming (RAN), phonological memory (FM) and letter writing. Several intervention programs have sought to stimulate and develop these skills, with positive effects. The present study aims to develop a systematic review of initial reading intervention programs for Spanish-speaking students. For this purpose, a systematic review of the literature was used as the approach and design. The sample of this study corresponds to 20 articles (empirical research) available in the WoS, SCOPUS and SciELO databases. The results indicate that most of the programs (70 %) are of a mixed type, with development of decoding and meaning skills, 70 % of the programs perform intervention collectively (with the whole classroom group), using various material resources, such as notebook, pencils, stories, tablet, digital whiteboard, etc. Thirty-five percent of the programs are organized in more than 70 sessions. In relation to age, 75 % of the studies reviewed carry out their intervention in the age range of 5 to 6 years, through various activities, within which PA exercises, syllable segmentation, sound identification, phonemic analysis and synthesis, story reading, word search, AK through songs stand out. The most worked skills are PA (80 %) and AK (65 %) followed by vocabulary with 45 %. A greater impact can be seen on skills related to decoding, i.e., those programs that develop PA together with AK. Some patterns that stand out among the programs are the systematicity, structure and explicit instruction of the skills they seek to develop.

Resumo: As habilidades de leitura precoce foram amplamente estudadas, sendo a mais amplamente reconhecida a consciência fonológica (CF), o conhecimento do alfabeto (CA), a nomeação automática rápida (rapid automatic naming, RAN), a memória fonológica (MF) e a escrita de letras. Vários programas de intervenção têm procurado estimular e desenvolver essas habilidades, com efeitos positivos. O presente estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver uma revisão sistemática dos programas de intervenção de leitura precoce para estudantes de língua espanhola. Para este fim, foi utilizada uma revisão sistemática da literatura como abordagem e projeto. A amostra deste estudo corresponde a 20 artigos (pesquisa empírica) disponíveis nas bases de dados WoS, SCOPUS e SciELO. Os resultados indicam que a maioria dos programas (70 %) é de tipo misto, com o desenvolvimento de habilidades de decodificação e significado, 70 % dos programas realizam intervenções coletivas (com todo o grupo de sala de aula), utilizando vários recursos materiais, como cadernos, lápis, histórias, tabuleta, quadro branco digital etc. 35 % dos programas são organizados em mais de 70 sessões. Em relação à idade, 75 % dos estudos analisados realizam sua intervenção na faixa etária de 5 a 6 anos, através de diversas atividades, entre as quais se destacam exercícios de CF, segmentação de sílabas, identificação sonora, análise e síntese fonêmica, leitura de histórias, busca de palavras, CA através de canções. As habilidades mais trabalhadas são CF (80 %) e CA (65 %), seguidas pelo vocabulário com 45 %. O maior impacto pode ser visto nas habilidades relacionadas à decodificação, ou seja, aqueles programas que desenvolvem a CF junto com a CA. Alguns padrões que se destacam entre os programas são a sistematização, estrutura e instrução explícita das habilidades que eles procuram desenvolver.

Abstract Traditional Zacazonapan cheeses have unique organoleptic characteristics and are characterized by being linked to the territory of origin. In the maturation process, there are many interactive variables that are responsible for physical, chemical, biological and structural changes. In order to evaluate the bacteriological evolution of artisanal cheeses during their maturation under non-controlled conditions in two production periods, samples of raw milk and cheese were collected at 0, 30, 60, 120 and 150 d of maturation. The presence of molds and yeasts (MaY), mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), total coliforms (TC), fecal coliforms (FC), Salmonella spp. (Salm) and Listeria spp. (List) was determined. The average microbial load was 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 and 8.10 log10 CFU/g of cheese for MaY, MAB, Staph and TC respectively, as well as 2.68 log10 MPN/g of cheese for FC. Salm was not detected but List was. The microbiological evolution of Zacazonapan matured cheese had counts that exceed the maximum levels of the Official Mexican Standard 243 SSA1 2010.

Resumen Los quesos tradicionales Zacazonapan tienen características organolépticas únicas y se caracterizan por estar vinculados al territorio de origen. En el proceso de maduración se tienen numerosas variables interactivas que son responsables de los cambios físicos, químicos, biológicos y estructurales. Con el objetivo de evaluar la evolución bacteriológica de quesos artesanales durante su maduración bajo condiciones no controladas en dos épocas de producción, se colectaron muestras de leche cruda y de queso a los 0, 30, 60, 120 y 150 días de maduración. Se determinó la presencia de mohos y levaduras (MyL), bacterias mesófilas aerobias (BMA), Staphylococcus spp. (Staph), coliformes totales (CT), coliformes fecales (CF), Salmonella spp. (Salm) y Listeria spp. (List). La carga microbiana promedio fue 9.68, 9.38, 8.55 y 8.10 log10 UFC/g de queso para MyH, BMA, Staph y CT respectivamente, así como 2.68 log10 NMP/g de queso para CF. No se detectó Salm pero si List. La evolución microbiológica del queso madurado Zacazonapan presentó conteos que superan los niveles máximos de la Norma Oficial Mexicana 243 SSA1 2010.

Abstract Background: adipose tissue dysfunction is a key factor for diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) development. Chia (Salvia hispanica) is an abundant source of omega-3 fatty acids, antioxidants, and fiber which could improve adipose tissue functionality. Aim: to analyze the effect of an isocaloric chia-supplemented diet on glucose metabolism, adipose tissue inflammation, and endothelial function markers in patients with NAFLD and early stages of diabetes. Methods: in 32 patients with previous NAFLD diagnosis, without known diabetes, the effect of a diet supplemented with ground chia (25 g/day/8 weeks) was evaluated. Visceral (VAF) and liver fat, plasma lipids, fatty acids, and cytokine profiles, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), insulinogenic index (IGI30), insulin disposition index (DIO), and endothelial progenitor cells (EPC) were analyzed. Before and after eight weeks of diet supplementation. Results: chia supplementation promoted increases in plasma alpha-linolenic acid (75 %) and fiber consumption (55 %), and a higher number of EPC (+126 %). Basal OGTT showed that nine patients had normal OGTT, 17 pre-diabetes, and six newly diagnosed diabetes. In patients with diabetes, chia favored a healthier adipose tissue (VAF -7 %, NAFLD -100 %, adiponectin +47 %, resistin -30 %, IL-6 -44 %, IL-1β -22 %) and upturn glucose metabolism through the improvement of beta-cell function (IGI30 +50 %, DIO +66 %). Conclusions: dietary supplementation with 25 g/day of ground chia may promote a healthier adipose tissue and improve pancreatic β-cell and endothelial function. Among patients with early metabolic abnormalities, phytochemical properties of chia may retard diabetes progression and advanced stages of liver damage.

Resumen Antecedentes: la disfunción del tejido adiposo es un factor clave para el desarrollo de diabetes e hígado graso no alcohólico (HGNA). La chía (Salvia hispanica) es una fuente abundante de ácidos grasos omega-3, antioxidantes y fibra, que podrían mejorar la funcionalidad del tejido adiposo. Objetivo: analizar el efecto de una dieta isocalórica suplementada con chía sobre el metabolismo de glucosa y los marcadores de inflamación del tejido adiposo y de función endotelial en pacientes con HGNA y etapas tempranas de diabetes. Métodos: en 32 pacientes con diagnóstico previo de HGNA, pero sin diabetes conocida, se evaluó el efecto de una dieta suplementada con chía molida (25 g/día) sobre la grasa visceral (GAV) y hepática, el perfil de lípidos, los ácidos grasos y las citoquinas en plasma, la prueba de tolerancia oral a la glucosa (OGTT), el índice insulinogénico (IGI30), el índice de disposición de insulina (DIO) y las células progenitoras endoteliales (EPC), antes y después de ocho semanas de suplementación. Resultados: la suplementación con chía promovió aumentos en el consumo de ácido alfa-linolénico en plasma (75 %) y fibra de alta viscosidad (55 %) y un mayor número de EPC (+126 %). La OGTT basal mostró que nueve pacientes tenían curva normal, 17 tenían prediabetes y seis, diabetes de recién diagnóstico. En los pacientes con diabetes, la chía favoreció un tejido adiposo más sano (GAV -7 %, NAFLD -100 %, adiponectina +47 %, resistina -30 %, IL-6 -44 %, IL-1β -22 %) y un aumento del metabolismo de la glucosa a través de la mejora de la función de las células beta (IGI30 +50 %, DIO +66 %). Conclusiones la suplementación de la dieta con 25 g/día de chía molida puede promover un tejido adiposo más saludable y mejorar la función endotelial y de las células llllllll pancreáticas. Entre los pacientes con anomalías metabólicas tempranas, las propiedades fitoquímicas de la chía pueden retrasar la progresión de la diabetes y el desarrollo de etapas avanzadas de daño hepático.

Abstract: Information on political affairs is one of the key factors in democratic life in Western countries. However, we know little about those who are most exposed to this type of content in Chile. The following article uses data from public opinion surveys collected between 2011 and 2019 (n = 12,485) to observe the sociodemographic, socioeconomic, and motivational gaps in the consumption of political information at an individual level. The focus of the analysis will be on television, the press, and social media. The results show gender, age, educational and motivational differences in this practice across the three media. However, these differences vary according to the type of medium.

Resumen: La información sobre los asuntos políticos es uno de los factores claves en la vida democrática de los países occidentales. Sin embargo, poco sabemos respecto a quiénes son aquellas personas que más se exponen a este tipo de contenido en Chile. El siguiente artículo utiliza datos provenientes de encuestas de opinión pública recopiladas entre los años 2011 y 2019 (n = 12.485) para observar las brechas sociodemográficas, socioeconómicas y motivacionales a un nivel individual en el consumo de información política. El foco del análisis estará puesto en la televisión, la prensa y las plataformas de redes sociales. Los resultados muestran diferencias de género, etarias, educacionales y motivacionales en esta práctica a través de los tres medios de comunicación. Sin embargo, dichas diferencias varían según el tipo de medio.

ABSTRACT On January 30, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared SARS-CoV-2 infection an international public health emergency. The autopsy, considered the best method of studying the patient and the disease, corroborates that patients can die from the direct action of the virus (who died from COVID-19), while others positive for SARS-CoV-2 did not show morphological lung changes attributed to the action of the virus. It is proposed to establish the morphological diagnostic criteria in the context of the SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 epidemic in the deceased in Cuba based on the systematic study of autopsies. The morphological patterns that are established in the lungs of patients who died under the effect of COVID-19 have been identified. The pulmonary edema of permeability with the widening of the pulmonary septum, the deposit of the disorganized hyaline membrane inside the alveoli, the detachment of epithelial cells (pneumocytes and bronchial and bronchiolar cells), followed by epithelial hyperplasia with sometimes the presence of metaplastic changes and atypia, and finally, fibrosis. When autopsies are performed, it is possible to locate each disease in its place, in chronopathogram, which allows death certificates repair to be carried out to assess the place that COVID-19 has occupied as a cause of death in the population studied. In the opinion of the group, identifying morphological alterations is essential to prepare the chronopathogram of the deceased and the adequate clinical-pathological evaluation of the patient.

RESUMEN El 30 de enero de 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud declaró a la infección por SARS-CoV-2 una emergencia internacional de salud pública. La autopsia, considerada el mejor método de estudio del enfermo y la enfermedad, corrobora que los pacientes pueden morir por la acción directa del virus (fallecidos por la COVID-19), mientras que otros positivos al SARS-CoV-2, no mostraron cambios morfológicos pulmonares atribuidos a la acción del virus. Se propone establecer los criterios diagnósticos morfológicos en el contexto de la epidemia por el SARS-CoV-2 y la COVID-19 en los fallecidos en Cuba, a partir del estudio sistemático de las autopsias. Se han identificado los patrones morfológicos que se establecen en los pulmones de los pacientes fallecidos bajo el efecto de la COVID-19. El edema pulmonar de permeabilidad con el ensanchamiento de tabique pulmonar, el depósito de la membrana hialina desorganizada en el interior de los alveolos, el desprendimiento de células epiteliales (neumocitos y células bronquiales y bronquiolares), seguida de la hiperplasia epitelial con presencia en ocasiones de cambios metaplásicos y atipias, y finalmente, la fibrosis. Cuando se realizan autopsias, es posible ubicar cada enfermedad en su lugar, en el cronopatograma, lo que permite realizar el reparo de los certificados de defunción, para evaluar el lugar que la COVID-19 ha ocupado como causa de muerte en la población estudiada. En criterio del colectivo, identificar en las alteraciones morfológicas, es imprescindible para elaborar el cronopatograma del fallecido y la adecuada evaluación clínico patológica del paciente.

Abstract Objective: To determine the initial management and in-hospital mortality of patients with acute coronary syndrome who attended referral hospitals in Paraguay. Method: Observational, multicenter study, in patients over 18 years with a confirmed diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome. Results: 780 patients were included from May 2015 to February 2016; the mean age was 64.1 ± 12.3 years, 64.1% male. The clinical presentation was acute coronary syndrome with ST elevation in 40.1% and without elevation in 59.9%. In patients with ST elevation there is a high percentage of late attendance, more than 12 h of evolution in 49.8%; those with less than 12 h of evolution underwent reperfusion in 52.2% of the cases, received fibrinolytics in 36.3% of the cases, and primary percutaneous coronary intervention 15.9%. In-hospital mortality for acute coronary syndrome was 10.3%, with ST-segment elevation was 12.8%, and without ST-segment elevation was 8.6%. Conclusions: The management of acute coronary syndrome in Paraguay needs a comprehensive approach, which promotes earlier care, and increases the implementation of reperfusion therapies in the health services network, in order to improve the therapeutic response rates and decrease hospital mortality.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar el tratamiento inicial y la mortalidad intrahospitalaria de pacientes con síndrome coronario agudo que acudieron a centros hospitalarios de referencia de Paraguay. Método: Estudio observacional y multicéntrico en pacientes mayores de 18 años con diagnóstico confirmado de síndrome coronario agudo. Resultados: Se incluyó a 780 pacientes desde mayo de 2015 hasta febrero de 2016; la edad media fue de 64.1 ± 12.3 años y el género masculino representó el 64.1%. La presentación clínica fue la de síndrome coronario agudo con elevación del ST en 40.1% y sin elevación del ST en 59.9%. En pacientes con elevación del ST se observó un alto porcentaje de consultas tardías, mayor de 12 h de evolución en 49.8%; en aquéllos con menos de 12 h de evolución se indicó la reperfusión en 52.2%, el 36.3% recibió fibrinolíticos y 15.9% intervención coronaria percutánea primaria. La mortalidad hospitalaria del síndrome coronario agudo fue de 10.3%, con elevación del segmento ST en 12.8% y sin elevación del segmento ST en 8.6%. Conclusiones: El tratamiento del síndrome coronario agudo en el Paraguay requiere un abordaje integral, que promueva consultas más tempranas y aumente la institución de tratamientos de reperfusión en la red de servicios de salud; el objetivo es mejorar los índices de respuesta terapéutica y disminuir la mortalidad hospitalaria.