Abstract Background: The Ignacio Chávez National Institute of Cardiology (NIC) has positioned itself as an international benchmark in cardiovascular medical education, standing out for its high academic standards and human quality. Objective: This study aims to identify the employment and academic profile of cardiology fellowship graduates from the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico (NIC). Methods: A cross-sectional and retrospective study was conducted, involving 473 graduates from the period 2000-2015. Data was collected through an electronic survey. Results: A total of 221 graduates agreed to participate, accounting for 46.7% of the total number of graduates. Among the participants, 85.2% were male. The majority of graduates (82.4%) held Mexican nationality, while the remaining individuals represented various Latin-American nationalities. Following the completion of the cardiology fellowship, 89% of graduates pursued further postgraduate degrees. Within this group, 95.4% completed at least one additional fellowship, while 4.6% pursued a master’s or PhD program. The most popular fellowship program chosen was Interventional Cardiology. On average, NIC graduates dedicate 10.8 hours per day to their work, with 6.4 hours dedicated to cardiology and 4.3 hours to their other postgraduate degree. Those employed in both public and private health systems allocate 6.1 hours and 5.2 hours per day, respectively. Additionally, 75% of graduates are involved in teaching activities. Currently, 84% of graduates are employed in Mexico. Conclusion: The majority of NIC graduates are physicians who further their academic training by pursuing additional postgraduate programs. They work longer hours per day compared to the general Mexican population, with a significant focus on clinical cardiology. Graduates actively seek opportunities to share their expertise through various academic activities.

Resumen Antecedentes: El Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (INC) se ha posicionado como un referente internacional en la educación médica cardiológica, destacándose por su alto nivel académico y calidad humana. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar el perfil laboral y académico actual de los egresados del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (INC). Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal y retrospectivo que incluyó a 473 egresados del INC graduados entre 2000 y 2015. Se utilizó una encuesta electrónica para recopilar los datos. Resultados: Un total de 221 egresados aceptaron participar en el estudio, lo que representa el 46.7% del total de egresados. El 85.2% de los participantes son hombres. La mayoría de los egresados son de nacionalidad mexicana (82.4%), mientras que el resto se distribuye en varios países de Latinoamérica. El 89% de los egresados completó otro posgrado después de cardiología. De este grupo, el 95.4% realizó al menos una alta especialidad, mientras que el 4.6% obtuvo una maestría o doctorado. La especialidad más comúnmente elegida fue Cardiología Intervencionista. Los egresados del INC trabajan en promedio 10.8 horas al día, de las cuales 6.4 horas se dedican a la cardiología clínica y 4.3 horas al otro posgrado. Aquellos que trabajan en el sector público y privado dedican 6.1 horas y 5.2 horas al día, respectivamente. Además, el 75% de los egresados desempeña actividades de enseñanza. El 84% de los egresados trabajan en México. Conclusión: En su mayoría, los egresados del INC son médicos especialistas que continúan su formación académica a través de la realización de otros posgrados. Trabajan más horas al día en comparación con el resto de la población mexicana, y dedican la mayor parte de su tiempo al ejercicio de la cardiología clínica. También buscan transmitir sus conocimientos a través de actividades académicas y de enseñanza.

Abstract The increase in prices of fertilizers, energy and other materials necessary for the industry triggered a global economic crisis. Reason that was investigated on the biological and chemical characteristics in relation to the yield of radish nourished with humus from plant residue. The objective was to determine the appropriate dose of humus to obtain greater yield and its relationship with the chemical and biological characteristics of the radish. It is based on applied methodology with an experimental approach; Therefore, the Completely Random Block Design model was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 5 treatments that were T1 with 0, T2 with 4, T3 with 6, T4 with 8 and T5 with 10 t/ha of humus and They applied 15 days after sowing. The physical characteristics of the radish were evaluated and processed using analysis of variance and Duncan. Concentration of elements in leaves and stomatal density were also analyzed. It was determined that T5 stood out in total plant length with 28.95 cm, plant weight with 76.87 g, equatorial diameter with 4,404 cm and commercial yield with 20,296 t/ha. Nitrogen consumption in relation to yield with 247.44 kg/ha. Stomatal density 459 stomata/mm2 and profitability with 150% and nutrient concentration in leaves highlighted T4 with N, K, Ca, Mg, Mo and Zn. It concludes that T5 stood out with 20,296 t/ha, which differed by 26.04% in relation to the control (T1) with 15,011 t/ha. Therefore, this dose added nutrients to the soil that improved the availability for plant absorption and this influenced the concentration of nutrients in leaves such as N, P and Fe and stomatal density with 459 stomata/mm2, which had a response in good development, strengthening against environmental stress and therefore greater performance. fertilizers crisis residue approach Therefore used T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha sowing Duncan analyzed 2895 28 95 28.9 7687 76 87 76.8 g 4404 404 4,40 20296 20 296 20,29 24744 247 44 247.4 kgha kg kg/ha 45 stomatamm2 stomatamm stomata mm2 mm stomata/mm 150 N K Ca Mg Zn 2604 26 04 26.04 (T1 15011 011 15,01 development performance 289 2 9 28. 768 7 76. 440 40 4,4 2029 29 20,2 2474 24 247. 260 26.0 (T 1501 01 15,0 202 20, 26. 15,

Resumo O aumento dos preços dos fertilizantes, energia e outros materiais necessários à indústria desencadeou uma crise econômica global. Motivo que foi investigado sobre as características biológicas e químicas em relação ao rendimento de rabanete nutrido com húmus de resíduo vegetal. O objetivo foi determinar a dose adequada de húmus para obtenção de maior rendimento e sua relação com as características químicas e biológicas do rabanete. Baseia-se em metodologia aplicada com abordagem experimental. Para tanto, utilizou-se o modelo de Delineamento em Blocos Completamente Aleatórios, que consistiu de 3 blocos e 5 tratamentos, que foram T1 com 0, T2 com 4, T3 com 6, T4 com 8 e T5 com 10 t/ha de húmus, e aplicaram 15 dias após a semeadura. As características físicas do rabanete foram avaliadas e processadas por meio de análise de variância e Duncan. Também foram analisadas a concentração de elementos nas folhas e a densidade estomática. Foi determinado que o T5 se destacou no comprimento total da planta com 28,95 cm, peso da planta com 76,87 g, diâmetro equatorial com 4.404 cm e produtividade comercial com 20.296 t/ha. Consumo de nitrogênio em relação à produtividade com 247,44 kg/ha. Densidade estomática 459 estômatos/mm2 e rentabilidade com 150% e concentração de nutrientes nas folhas destacadas T4 com N, K, Ca, Mg, Mo e Zn. Conclui que o T5 se destacou com 20.296 t/ha, que diferiu em 26,04% em relação ao controle (T1) com 15.011 t/ha. Portanto, esta dose adicionou nutrientes ao solo que melhoraram a disponibilidade para absorção pelas plantas e isso influenciou na concentração de nutrientes nas folhas como N, P e Fe e na densidade estomática com 459 estômatos/mm2, que teve resposta em bom desenvolvimento, fortalecendo contra o estresse ambiental e, portanto, maior desempenho. fertilizantes global vegetal Baseiase Baseia experimental tanto utilizouse utilizou Aleatórios tratamentos T 0 4 6 1 tha t ha semeadura Duncan 2895 28 95 28,9 7687 76 87 76,8 g 4404 404 4.40 20296 20 296 20.29 24744 247 44 247,4 kgha kg kg/ha 45 estômatosmm2 estômatosmm estômatos mm2 mm estômatos/mm 150 N K Ca Mg Zn 2604 26 04 26,04 (T1 15011 011 15.01 Portanto desenvolvimento portanto desempenho 289 2 9 28, 768 7 76, 440 40 4.4 2029 29 20.2 2474 24 247, 260 26,0 (T 1501 01 15.0 4. 202 20. 26, 15.

Abstract The therapeutic potential of medicinal plants is known as an alternative in treatment of human affections; in effect, the conventional application of these medicinal sources has several limitations like low bioavailability, solubility and stability, which affect its pharmacological efficacy. In recent decades, extraordinary advances have been made in new drug delivery systems using nanocarriers. This work consisted in determining the in vitro antifungal activity of the methanolic extract of Euphorbia tirucalli formulated in polymeric nanoparticles. The antifungal activity was determined by the microdilution method in 96-well microplates, applying nanoparticles loaded with plant extract (NP-Ext) obtained by nanoprecipitation on clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum and T. interdigitalis. Regarding the nanoparticles, the lots used did not present significant differences in their physicochemical characteristics, with a size of 91.885 ± 1.621nm, polydispersity index of 0.152 ± 0.025 and Z-potential of -6.047 ± 0.987. The quantification of the extract in the polymeric matrix was determined by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), where an efficiency and encapsulation percentage of 22.15 ± 0.82 and 2.95 ± 0.11, respectively, were obtained. The in vitro antifungal activity of the crude and formulated extract was obtained calculating the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each one; a MIC of 125 µg/mL was obtained against T. rubrum and T. interdigitalis with the crude extract, while a MIC value of 55.55 and 0.1 µg/mL was obtained with NP-Ext, respectively, against these same. Conclusions: biological activity is closely linked to the phytochemical profile of the extract; while the improvement of said potential with the NP-Ext with the dosage form was directly related to the physicochemical characteristics of the nanocarrier. affections effect bioavailability stability efficacy decades nanocarriers 96well well 96 microplates NPExt NP Ext (NP-Ext T 91885 91 885 91.88 1621nm nm 1 621nm 1.621nm 0152 0 152 0.15 0025 025 0.02 Zpotential Z 6.047 6047 6 047 -6.04 0987 987 0.987 FTIR, FTIR , (FTIR) 2215 22 15 22.1 082 82 0.8 295 2 95 2.9 011 11 0.11 respectively (MIC one 12 µgmL µg mL 5555 55 55.5 01 0. NPExt, Ext, same Conclusions nanocarrier 9 9188 88 91.8 015 002 02 0.0 6.04 604 04 -6.0 098 98 0.98 (FTIR 221 22. 08 8 29 2. 555 5 55. 918 91. 00 6.0 60 -6. 09 0.9 6. -6 -

Resumo O potencial terapêutico das plantas medicinais é conhecido como alternativa para o tratamento das afecções humanas. Com efeito, a aplicação convencional dessas fontes medicinais apresenta diversas limitações, como baixa biodisponibilidade, solubilidade e estabilidade, que afetam sua eficácia farmacológica. Nas últimas décadas, avanços extraordinários foram feitos em novos sistemas de liberação de fármacos usando nanocarreadores. Este trabalho consistiu na determinação da atividade antifúngica in vitro do extrato metanólico de Euphorbia tirucalli, formulado em nanopartículas poliméricas. A atividade antifúngica foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição em microplacas de 96 poços, aplicando-se nanopartículas carregadas com extrato vegetal (NP-Ext) obtido por nanoprecipitação sobre isolados clínicos de Trichophyton rubrum e Trichophyton interdigitalis. Em relação às nanopartículas, os lotes utilizados não apresentaram diferenças significativas em suas características físico-químicas, com tamanho de 91,885 ± 1,621 nm, índice de polidispersão de 0,152 ± 0,025 e potencial Z de -6,047 ± 0,987. A quantificação do extrato na matriz polimérica foi determinada por espectroscopia de infravermelho (FT/IR), em que foram obtidas eficiência e porcentagem de encapsulamento de 22,15 ± 0,82 e 2,95 ± 0,11, respectivamente. A atividade antifúngica in vitro do extrato bruto e formulado foi calculada por meio da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) de cada um. Obteve-se uma CIM de 125 µg/mL contra T. rubrum e T. interdigitalis com o extrato bruto, enquanto o valor de CIM com NP-Ext contra estes mesmos fungos foi de, respectivamente, 55,55 e 0,1 µg/mL. Conclusões: a atividade biológica está intimamente ligada ao perfil fitoquímico do extrato, enquanto a melhora desse potencial com o NP-Ext com a forma farmacêutica esteve diretamente relacionada às características físico-químicas do nanocarreador. humanas efeito limitações biodisponibilidade estabilidade farmacológica décadas nanocarreadores tirucalli poliméricas 9 poços aplicandose aplicando se NPExt NP Ext (NP-Ext físicoquímicas, físicoquímicas físico químicas, químicas 91885 91 885 91,88 1621 1 621 1,62 nm 0152 0 152 0,15 0025 025 0,02 6,047 6047 6 047 -6,04 0987 987 0,987 FT/IR, FTIR FT/IR , FT IR (FT/IR) 2215 22 15 22,1 082 82 0,8 295 2 95 2,9 011 11 0,11 respectivamente (CIM um Obtevese Obteve 12 µgmL µg mL T 5555 55 55,5 01 0, Conclusões nanocarreador 9188 88 91,8 162 62 1,6 015 002 02 0,0 6,04 604 04 -6,0 098 98 0,98 (FT/IR 221 22, 08 8 29 2, 555 5 55, 918 91, 16 1, 00 6,0 60 -6, 09 0,9 6, -6 -

Abstract In Argentina, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) caused by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC-HUS) infection is endemic, and reliable data about prevalence and risk factors have been available since 2000. However, information about STEC-associated bloody diarrhea (BD) is limited. A prospective study was performed during the period October Surveillance; 2018-June 2019 in seven tertiary-hospitals and 18 referral units from different regions, aiming of STEC-HUS cases in the same hospitals and during the same period were also assessed. Twenty-nine (4.1%) of the BD patients were STEC-positive, as determined by the Shiga Toxin Quik Chek (STQC) test and/or the multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR) assay. The highest fre-quencies were found in the Southern region (Neuquén, 8.7%; Bahía Blanca, 7.9%), in children between 12 and 23 month of age (8.8%), during summertime. Four (13.8%) cases progressed to HUS, three to nine days after diarrhea onset. Twenty-seven STEC-HUS in children under 5 years of age (77.8%) were enrolled, 51.9% were female; 44% were Stx-positive by STQC and all by mPCR. The most common serotypes were O157:H7 and O145:H28 and the prevalent geno-types, both among BD and HUS cases, were sfx2a-only or -associated. Considering the endemic behavior of HUS and its high incidence, these data show that the rate of STEC-positive cases is low among BD patients. However, the early recognition of STEC-positive cases is important for patient monitoring and initiation of supportive treatment.

Resumen En Argentina, el síndrome urémico hemolítico asociado a Escherichia coli productor de toxina Shiga (STEC-SUH) es endémico y, desde 2000, de notificación obligatoria. Sin embargo, la información sobre diarrea sanguinolenta (DS) asociada a STEC (DS-STEC) es limitada. Se realizó un estudio prospectivo desde octubre de 2018 hasta junio de 2019 en siete hospitales de tercer nivel y 18 unidades de referencia de diferentes provincias argentinas, con el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia de casos de DS-STEC en 714 niños de 1 a 9 años que tuvieron DS (I) y la tasa de progresión de DS a SUH en dicha cohorte (II). También se evaluó el número y distribución regional de casos de STEC-SUH en los mismos hospitales en dicho período. Veintinueve casos de DS (4,1%) fueron STEC-positivos, determinados por Shiga Toxin Quik Chek (STQC) o PCR múltiple (mPCR). Las frecuencias más altas se encontraron en el sur del área relevada (Neuquén, 8,7%; Bahía Blanca, 7,9%), en niños de 12 a 23 meses (8,8%), en verano. Cuatro casos de DS-STEC (13,8%) progresaron a SUH, de tres a nueve días después del inicio de la diarrea. Se registraron 27 niños con STEC-SUH, estos fueron mayoritariamente <5 anos (77,8%) del sexo femenino (51,9%). El 44% de estos casos fueron Stx-positivos por STQC y todos por mPCR. Los serotipos más comunes fueron O157:H7y O145:H28, y el genotipo predominante fue stx2a, solo o asociado, en DS y SUH. Considerando el comportamiento endémico del SUH y su alta incidencia, estos datos muestran que la tasa de casos de DS-STEC es baja. Sin embargo, su reconocimiento temprano es importante para el seguimiento e inicio del tratamiento de sostén.

Resumen En este artículo se muestra el uso de holografía interferométrica digital para el estudio de procesos de microdilatación. Mediante el uso de un esquema óptico y una cámara CCD se realizaron interferogramas sobre distintos objetos de estudio, a los cuales se les indujo un incremento de temperatura localizado mediante irradiación laser de 5.5 W y 405 nm. Este procedimiento se realizó sobre dos muestras con comportamiento termo-mecánico diferente, a fin de determinar la distribución de franjas asociadas a la micro-dilatación. El objetivo propuesto fue estudiar la respuesta en dispositivos de iluminación basado en tecnología LED, con el fin de determinar el comportamiento térmico-mecánico relacionado con los procesos de encendido y apagado. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que estos dispositivos se encuentran sometidos a un estrés mecánico derivado de dilataciones diferenciales entre los componentes que integran el montaje.

Abstract This paper presents the use of digital holography interferometry applied to the study of microdilation process. The optical setup with the use of CCD cameras allowed to obtain interferograms on different study objects, whereas a localized thermal load was induced by a 5.5 W 405 nm laser. This study was done over two samples with different thermal conductivity in order to calibrate this process. The main objective of this work was to understand the thermo-mechanical response on LED based illumination devices due to the transition in the on-off process. The results show that these kind of lamps function under mechanical stress because of the different dilation process of each component of the device.

Abstract Chelates are nutrient-rich compounds that enhance the condition of plant tissues as micronutrients. Micronutrient deficiencies particularly iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) leads to various problems for plant including chlorosis and necrosis etc. An adequate intake of Fe and Zn etc. is required by the human body. Biofortification of cereals with Fe and Zn is seen as a cost-effective solution to the problem of Fe and Zn deficiencies as well. In recent decades, many chelating compounds have been established and incorporated into agricultural systems. The most recent formulation involves the use of amino acids synthesized with one or more nutrient ions to improve fertilizer efficiency and better respond to environmental conservation. In addition to its primary function as a source of micronutrients, aminochelled are an active nitrogen (N) stimulant in plant nutrition, preventing the negative effects of basic N fertilizers like urea. The use of amino chelates, rather than just chemical fertilizers, has been shown to provide better production and quality as well as higher nutritional concentrations in several experiments. Furthermore, this review sheds light on various aspects of amino chelates fertilizers including types, history, and their effects on agricultural crops. In spite of amino chelates fast dominance in many countries’ fertilizer countries, there is not enough scientific data and knowledge on the specific reactions of plants to biotic and abiotic stresses from amino fertilizers. nutrientrich rich micronutrients (Fe (Zn etc body costeffective cost effective decades systems conservation (N nutrition urea experiments Furthermore types history crops countries

Resumo Os quelatos são compostos ricos em nutrientes que melhoram a condição dos tecidos vegetais como micronutrientes. Deficiências de micronutrientes, particularmente ferro (Fe) e zinco (Zn), levam a vários problemas para as plantas, incluindo clorose e necrose, etc. A ingestão de uma quantidade adequada de Fe e Zn, etc., é exigida pelo corpo humano. A biofortificação de cereais com Fe e Zn também é vista como uma solução econômica para o problema das deficiências de Fe e Zn. Nas últimas décadas, muitos compostos quelantes foram estabelecidos e incorporados em sistemas agrícolas. A formulação mais recente envolve o uso de aminoácidos sintetizados com um ou mais íons nutrientes para melhorar a eficiência do fertilizante e responder melhor à conservação ambiental. Além de sua função primária como fonte de micronutrientes, os aminoquelados são um estimulante de nitrogênio (N) ativo na nutrição das plantas, evitando os efeitos negativos de fertilizantes nitrogenados básicos como a ureia. O uso de aminoquelatos, ao invés de apenas fertilizantes químicos, tem mostrado proporcionar melhor produção e qualidade, bem como maiores concentrações nutricionais em vários experimentos. Além disso, a presente revisão lança luz sobre vários aspectos dos fertilizantes aminoquelatos, incluindo tipos, história e seus efeitos nas culturas agrícolas. Apesar do domínio rápido dos aminoquelatos em muitos países de fertilizantes, não há dados científicos suficientes e conhecimento sobre as reações específicas das plantas aos estresses bióticos e abióticos dos fertilizantes amino. micronutrientes (Fe , (Zn) necrose etc humano décadas agrícolas ambiental N (N ureia químicos qualidade experimentos disso tipos amino (Zn

Abstract One of the new waters, and environmentally friendly agriculture initiatives in Peru is to encourage the utilization of agricultural waste, because low agricultural output is a threat to food security there. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of harvest residues on the basidiocarp production of the fungus Pleurotus Ostreatus, in Acobamba-Huancavelica. The trial had a completely randomized design, and the treatments included T1, barley stubbles; T2, wheat stubbles; T3, pea stubbles; T4, broad bean stubbles; and T5, quinoa stubbles. The research was quantitative in nature, taking the form of an experiment with an applied, explanatory level of design. The recorded data was tabulated and analyzed with analysis of variance, as well as Tukey's test (α:0.05), for which the statistical software Infostat was used. The results are presented in tables and graphs for a better interpretation. As main results, it was obtained that the time (colonization), diameter (stem, pileus), length (stem) and weight (basidiocarps), present statistical differences between treatments showing significant enhancement in all parameters. Despite a numerical difference, a Tukey average comparison test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the averages for the variable time for fungus colonisation, suggesting that the treatment T5 in which quinoa substrate showed the greatest average. Treatment T4 in which broad bean stubbles were used gave the most low-average. In conclusion, increment in all parámeters were noted in all treatment of Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus under Acobamba conditions. waters waste Ostreatus AcobambaHuancavelica. AcobambaHuancavelica Huancavelica. Huancavelica Acobamba-Huancavelica design T1 T T2 T3 nature applied variance Tukeys s α0.05, α005 α 0.05 , 0 05 (α:0.05) interpretation colonization, colonization (colonization) stem, stem (stem pileus, pileus pileus) basidiocarps, (basidiocarps) parameters colonisation lowaverage. lowaverage low-average conclusion conditions α0 α0.05 α00 005 0.0 (α:0.05 (colonization (basidiocarps α0.0 00 0. (α:0.0 α0. (α:0. (α:0 (α: (α

Resumo Uma das novas iniciativas de águas e agricultura ecológica no Peru é incentivar a utilização de resíduos agrícolas, porque a baixa produção agrícola é uma ameaça à segurança alimentar no país. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito dos resíduos da colheita na produção de basidiocarpos do fungo Pleurotus ostreatus, em Acobamba-Huancavelica. O ensaio teve um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e os tratamentos incluíram T1, restolho de cevada; T2, soqueiras de trigo; T3, restolho de ervilha; T4, restolho de fava; e T5, restolho de quinoa. A pesquisa foi de natureza quantitativa, assumindo a forma de experimento com um nível de design aplicado e explicativo. Os dados registrados foram tabulados e analisados com análise de variância, bem como teste de Tukey (α:0,05), para o qual foi utilizado o software estatístico Infostat. Os resultados são apresentados em tabelas e gráficos para melhor interpretação. Como principais resultados, obteve-se que o tempo (colonização), diâmetro (caule, píleo), comprimento (caule) e peso (basidiocarpos) apresentam diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos, mostrando melhora significativa em todos os parâmetros. Apesar da diferença numérica, o teste de comparação de médias de Tukey revelou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias para a variável tempo de colonização do fungo, sugerindo que o tratamento T5 em que usou o substrato quinoa, apresentou a maior média. O tratamento T4, no qual foram usadas restolhos de fava, apresentou a média mais baixa. Em conclusão, incrementos em todos os parâmetros foram observados em todos os tratamentos de Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus nas condições de Acobamba. agrícolas país AcobambaHuancavelica. AcobambaHuancavelica Acobamba Huancavelica. Huancavelica Acobamba-Huancavelica casualizado T1 T cevada T2 trigo T3 ervilha T4 fava quinoa quantitativa explicativo variância α0,05, α005 α 0,05 , 0 05 (α:0,05) Infostat interpretação obtevese obteve se colonização, (colonização) caule, caule (caule píleo, píleo píleo) (basidiocarpos numérica conclusão α0 α0,05 α00 005 0,0 (α:0,05 (colonização α0,0 00 0, (α:0,0 α0, (α:0, (α:0 (α: (α

Abstract The pandemic and the geopolitical conflict between Russia and Ukraine are events that have caused economic instability in Peru. Reason that was investigated on the analysis of the biological and chemical characteristics of cabbage fed with compost based on sugarcane residues. The objective was to analyze the physical, chemical and biological characteristics of cabbage from the adequate dose of compost based on sugarcane residues and distance between plants. It is based on the methodology applied with an experimental approach, for which the Completely Random Block Design with a 4x 2 factorial arrangement was used, which consisted of 3 blocks and 8 treatments that were the combination: F1 with 0, F2 with 8, T3 with 10 and F4 with 12 t/ha and spacing (D1) with 0.30 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows and (D2) with 0.35 m between plants and 0.60 m between rows. The physical characteristics of cabbage were evaluated and processed by analysis of variance, nutrient concentrations in leaves and stomatal density were analyzed. The results determined that T7 stood out in plant height with 41.88 cm, yield with 26.76 tn/ha and T6 in root length with 20.22 cm. In chemical analysis of leaves T1 stood out in nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and T4 in calcium, magnesium and sulfur. In T7 stomata density with 977 stomata/mm2. It concludes that at an adequate dose and greater distance that T7 stands out in the concentration of nutrients that are within normal values and high density of stomata; Therefore, these characteristics influenced the optimal biochemical reactions, which obtained good development and yield that differed at 51.39% and 32.17% with respect to the controls T1 and T5. Peru approach x used combination F 0 T 1 tha t ha D1 D (D1 030 30 0.3 060 60 0.6 D2 (D2 035 35 variance analyzed 4188 41 88 41.8 cm 2676 26 76 26.7 tnha tn 2022 20 22 20.2 nitrogen phosphorus calcium sulfur 97 stomatamm2 stomatamm mm2 mm stomata/mm2 Therefore reactions 5139 51 39 51.39 3217 32 17 32.17 T5 (D 03 0. 06 6 418 4 41. 267 7 26. 202 20. 9 stomata/mm 513 5 51.3 321 32.1 51. 32.

Resumo A pandemia e o conflito geopolítico entre a Rússia e a Ucrânia são eventos que têm causado instabilidade econômica no Peru. Motivo que foi investigado na análise das características biológicas e químicas do repolho alimentado com composto à base de resíduos da cana-de-açúcar. O objetivo foi analisar as características físicas, químicas e biológicas do repolho a partir da dose adequada de composto à base de resíduos da cana-de-açúcar e distância entre plantas. Baseia-se na metodologia aplicada com uma abordagem experimental, para a qual foi utilizado o Delineamento de Blocos Completamente Aleatório com arranjo fatorial 4 x 2, que consistia em 3 blocos e 8 tratamentos que eram a combinação: F1 com 0, F2 com 8, T3 com 10 e F4 com 12 toneladas/ha e espaçamento (D1) com 0,30 m entre plantas e 0,60 m entre linhas e (D2) com 0,35 m entre plantas e 0,60 m entre linhas. As características físicas do repolho foram avaliadas e processadas por análise de variância, as concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas e a densidade estomática foram analisadas. Os resultados determinaram que T7 se destacou em altura de planta com 41,88 cm, produtividade com 26,76 tn/ha e T6 em comprimento de raiz com 20,22 cm. Na análise química das folhas T1 se destacou em nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio e T4 em cálcio, magnésio e enxofre. Em densidade de estômatos T7 com 977 estômatos/mm2. Conclui que em dose adequada e maior distância que T7 se destaca na concentração de nutrientes que estão dentro dos valores normais e alta densidade de estômatos; Portanto, essas características influenciaram nas reações bioquímicas ótimas, que obtiveram bom desenvolvimento e rendimentos que diferiram em 51,39% e 32,17% em relação aos controles T1 e T5. Peru canadeaçúcar. canadeaçúcar cana açúcar. açúcar Baseiase Baseia experimental 2 combinação F 0 T 1 toneladasha toneladas ha D1 D (D1 030 30 0,3 060 60 0,6 D2 (D2 035 35 variância analisadas 4188 41 88 41,8 cm 2676 26 76 26,7 tnha tn 2022 20 22 20,2 nitrogênio fósforo cálcio enxofre 97 estômatosmm2 estômatosmm mm2 mm estômatos/mm2 Portanto ótimas 5139 51 39 51,39 3217 32 17 32,17 T5 (D 03 06 6 418 41, 267 7 26, 202 20, 9 estômatos/mm 513 5 51,3 321 32,1 51, 32,

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of rhizobium and gibberellin on the production of hydroponic green forage from red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) variety quiñequeli, four variables were measured: plant height, biomass weight, grass weight and root weight. The treatments were T0: 0%, T1: 10%, T2: 20%, T3: 30% and T4: 40% of Rhizobium before germination and Gibberellin T0: 0g, T1: 2.4g; T2: 3.3g; T3: 4.3 and T4: 5.3g each treatment with 6 repetitions, three applications on days 5, 10, 15 and 20 of growth. Data were analyzed with DCA, ANOVA and DUNCAN's multiple comparisons test; the results obtained were: first measurement with rhizobium without gibberellin there were no statistical differences, second and third measurement with Gibberellin application did not present statistical differences and the fourth measurement presented statistical difference (α=0.05), average height of the plant with a mean of 12.82 cm, T4 was higher, in biomass a statistical difference was obtained with a mean of 3.056 kg, T3 was higher, weight of grass and root did not present statistical differences; concluding that the use of rhizobium and gibberellin could be a usable alternative in the production of hydroponic green fodder, to alleviate the problems of fodder scarcity in dry season, its use being recommended in high Andean livestock. Trifolium L. L quiñequeli measured T0 T 0 0% T1 10 10% T2 20% 30 40 0g g 2.4g 24g 2 4g 3.3g 33g 3 3g 43 4 4. 53g 5 repetitions 1 growth DCA DUNCANs DUNCAN s test α=0.05, α005 α α=0.05 , 05 (α=0.05) 1282 12 82 12.8 cm higher 3056 056 3.05 kg season livestock α00 α=0.0 (α=0.05 128 8 12. 305 3.0 α0 α=0. (α=0.0 3. α=0 (α=0. α= (α=0 (α= (α

Resumo O objetivo da presente investigação foi determinar o efeito do rizóbio e da giberelina na produção de forragem verde hidropônica a partir do trevo vermelho (Trifolium pratense L.), variedade quiñequeli, para isso, foram medidas quatro variáveis: altura da planta, peso da biomassa, peso do capim e peso da raiz. Os tratamentos foram T0: 0%, T1: 10%, T2: 20%, T3: 30% e T4: 40% de Rizóbio antes da germinação, e Giberelina T0: 0g, T1: 2,4g; T2: 3,3g; T3: 4,3 e T4: 5,3g a cada tratamento com 6 repetições, com três aplicações nos dias 5, 10, 15 e 20 de crescimento. Os dados foram analisados com DCA, ANOVA e teste de comparações múltiplas de DUNCAN; os resultados obtidos foram: a primeira medição com rizóbio sem giberelina não apresentou diferenças estatísticas, a segunda e terceira medição com aplicação de giberelina não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas e a quarta medição apresentou diferença estatística (α=0,05), altura média da planta com média de 12,82 cm, T4 foi maior, na biomassa obteve-se diferença estatística com média de 3,056 kg, T3 foi maior, peso do capim e da raiz não apresentaram diferenças estatísticas; concluindo que o uso de rizóbio e giberelina poderia ser uma alternativa utilizável na produção de forragem verde hidropônica para aliviar os problemas de escassez de forragem na estação seca, sendo seu uso recomendado para a pecuária da região alta-andina. Trifolium L., L L. , L.) quiñequeli isso variáveis T0 T 0 0% T1 10 10% T2 20% 30 40 germinação 0g g 2,4g 24g 2 4g 3,3g 33g 3 3g 43 4 4, 53g 5 repetições 1 crescimento DCA DUNCAN α=0,05, α005 α α=0,05 05 (α=0,05) 1282 12 82 12,8 cm maior obtevese obteve se 3056 056 3,05 kg seca altaandina. altaandina alta andina. andina alta-andina α00 α=0,0 (α=0,05 128 8 12, 305 3,0 α0 α=0, (α=0,0 3, α=0 (α=0, α= (α=0 (α= (α

Abstract The study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts of edible mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes against Rhyssomatus nigerrimus. Methanol:water extracts (70:30) of P. ostreatus and L. edodes were made and evaluated in two in vitro tests (exposure and immersion toxic effect) against R. nigerrimus. Subsequently, the toxicity test of the extracts against Artemia salina was evaluated. These extracts were subjected to colorimetric tests and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed a mortality effect against R. nigerrimus of 50% for the P. ostreatus 2 extracts at a concentration of 20% in the immersion test. Likewise, in the toxic effect test, 90% mortality was observed after five days of exposure to a concentration of 10%. On the other hand, for the toxicity test, the extract that showed the values with the highest mortality against A. salina was P. ostreatus, starting with 80% mortality at 100μg/mL. The functional groups present in the extracts were saponins, coumarins, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the presence of more than 7 compounds in the mushroom extracts evaluated is reported. This study demonstrates the insecticidal activity of P. ostreatus and L. edodes fungal extracts and indicates the importance of using different in vitro tests to elucidate the mechanism of action for future studies. Methanolwater Methanol water 7030 70 30 (70:30 P L R Subsequently chromatographymass chromatography mass spectrometry 50 20 Likewise 90 10 10% hand A 80 100μgmL μgmL 100μg mL μg 100μg/mL saponins coumarins alkaloids Furthermore reported studies 703 3 (70:3 5 9 1 8 (70: (70 (7 (

Resumo O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade inseticida dos extratos dos cogumelos comestíveis Pleurotus ostreatus e Lentinula edodes contra Rhyssomatus nigerrimus. Extratos metanol:água (70:30) de P. ostreatus e L. edodes foram elaborados e avaliados em dois testes in vitro (efeito tóxico de exposição e imersão) contra R. nigerrimus. Posteriormente foi avaliado o teste de toxicidade dos extratos frente à Artemia salina. Esses extratos foram submetidos a testes colorimétricos e cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas. Os resultados mostraram efeito de mortalidade contra R. nigerrimus de 50% para o extrato de P. ostreatus 2 na concentração de 20% no teste de imersão. Da mesma forma, no teste de efeito tóxico, foi observada mortalidade de 90% após 5 dias de exposição à concentração de 10%. Por outro lado, para o teste de toxicidade, o extrato que apresentou os valores com maior mortalidade contra A. salina foi P. ostreatus, iniciando com 80% de mortalidade a 100μg/mL. Os grupos funcionais presentes nos extratos foram saponinas, cumarinas e alcaloides. Além disso, é relatada a presença de mais de 7 compostos nos extratos de cogumelos avaliados. Este estudo demonstra a atividade inseticida dos extratos fúngicos de P. ostreatus e L. edodes e indica a importância da utilização de diferentes testes in vitro para elucidar o mecanismo de ação para estudos futuros. metanolágua metanol água 7030 70 30 (70:30 P L imersão R gasosaespectrometria gasosa espectrometria massas 50 20 forma 90 10 10% lado A 80 100μgmL μgmL 100μg mL μg 100μg/mL saponinas alcaloides disso futuros 703 3 (70:3 9 1 8 (70: (70 (7 (

ABSTRACT The genus Tithonia has been extensively studied to determine its bioactive effects of pharmaceutical and nutritional interest; therefore, this study aimed to determine the antioxidant and antibacterial effect of five extracts of Tithonia tubaeformis, obtained with ascending polarity solvents, hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and ethanol. In addition, tannins, alkaloids, and total phenols were identified. The antioxidant effect of ABTS, DPPH radicals, and ferric ion reducing power was measured, and the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of each extract was determined on Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, and Listeria monocytogenes. The results showed that the five extracts have antioxidant effects on ABTS, DPPH radicals, and ferric ion-reducing potential; however, methanol and ethanol had a statistically significant effect (p < 0.05). In addition, methanol, ethanol, and ethyl acetate extracts showed antimicrobial activity; ethanol solvent was the best, with a Minimum Inhibitory Concentration of 1 mg/mL on Escherichia coli and 3 mg/mL on Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli, and Listeria monocytogenes respectively. These results suggest that Tithonia tubaeformis may be of pharmaceutical and nutritional interest due to the bioactive effects of phytochemicals in its extracts.

RESUMEN El género Tithonia, ha sido ampliamente estudiado para determinar sus efectos bioactivos de interés farmacéutico y nutricional, por lo tanto, el objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar el efecto antioxidante y antibacterial de cinco extractos de Tithonia tubaeformis, obtenidos con solventes de polaridad ascendente, hexano, diclorometano, acetato de etilo, metanol y etanol. Se identificó la presencia de taninos, alcaloides y fenoles totales. Se midió el efecto antioxidante a los radicales ABTS, DPPH y poder reductor al ion férrico, se determinó la Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria de cada extracto sobre Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis y Listeria monocytogenes. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que los cinco extractos tienen efecto antioxidante sobre los radicales ABTS, DPPH y potencial reductor al ion férrico; sin embargo, los extractos que presentaron un efecto estadísticamente significativo (p < 0.05) fueron metanol y etanol. Los extractos de metanol, etanol y acetato de etilo mostraron actividad antimicrobiana, siendo el solvente de etanol el que mayor actividad antibacterial tuvo, con una Concentración Mínima Inhibitoria de 1 mg/mL sobre Escherichia coli y 3 mg/mL sobre Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis, Escherichia coli y Listeria monocytogenes. Estos resultados sugieren que Tithonia tubaeformis puede ser de interés farmacéutico y nutricional por los efectos bioactivos de los fitoquímicos presentes en sus extractos.

Abstract Phantoms play an important role in biomedicine due to their usefulness in the training of personnel and in the development of investigations. We propose a methodology to narrow down the selection of design parameters of phantoms for calibrating ultrasound devices. For doing so, we model the phantoms as composite materials. Through a mathematical homogenization technique, the global properties of the phantom are given in terms of the volume fractions of its components, their geometric shapes, and physical properties. We explore these parameters to determine ranges that yield the desirable values of acoustic impedance and attenuation. The procedure is illustrated for a class of sandwich-like phantoms made of layers of agar of different concentrations with complex elastic moduli. In this example, homogenization provides analytical formulae of the global properties that can be used to identify the layers’ thicknesses and concentrations that yield a low impedance and an average attenuation coefficient. These analytical results are compared with a numerical homogenization method, showing good agreement.

Abstract In this investigation thermochemical properties of 3-hydroxyphthalic anhydride were determined. Fusion enthalpy, fusion temperature and molar heat capacity in solid phase were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry. By the Knudsen effusion method, the molar enthalpy of sublimation at 298.15 K was obtained. By thermogravimetric data, it was possible to determine the molar enthalpy of sublimation and the molar enthalpy of vaporization. On the other hand, the molar enthalpy of formation in solid phase at 298.15 K was determined by combustion calorimetry. The molar enthalpy of formation in gas phase at 298.15 K was calculated from molar enthalpy of sublimation at 298.15 K and molar enthalpy of formation in solid phase at 298.15 K. This experimental value was compared both theoretical enthalpy of formation in gas phase by using Gaussian methods at the G3 and G4 levels and with an estimated value in relation to phthalic anhydride.

RESUMEN Se presenta la evolución histórica de la certificación de especialistas en medicina familiar en México, a 35 años de su fundación. Asimismo, se abordan brevemente los procesos de evaluación de los sustentantes y la importancia de mantener la «vigencia de la certificación». Se realiza el benchmarking de la certificación en otros países con procesos de certificación bien definidos y consolidados. Al final, se presentan los retos más inmediatos de la certificación en México para esta especialidad.

ABSTRACT: The historical evolution of the Certification of Specialists in Family Medicine in Mexico is presented, 35 years after its foundation. Likewise, the evaluation processes of the applicants and the importance of maintaining the “Certification Validity” are briefly addressed. Certification benchmarking is carried out in other countries with well-defined and consolidated certification processes. At the end, the most immediate challenges of the Certification in Mexico for this specialty are presented.

Abstract In the present study, the approximate fractal morphometry of spherical-type essential oil microemulsions was performed. The geometric fractal characterization was carried out by a recently published continuous half-fractal model which allowed to model microemulsions as systems in their stable thermodynamic equilibrium phase with high degree of homogeneity. Regarding the characteristic of high homogeneity an equation was developed to roughly describe the volume fractal dimension and the fractal volume of two special cases elaborated from Rosmarinus officinalis and Melaleuca alternifolia previously investigated. In addition, referring to the characteristic of high homogeneity, it was possible to approximate the fractal dimension of area and the fractal area for each microemulsion. Our numerical estimates showed coherence with the principles of Hausdorff-Besicovitch geometry and with the experimental evidence about the physical dimension as a non- integer dimension.