Abstract Polyamide (PA) is a well-known and researched thermoplastic due to its excellent mechanical and physical properties, making it developed in the automotive sector, suitable for lighter vehicles, and, consequently, lower fuel consumption. This review manuscript presents the applications of PA-based materials in the manufacture of vehicle parts, with a description of their processing, a discussion about their thermal properties and the crystallization of polymer structure, the challenges of machining PA-based composite materials, and the feasibility of recyclability. This work aims to revise literature about the use of polyamide 6 (PA6), polyamide 66 (PA66), and polyamide 12 (PA12) and their composites reinforced with fiberglass (FG) and carbon fiber (CF) focused on the potential that these materials have as alternative materials for the automotive industry.

Objective: Through this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aim to clarify the differences between these two techniques, thus improving primary success cannulation and reducing complications during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, primarily pancreatitis. Methods: A comprehensive search was conducted to search for data available up until June2015from the most important databases available in the health field: EMBASE, MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane, LILACS and CENTRAL (via BVS), SCOPUS, the CAPES database (Brazil), and gray literature. Results: Nine randomized clinical trialsincluding2583 people were selected from20,198 studies for meta-analysis. Choledocholithiasis had been diagnosed in mostly (63.8%) of the patients, who were aged an average of 63.15 years. In those patients treated using the guide wire-assisted cannulation technique, provided a significantly lower instance of pancreatitis (RD=0.03; 95% CI: 0.01-0.05; I2= 45%) and greater primary success cannulation (RD=0.07; 95% CI: 0.03-0.12; I2=12%) than conventional contrast cannulation. Conclusions: The guide wire-assisted technique, when compared to the conventional contrast technique, reduces the risk of pancreatitis and increases primary success cannulation rate. Thus, guide wire-assisted cannulation appears to be the most appropriate first-line cannulation technique

Objetivo: A través de esta revisión sistemática y meta-análisis, nuestro objetivo es aclarar las diferencias entre estas dos técnicas, mejorando así la canulación de éxito primario y reducir las complicaciones durante la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica, principalmente la pancreatitis. Métodos: Una búsqueda exhaustiva se realizó para buscar datos disponibles hasta junio de 2015, desde las bases de datos más importantes disponibles en el campo de la salud: EMBASE, MEDLINE (vía PubMed), Cochrane, LILACS y CENTRAL (a través de la BVS), SCOPUS, la base de datos CAPES (Brasil), y la literatura gris. Resultados: Nueve ensayos clínicos aleatorios incluyendo 2583 personas fueron seleccionados de 20198 estudios de meta- análisis. Coledocolitiasis había sido diagnosticada en su mayoría (63,8%) de los pacientes, que tenían entre un promedio de 63,15 años. En los pacientes tratados con la técnica de canulación guiada, proporcionado una instancia significativamente menor de pancreatitis (RD=0,03; IC del 95%: 0,01-0,05; I2=45%) y una mayor canalización de éxito primario (RD=0,07; IC del 95%: 0,03-0.12; I2=12%) que la canulación por contraste. Conclusiones: La técnica canulación con alambre guía, en comparación a la técnica de contraste convencional, reduce el riesgo de pancreatitis y aumenta la tasa de canulación con éxito primario. Por lo tanto, canulación con alambre guía parece ser la técnica de canulación de primera línea y la más adecuada

RESUMO A ruptura dos aneurismas intracranianos é responsável por 80% das hemorragias subaracnóideas espontâneas e está associada a uma taxa de mortalidade extremamente alta. Duas intervenções cirúrgicas viáveis são embolização endovascular e clipagem microcirúrgica. Os modelos de prototipagem tridimensional (3D) auxiliam no planejamento cirúrgico e na diminuição dos riscos intra-operatórios nos dois procedimentos e redução do tempo da cirurgia. Métodos Foram impressos biomodelos em 3D com material flexível (elastômero) utilizando imagens DICOM de angiotomografia e comparados com imagens de angiografia por subtração digital em 3D (DAS). Resultados Biomodelos em 3D representam com exatidão a angioarquitetura do aneurisma, particularmente os detalhes do colo e domus. Conclusão Biomodelos em 3D com elastômeros mostraram ser uma representação confiável das imagens angiotomográficas, podendo ser utilizados no planejamento cirúrgico no tratamento de IA.

ABSTRACT Intracranial aneurysm (IA) rupture is responsible for 80% of spontaneous arachnoid hemorrhages and associated with an extremely high mortality rate. Two possible surgical interventions are endovascular embolization and microsurgical clipping. Three-dimensional (3D) prototyping models help in surgical planning minimizing perioperative risks in both methods and reducing operating time. Methods 3D biomodels were printed with flexible material (elastomer) using angiotomographic DICOM acquired images and compared to 3D digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images. Results 3D biomodels represented the aneurysm angioarchitecture exactly, especially the neck and domus features. Conclusion Elastomers 3D biomodels proved to be a trustworthy representation of the angiotomographic images and could be used to help surgical planning in IA treatment.

To compare the complications and mortality related to gastrostomy procedures performed using surgical and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy techniques, this review covered seven studies. Five of these were retrospective and two were randomized prospective studies. In total, 406 patients were involved, 232 of whom had undergone percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy and 174 of whom had undergone surgical gastrostomy. The analysis was performed using Review Manager. Risk differences were computed using a fixed-effects model and forest and funnel plots. Data on risk differences and 95% confidence intervals were obtained using the Mantel-Haenszel test. There was no difference in major complications in retrospective (95% CI (-0.11 to 0.10)) or randomized (95% CI (-0.07 to 0.05)) studies. Regarding minor complications, no difference was found in retrospective studies (95% CI (-00.17 to 0.09)), whereas a difference was observed in randomized studies (95% CI (-0.25 to -0.02)). Separate analyses of retrospective and randomized studies revealed no differences between the methods in relation to mortality and major complications. Moreover, low levels of minor complications were observed among endoscopic procedures in randomized studies, with no difference observed compared with retrospective studies.

The aim of this study is to address the outcomes of endoscopic resection compared with surgery in the treatment of ampullary adenomas. A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) recommendations. For this purpose, the Medline, Embase, Cochrane, Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Scopus and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) databases were scanned. Studies included patients with ampullary adenomas and data considering endoscopic treatment compared with surgery. The entire analysis was based on a fixed-effects model. Five retrospective cohort studies were selected (466 patients). All five studies (466 patients) had complete primary resection data available and showed a difference that favored surgical treatment (risk difference [RD] = -0.24, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -0.44 to -0.04). Primary success data were identified in all five studies as well. Analysis showed that the surgical approach outperformed endoscopic treatment for this outcome (RD = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.50 to -0.24). Recurrence data were found in all studies (466 patients), with a benefit indicated for surgical treatment (RD = 0.10, 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.19). Three studies (252 patients) presented complication data, but analysis showed no difference between the approaches for this parameter (RD = -0.15, 95% CI = -0.53 to 0.23). Considering complete primary resection, primary success and recurrence outcomes, the surgical approach achieves significantly better results. Regarding complication data, this systematic review concludes that rates are not significantly different.

OBJETIVO: analisar 75 pacientes com polipose adenomatosa familiar (PAF) tratados no Hospital das clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, entre janeiro de 1981 a dezembro de 2011. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: trata-se de estudo retrospectivo com coleta dos seguintes dados: sexo, idade, sintomas principais, história familiar, presença de malignidade, cirurgia realizada, morbidade e mortalidade cirúrgicas e fatores relacionados à qualidade de vida. RESULTADOS: a idade média encontrada foi de 29 anos. A razão entre os sexos foi de 1,2:1 com predomínio no sexo masculino. Sangramento intestinal foi o sintoma mais comum (62,7%). A incidência de câncer colorretal foi de 25,3% (n = 19). Neoplasias extracolônicas foram diagnosticadas em 8% dos pacientes. Colectomia total com íleo-reto anastomose (IRA) foi realizada em 72% (n = 54) dos pacientes. Proctocolectomia com anastomose ileoanal e bolsa ileal em "J" foi realizada em 24% (n = 18) dos casos e em 4% (n=3) dos pacientes optou-se pela proctocolectomia com ileostomia terminal (PCI). As taxas de complicações precoces e tardias foram semelhantes (22,7% × 24%). A cirurgia de bolsa ileal apresentou tendência a maior morbimortalidade, porém sem relevância estatística. A taxa geral de mortalidade foi de 7,46%. Neoplasias malignas foram responsáveis por 60% dos óbitos e complicações cirúrgicas por 40%. CONCLUSÕES: a PAF é uma patologia de baixa incidência no nosso país. O aconselhamento genético e o rastreamento familiar são instrumentos essenciais para o diagnóstico precoce e seguimento adequado. A cirurgia persiste como melhor opção para prevenção do câncer colorretal e tratamento da doença

PURPOSE: to study 75 familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) patients treated in a single institution in Ribeirão Preto/SP, from January 1981 to December 2011. METHODS: this is a retrospective study and the following data were collected: gender, age, main symptoms, familial history, coexisting malignancies, surgical treatment, surgical morbidity and mortality, factors related to life quality. RESULTS: median age was 29 years. Male-to-female ratio was 1.2:1. Bleeding was the most common symptom (62.6%). Colorectal cancer incidence was 25.5% (n = 19). Extracolonic neoplasia incidence was 8%. Colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis (IRA) was performed in 72% of the patients. Eighteen patients (24%) were submitted to proctocolectomy with "J-pouch" ileoanal anastomosis. In three patients (4%) proctocolectomy with terminal ileostomy was performed. Early and late complication rate were similar (22.7% × 24%). Ileal pouch surgery exhibited tendency to a higher morbidity and mortality but no significance could be found. Overall mortality rate was 7.46%. Malignant neoplasia was the main cause of mortality, accounting for 60% of deaths. CONCLUSION: FAP is a rare pathology in our country. Genetic counseling and proper screening programs are essential tools to early diagnosis and follow-up. Surgery is the most effective treatment and the best option to prevent malignant neoplasia.

O coccídeo Cryptostigma urichi (Cockerell, 1894) e o pseudococcídeo Farinococcus multispinosus Morrison, 1922 são registrados coabitando no interior de galhos de Anadenanthera falcata (Benth.) Speg. (Angico-preto), ambos atendidos pela formiga Azteca oecocordia Longino, 2007 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). Essa interação foi observada em uma região de Cerrado sensu stricto, na Universidade Federal de São Carlos, UFSCar, Brasil. A. oecocordia é registrada pela primeira vez para o Brasil.

The soft scale Cryptostigma urichi (Cockerell, 1894) and the mealybug Farinococcus multispinosus Morrison, 1922 are reported cohabiting inside branches of Anadenanthera falcata (Benth.) Speg. (Angico-preto), both tended by the ant Azteca oecocordia Longino, 2007 (Hymenoptera, Formicidae). This interaction was observed in the Cerrado region sensu stricto, at the Federal University of São Carlos, UFSCar, Brazil. A. oecocordia is recorded for the first time in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Spinal anesthesia for cesarean delivery may cause severe maternal hypotension and a decrease in cardiac output. Compared to assessment of cardiac output via a pulmonary artery catheter, the FloTrac/Vigileo™ system may offer a less invasive technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate cardiac output and other hemodynamic measurements made using the FloTrac/Vigileo™ system in patients undergoing spinal anesthesia for elective cesarean section. METHODS: A prospective study enrolling 10 healthy pregnant women was performed. Hemodynamic parameters were continuously obtained at 15 main points: admission to surgery (two baseline measurements), after preload, after spinal anesthesia administration and 4 time points thereafter (4, 6, 8 and 10 min after anesthesia), at skin and uterine incision, newborn and placental delivery, oxytocin administration, end of surgery, and recovery from anesthesia. Hemodynamic therapy was guided by mean arterial pressure, and vasopressors were used as appropriate to maintain baseline values. A repeated measures ANOVA was used for data analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in heart rate and a decrease of stroke volume and stroke volume index up to 10 min after spinal anesthesia (P < 0.01). Importantly, stroke volume variation increased immediately after newborn delivery (P < 0.001) and returned to basal values at the end of surgery. Further hemodynamic parameters showed no significant changes over time. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: No significant hemodynamic effects, except for heart rate and stroke volume changes, were observed in pregnant women managed with preload and vasopressors when undergoing elective cesarean section and spinal anesthesia.

INTRODUÇÃO: Tumores estromais gastrointestinais (GISTs) são neoplasias mesenquimais incomuns que afetam o trato gastrointestinal. Existem poucos relatos na literatura da ocorrência sincrônica de tumores mesenquimais e outros tumores primários gastrointestinais. RELATO DO CASO: Paciente de 61 anos do sexo feminino que procurou o serviço com queixa de dor abdominal iniciada há 2 anos. No exame físico palpava-se uma massa de 10 cm no abdome superior. A tomografia evidenciou massa em contato com a grande curvatura gástrica sem linfonodomegalias. Na endoscopia foi identificada apenas na pequena curvatura lesão na mucosa com 2 cm cuja biópsia demonstrou tratar-se de adenocarcinoma. Foi realizado ultra-som endoscópico que demonstrou que a lesão na pequena curvatura estava restrita à camada muscular e também visualizou-se lesão na grande curvatura originária da 4º camada ultra-sonográfica gástrica (muscular). Com esse diagnóstico e estadiamento a paciente foi submetida à gastrectomia total com linfadenectomia D2 e anastomose esôfago-jejunal em Y-de-Roux. O exame anatomopatológico demonstrou que a lesão na pequena curvatura correspondia a um adenocarcinoma microtubular restrito a camada muscular e a lesão na grande curvatura um GIST de alto grau. O estadiamento TNM final foi T2N1M0. A paciente evoluiu sem intercorrências recebendo alta no 11º pós-operatório CONCLUSÃO: A ocorrência sincrônica de GISTs e outros tumores gastrointestinais têm ocorrido com mais freqüência do que antes se considerava. Embora este fato pareça ser apenas uma coincidência sua ocorrência pode envolver agentes carcinogênicos comuns.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are an uncommon mesenchymal neoplasm affecting the GI tract. The synchronous occurrence of mesenchymal tumors and other primary gastrointestinal malignancies have been rarely reported in the literature. CASE REPORT: A 61 year-old female patient came to our department complaining of diffuse abdominal pain, which had begun 2 years ago. At physical examination a mass with approximately 10 cm, located in the upper abdomen, was palpable. A CT scan demonstrated a mass in contact with the greater gastric curvature without lymphnodal enlargement. At endoscopy, no lesions were seen in the greater curvature, but a 2,0 cm mucosal lesion was visualized in the upper portion of the lesser curvature. The biopsy of the lesion in the lesser curvature was positive for adenocarcinoma. An endoscopic ultrasound was performed and demonstrated that the lesion in the lesser curvature was restricted to the gastric muscular layer and the mass in the greater curvature was originated from the gastric fourth ultrasonographic layer (muscular). The patient was submitted to a total gastrectomy with D2 lymphadenectomy and a Y of Roux esophago-jejunal anastomosis. The pathological exam demonstrated that the lesion in the lesser curvature was a microtubular adenocarcinoma restricted to the muscular layer. The lesion in the greater curvature was a high grade GIST. The final TNM stage was T2N1M0. The patient recovery was uneventful being discharged from the hospital after 11 days. CONCLUSION: The synchronous occurrence of GISTs and other gastrointestinal malignanies is more common than has been considered. Although the synchronous occurrence of GIST and other abdominal malignancies seems to be just a coincidence, the development of these tumors may involve common carcinogenic agents.