Resumo A falta de indutores de brotação é um grande problema na produção orgânica de frutos de clima temperado. No presente trabalho, foi avaliado o efeito de compostos alternativos na indução de brotação em quivizeiros da cultivar Bruno implantados em um pomar, no município de Pelotas, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. A eficiência dos compostos foi testada nos ciclos produtivos de 2016-2017 e 2017-2018. No primeiro ciclo, aplicaram-se dez tratamentos, consistindo em extrato de alho em diferentes concentrações, associado ou não ao óleo mineral, extrato de cebolinha em diferentes concentrações, associado ou não ao óleo mineral, somente óleo mineral e controle (sem aplicação). No segundo ciclo, foram aplicados os tratamentos que se destacaram no primeiro ciclo: extrato de alho em diferentes concentrações, associado ao óleo mineral, somente óleo mineral e controle (sem aplicação). Avaliaram-se o porcentual de brotação, a fenologia (brotação e floração), a frutificação efetiva, o número de frutos/planta, a massa dos frutos/planta, a produção estimada, a massa média, o comprimento e o diâmetro dos frutos. Concluiu-se que o extratode alho a 10% + óleo mineral a 2% induziu maiores percentuais de brotação nos dois anos deestudo; a posição da gema no ramo influencia diretamente na brotação; gemas apicais apresentam maior percentual de brotação; concentrações de 15% de extrato de alho causam fitotoxidade àsgemas; e o extrato de cebolinha é ineficiente na indução da brotação.

Abstract Lack of budburst inducers is a major problem in organic production of temperate fruits. This study aimed at evaluating the effect of alternative budburst inducers on kiwifruit vines of cultivar Bruno grown in an orchard in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil. Inducers efficiency was investigated in both 2016-2017 and 2017-2018 seasons. The first season comprised of ten treatments, which used garlic extract at different concentrations, both, associated with and without mineral oil; Welsh onion extract at different concentrations, both associated with and without mineral oil; just mineral oil; and control (no application). In the second season, evaluation was carried out ith treatments that performed well in the first season, garlic extract atdifferent concentrations associated with mineral oil, just mineral oil and control. The followingvariables were evaluated: budburst percentage, phenology (budburst and flowering), fruit set, number of fruit/plant, fruit mass/ plant, estimate production, mean mass, fruit length and diameter. Results showed that 10% garlic extract + 2% mineral oil induced the highest budburst percentages in both seasons; the position of buds on branches influences budburst; apical buds exhibit the highest budburst percentage; 15% garlic extract causes phytotoxicity to buds; and Welsh onion extract is inefficient to induce budburst.

ABSTRACT Kiwifruit vines are an alternative approach to diversify Brazilian fruit farming because of the low supply and increase in the demand for their fruits. Hydrogenated cyanamide, which is the most common rest-breaking agent, is highly toxic and its use is not allowed in organic production systems. This study aimed at evaluating the efficiency of alternative rest-breaking agents in kiwifruit vines by using the biological method of single node cutting. Twigs of the cultivar Bruno were collected in an organic orchard in Pelotas, a city located in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Seven-centimeter-long cuts with a single shoot at the ends were segmented. Cuttings were placed on plastic trays with phenolic foam and soaked in water, at 85% relative humidity on average, and kept in bio-oxygen demand (BOD) incubators at 25± 1 °C and a 16-h photoperiod. Budbreak was evaluated in 2-day and 3-day intervals. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with ten treatments and three replications of ten sampling units each. The following variables were analyzed: average budbreak time (ABT), final budbreak rate (FBR), vigorous budbreak rate (VBR), velocity of budbreak (VB), percentage of open buds (POB) and dormancy index (DI). The rest-breaking agent garlic extract (GE) 10% + mineral oil (MO) 2% was the most efficient one in budbreak induction in both production cycles. Thus, this dose is recommended for budbreak induction in kiwifruit vines grown in an organic system.

Abstract Quinoa, classified as a pseudocereal, presents greater nutritional value compared to traditional cereals. Considering the potential for cultivation presented by the species and the benefits of studying plant morphology and morphobiometry, this paper describes seed and seedling morphobiometric characteristics of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivar BRS Piabiru during germination and emergence. To evaluate seed morphobiometry the 1000-seeds weight, moisture content, seed morphological characterization and the tetrazolium test were performed. The morphological characterization of germination and seedling emergence were performed by periodic observations during the development, allowing the description using pictures and drawings. Quinoa seeds cv. BRS Piabiru present an average diameter of 2.05 mm and 1.07 width. 1000-seeds weight of 2.68 g and moisture content of 11%. Externally, quinoa seeds present the pericarp as testa, the hilum and the raphe and, internally, the embryonic axis (cotyledons, radicle and hypocotyl-radicle), perisperm and endosperm. The germination is characterized as epigeal, phanerocotylar type, with radicle protrusion at 3 hours after sowing and complete formed seedlings at 24 hours after sowing. Emergence occurs at 9 days after sowing and plants are completely formed at 12 days after sowing.

RESUMO Mimosa scabrella é uma espécie pioneira que ocorre principalmente na floresta ombrófila mista do Sul do Brasil, apresentando considerável importância econômica. Considerando as limitadas informações acerca dos substratos mais adequados para a produção de mudas da espécie, neste trabalho avaliou-se o efeito combinado do uso de hidrogel com três tipos de substratos e quatro fertilizantes no crescimento inicial e qualidade de mudas de M. scabrella. Os substratos foram preparados com proporções distintas de um substrato orgânico comercial, vermiculita (VM) e casca de pinus (PB): 1 (70% de TF, 10% de VM e 20% de PB), 2 (40% de TF e VM e 20% of PB), e 3 (70% de TF, 10% de VM e 20% de PB). Os fertilizantes consistiram de uma fórmula de liberação lenta (A), o tradicional NPK (B), um composto de superfosfato simples e de cloreto de potássio (C) e com fertilizante ausente (D). Os três compostos de substratos foram combinados com cada fertilizante na presença ou ausência de hidrogel (arranjo fatorial). O uso de hidrogel promoveu um efeito positivo no crescimento das mudas de M. scabrella, provavelmente retendo mais água e permitindo maior absorção de nutrientes. No geral, o polímero implicou em aumento no índice de qualidade de Dickson (DQI). Adicionalmente, a combinação do composto orgânico e vermiculita em proporções equilibradas adicionado de casca de pinus (substrato 2) constituíram o melhor substrato. A adição dos fertilizantes A e B resultaram na melhor performance de crescimento. Concluiu-se que a combinação de hidrogel com substrato composto e fertilizantes melhoraram os índices de qualidade de mudas de M. scabrella.

ABSTRACT Mimosa scabrella is a pioneer species that occurs mainly in the ombrophilous mixed forests of southern Brazil, assuming considerable economic relevance. As limited information is available concerning the most adequate substrates for producing seedlings of this species, we evaluated the combined effect of hydrogel with three types of substrates and four fertilizers in the initial growth and quality of seedlings of M. scabrella. The substrates were prepared with distinct proportions of a commercial organic substrate, vermiculite (VM) and pine bark (PB): 1 (70% of TF, 10% of VM and 20% of PB), 2 (40% of each TF and VM and 20% of PB), and 3 (70% of TF, 10% of VM and 20% of PB). The fertilizers consisted of a slow release formula (A), a traditional NPK (B), a compost of superphosphate and potassium chloride (C) and no fertilizer (D). The three soil mixtures were combined with each fertilizer in the presence or absence of hydrogel (factorial arrangement). The use of hydrogel promoted a positive effect on the growth of M. scabrella seedlings, probably by retaining more water and enabling increased nutrient absorption. In general, the polymer implicated in increased Dickson quality index (DQI). Additionally, the combination of organic compound and vermiculite in equilibrated proportions aid by pinus bark (substrate 2) were the best substrate. Finally, adding the fertilizers A or B resulted in the best growth performance. In conclusion, the combined effect of hydrogel, substrate mixture and fertilizers improved the quality indexes of M. scabrella seedlings.