Abstract Background Diabetic neuropathy (DN) is recognized as a significant complication arising from diabetes mellitus (DM). Pathogenesis of DN is accelerated by endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, which inhibits autophagy and contributes to disease progression. Autophagy is a highly conserved mechanism crucial in mitigating cell death induced by ER stress. Chrysin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, can be found abundantly in honey, propolis, and various plant extracts. Despite possessing advantageous attributes such as being an antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-inflammatory, anti-fibrotic, and anticancer agent, chrysin exhibits limited bioavailability. The current study aimed to produce a more bioavailable form of chrysin and discover how administering chrysin could alter the neuropathy induced by Alloxan in male rats. Methods Chrysin was formulated using PEGylated liposomes to boost its bioavailability and formulation. Chrysin PEGylated liposomes (Chr-PLs) were characterized for particle size diameter, zeta potential, polydispersity index, transmission electron microscopy, and in vitro drug release. Rats were divided into four groups: control, Alloxan, metformin, and Chr-PLs. In order to determine Chr- PLs’ antidiabetic activity and, by extension, its capacity to ameliorate DN, several experiments were carried out. These included measuring acetylcholinesterase, fasting blood glucose, insulin, genes dependent on autophagy or stress in the endoplasmic reticulum, and histopathological analysis. Results According to the results, the prepared Chr-PLs exhibited an average particle size of approximately 134 nm. They displayed even distribution of particle sizes. The maximum entrapment efficiency of 90.48 ± 7.75% was achieved. Chr-PLs effectively decreased blood glucose levels by 67.7% and elevated serum acetylcholinesterase levels by 40% compared to diabetic rats. Additionally, Chr-PLs suppressed the expression of ER stress-related genes (ATF-6, CHOP, XBP-1, BiP, JNK, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR by 33%, 39.5%, 32.2%, 44.4%, 40.4%, 39.2%, 39%, and 35.9%, respectively). They also upregulated the miR-301a-5p expression levels by 513% and downregulated miR-301a-5p expression levels by 65%. They also boosted the expression of autophagic markers (AMPK, ULK1, Beclin 1, and LC3-II by 90.3%, 181%, 109%, and 78%, respectively) in the sciatic nerve. The histopathological analysis also showed that Chr-PLs inhibited sciatic nerve degeneration. Conclusion The findings suggest that Chr-PLs may be helpful in the protection against DN via regulation of ER stress and autophagy.

ABSTRACT Objective: To study the effect of chlorhexidine on elastomeric orthodontic separators (EOS) bacterial-colonisation and gingival-health in Hall technique (HT) patients. Material and Methods: Prospective in-vivo pilot clinical study of EOS bacterial colonisation and primary-molar gingival health assessment in 20 patients (mean age 5.45±1.27 years) requiring bilateral HT crowns (40 teeth). One side received 1-minute 0.12% chlorhexidine-soaked-EOSs (Chx-EOSs), and the other side dry-EOSs (NoChx-EOSs). The EOSs were removed five-days later and underwent a bacterial enumeration technique. Plaque (PI) and Gingival (GI) indices were assessed pre-, five-days and three-months post-treatment. Wilcoxon-Signed-Rank/McNemar-Chi-square statistics were used (p<0.05). Results: Baseline unused/packaged EOSs’ sterility check yielded zero colony-forming-units (CFU) per millilitre, but 100% of the used EOSs became colonised by oral-microorganisms. An overall trend of lower mean CFU count in Chx-EOSs (3.415± 0.78 x105 CFU/ml) compared to NoChx-EOSs (6.157±1.48 x105 CFU/ml) was observed (p=0.009). Both NoChx-EOSs and Chx-EOSs insertion sites showed evidence of gingivitis with no difference between PI and GI indices by site over time. Conclusion: There was a lower trend of bacterial colonization in chlorhexidine treated EOSs and an occurrence of gingivitis pre/post HT-treatment regardless of EOS type. The lack of difference in the gingival health may be inconclusive due to this pilot’s low power suggesting the need for robust large scale studies. Objective (EOS bacterialcolonisation gingivalhealth (HT Methods invivo vivo primarymolar primary molar 2 545127 5 45 1 27 5.45±1.2 years 40 (4 teeth. teeth . teeth) 1minute minute 012 0 12 0.12 chlorhexidinesoakedEOSs soaked ChxEOSs, ChxEOSs Chx , (Chx-EOSs) dryEOSs dry NoChxEOSs. NoChxEOSs NoChx (NoChx-EOSs) fivedays five days (PI (GI pre, pre pre- threemonths three months posttreatment. posttreatment post treatment. treatment post-treatment WilcoxonSignedRank/McNemarChisquare WilcoxonSignedRankMcNemarChisquare Wilcoxon Signed Rank/McNemar Chi square Rank McNemar p<0.05. p005 p p<0.05 05 (p<0.05) Results unusedpackaged unused packaged colonyformingunits colony forming units (CFU millilitre 100 oralmicroorganisms. oralmicroorganisms oral microorganisms. microorganisms oral-microorganisms 3.415± 3415 3 415 (3.415 078 78 0.7 x x10 CFU/ml CFUml ml 6.157±1.48 6157148 6 157 48 (6.157±1.4 p=0.009. p0009 p=0.009 009 (p=0.009) time Conclusion prepost HTtreatment type pilots s studies 54512 4 5.45±1. ( 01 0.1 (Chx-EOSs (NoChx-EOSs WilcoxonSignedRank McNemarChisquare RankMcNemar p00 p<0.0 (p<0.05 10 3.415 341 41 (3.41 07 7 0. x1 6.157±1.4 615714 15 (6.157±1. p000 p=0.00 00 (p=0.009 5451 5.45±1 p0 p<0. (p<0.0 3.41 34 (3.4 6.157±1. 61571 (6.157±1 p=0.0 (p=0.00 545 5.45± p<0 (p<0. 3.4 (3. 6.157±1 6157 (6.157± p=0. (p=0.0 54 5.45 p< (p<0 3. (3 6.157± 615 (6.157 p=0 (p=0. 5.4 (p< 6.157 61 (6.15 p= (p=0 5. (p 6.15 (6.1 (p= 6.1 (6. 6. (6

Natural enemies are major challenges in laboratory rearing of grasshoppers, but the identity and virulence of these towards the edible long-horned grasshopper Ruspolia differens (Serville) is scarcely known. In this study, fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens collected from Mbarara, Masaka, Hoima, Kampala and Kabale districts in Uganda in 2018, cultured on standard microbial media, identified using molecular techniques and screened for virulence against the insect in laboratory bioassays. Fourteen and nine species of fungi and bacteria were isolated from R. differens, respectively, with the number of isolates varying based on collection site. The most prevalent entomopathogenic fungal species were Aspergillus flavus Link (27.3%), Fusarium equiseti (Corda) (24.2%), Mucorfragilis Fresen (12.1%), Clonostachys rosea (Link) (6.0%) and Aspergillus tamarii Kita (6.0%); whereas the most prevalent bacterial isolates were Serratia marcescens Bizio (38.1(0)%), Bacillus thuringiensis (Berliner) (14.3%) and Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) (14.3%). Nine of the fungal species namely Clavispora lusitaniae Rodrigues de Miranda, Lichtheimia corymbifera (Cohn), Trichoderma koningii Oudem, F. equiseti, M. fragilis, Aspergillus niger van Tieghem, Epicoccum sorghinum (Saccardo), C. rosea, Penicillium commune Charles Thorn; and five bacterial species (Proteus penneri Hickman, S. marcescens, B. thuringiensis, Staphylococcus sciuri Kloos and Enterococcus faecalis (Andrewes and Horder)) were ~5-7-fold and ~4-5-fold, more lethal to third instars of R. differens than untreated controls, respectively. This study is the first to report C. lusitaniae, Exserohilum mcginnis Padhye and Ajello, E. sorghinum, P. penneri and E. cloacae as insect pathogens. The results suggest a need to quarantine field collected R. differens before introducing them into the insectary, as well as performing antimicrobial practices during rearing of the insect to prevent entomopathogen-based mortality.

Aim To assess the reliability and validity of morphometric features on 3D digital models produced by scanning maxillary dental casts of Malaysian Malay subjects. Methods Dental casts of 20 subjects were scanned using a 3D laser scanner (Next Engine Inc., Santa Monica, California, USA). The palatal rugae morphometric features were assessed on the resulting 3D models using 3-Matic Research 9.0 software (Materialise NV, Heverlee, Belgium). The assessments were repeated by the first and second authors to assess the intra- and inter-examiner reliability, respectively. Rugae morphometric features were also evaluated on the conventional plaster models to assess the validity of the 3D method. Results Kappa values of the validity ranged from 0.807 to 0.922 for rugae shape, size category and direction. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for rugae number validity was 0.979. For intra-examiner reliability, kappa values ranged from 0.716-1.000 for rugae shape, size category and direction. The ICC for rugae number intra-examiner reliability was 0.949. Kappa values of inter-examiner reliability for rugae shape, size category and direction were 0.723-885, while the ICC of rugae number was 0.896. Conclusion Palatal rugae analyses on 3D digital models scanned by the 3D Next Engine laser scanner using 3-Matic Research 9.0 software are valid and reliable.

RESUMO O ácaro rajado (Tetranychus urticae) é a principal praga do morangueiro em ambiente protegido, causando danos e aumentando os custos de produção com o controle químico. Em programas de melhoramento, é essecial que as novas cultivares sejam tolerantes ao ácaro. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a resistência ao ácaro rajado de híbridos intraespecíficos, pré-selecionados, mediada por tricomas foliares. Híbridos pré-selecionados foram submetidos a presença do ácaro rajado e avaliados por meio do teste sem chance de escolha e caminhamento, na superfície do folíolo. A resistência ao ácaro foi correlacionada de forma significativa e com a densidade de tricomas glandularese não glandulares,na superfície abaxial dos folíolos dos genótipos.Os resultados evidenciam que há influência dos híbridos pré-selecionados e cultivares, no comportamento do ácaro rajado, permitindo, constatar a resistência dos genótipos RVDA#16, RVCS#44 e Camino Real. Esses tratamentos obtiveram menor número de ovos depositados e eclodidos, quando comparados aos demais e, também menores distâncias percorridas pelo ácaro rajado. Verificou-se ainda que os tricomas glandulares foram correlacionados significativa e negativamente com a distância média percorrida pelo ácaro rajado, na superfície dos discos foliares dos genótipos RVDA#16, RVCS#44 e Camino Real, indicando que essas estruturas alteram o comportamento do artrópode-praga. A resistência dos genótipos está associada a presença dos tricomas gladulares. Os híbridos pré-selecionados (RVDA#16 e RVCS#44), além da superioridade dos atributos agronômicos e de pós-colheita, identificados na seleção anterior, foram promissores para resistência ao ácaro rajado, consistindo em importante genótipo para ser utilizado como cultivar e, principalmente, como parental em programas de melhoramento genético.

ABSTRACT The two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae) is the main pest encountered in strawberry cultivation in protected environments, causing damage and increasing the cost of production associated with chemical control. Breeding programs are essential for obtaining new cultivars that are more tolerant to two-spotted spider mites. The objective was to evaluate whether the leaf trichomes mediatethe resistance of intraspecific strawberry hybrids to two-spotted spider mites. Preselected hybrids were subjected to infestation by two-spotted spider mites and evaluated via the no-choice assay and the travel test. Resistance was correlated with the density of trichomes, both glandular and non-glandular, present on the surface of the leaflets of strawberry genotypes. The results indicated that there is an influence of hybrids and cultivars on the behavior of the pest, allowing the verification of the existence of resistant genotypes (RVDA#16, RVCS#44 and Camino Real). These treatments resulted in low numbers of eggs deposited and hatched compared with the other treatments and shorter distances traveled by two-spotted spider mites on the surface of leaflets. It was also verified that the glandular trichomes presented a significant negative correlation with the average distance traveled by two-spotted spider mites on the surface of the leaf discs, indicating that these structures alter the behavior of these arthropods. Genotype resistance was associated with the presence of glandular trichomes. In addition to the superiority of the agronomic and postharvest attributes of the preselected hybrids (RVDA#16 and RVCS#44) identified in the previous selection efforts, they proved to be promising materials for achieving resistance to the spider mite, revealing important genotypes for use as cultivars and particularly as parents in breeding programs.

Adverse changes occur gradually in the skeletal muscles with age via continuous exposure to oxidative stress. Quercetin, a member of the flavonoids family, possesses anti-oxidative and radical-scavenging activities. Therefore, this study investigated the role of quercetin to modulate age-induced changes in the transcript levels of some apoptosis-related genes in rat’s gastrocnemius muscles, up to 15 months-old. Half of the rats at each age (1, 5, 10 and 15 months old) were given a vehicle and the other half was given 200 mg/kg quercetin for 2 weeks, respectively. With the increase of age, vehicle groups showed hyalinization of the muscle fibers and a decrease of the catalase and an increase of the malondialdehyde levels. Down-regulation of Bcl2 gene and up-regulation of both NF-κB and Bax genes were recorded. Interestingly, quercetin groups showed focal hyalinization of the muscle fibers at both 10th and 15th months old. An increase in the catalase and a decrease in malondialdehyde levels, up-regulation of Bcl2 gene and down-regulation of both NF-κB and Bax genes were recorded. In conclusion, quercetin minimized age-induced alteration in the morphological structure and the expression of the apoptosis-related genes via increasing the antioxidant defense in the gastrocnemius muscle.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate and compare the effect of each congenital and postnatal treatment factors in treatment outcome based on dental arch relationship (DAR) of four different populations at a time using GOSLON yardstick. Material and Methods: 432 unilateral cleft lip and palate subjects (Japanese, Malay ethnic group, Bangladeshi and Pakistani populations) age 5 to 12 years were taken before orthodontic treatment and alveolar bone grafting. The DAR was assessed by GOSLON Yardstick. Independent t-test was performed to compare the GOSLON score for each factors. A multiple comparison (Anova) was also conducted between the GOSLON score of four different populations. The significance level was set at p<0.05. Results: Statistically no significant different was found among the congenital factors. However, the family history of Class III malocclusion showed most likely to associate with, though there was no significant difference (p=0.069). Significant difference revealed between two techniques of cheiloplasty in both Malay ethnic group and Pakistani population (p=0.038 and p=0.000, respectively). Gender and Techniques of palatoplasty also showed significant difference in Pakistani population (p=0.026 and p=0.000, respectively). Japanese and Bangladeshi population showed no significant differences. Also no significant differences found between the GOSLON score and different countries. Conclusion: The treatment outcome based on DAR significantly varies in individual population [Malay ethnic group (cheiloplasty); Pakistan (gender, cheiloplasty and palatoplasty)].

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the reliability and validity of the Next Engine 3D Laser scanner. Material and Methods: A total of 30 dental casts of unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) children with 90 linear variables were measured using digital caliper while the laser-scanned 3D dental casts (LS3DM) were measured using Mimics Software. All scanned data coordinates (in x, y, z) were transferred into Mimics software in STL format to be measured. All the variables were measured using a computer mouse accurate to 0.5 mm. The intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the intra- and inter-examiner reliabilities and also for the validity of two methods Results: Intra-examiner reliabilities of digital caliper and LS3DM were found excellent (ICC 0.916-0.995) and inter-examiner reliabilities of LS3DM were good to excellent (ICC 0.816-0.990). The validity of LS3DM measurements was confirmed based on the ICC values were in the range of 0.913-0.996. The overall time frame for conducting measurements was shorter using a laser-scanned model (10 min.) than using a digital caliper (5 hours) Conclusion: The LS3DM is a valid reliable tool for future high impact research in our institution.

Resumen El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la relación entre las manifestaciones populares ocurridas en Brasil en junio de 2013 -y que se repetirán en marzo de 2015-, la crisis política del Estado Constitucional brasileño y el derecho asumido en las calles. Por tanto, será analizada la participación popular en la vida política de Brasil en pleno siglo xxi, teniendo en cuenta la noción de legitimidad, así como la relación entre libertad y no dominación.

Résumé Cet article vise à analyser la relation entre les manifestations populaires au Brésil en Juin 2013 et qui seront répétées en Mars 2015, la crise politique de l'État constitutionnel brésilien et le droit assumée dans les rues. Par conséquent, il est analysé la participation populaire á la vie politique du Brésil au XXIe si&ècle, en tenant compte de la notion de légitimité, et la relation entre liberté et non domination.

Abstract This study aims to analyze the relationship between the popular manifestations that took place in Brazil in June 2013 - that were repeated in March 2015, the political crisis of the Brazilian constitutional State and the law found in the streets. To do so, we will analyze the popular participation in political life in Brazil in the twenty-first century, taking into account the concept of legitimacy, as well as the relationship between freedom and non-domination.

Resumo O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a relação entre as manifestações populares ocorridas no Brasil em junho de 2013 -e que se repetiram em março de 2015-, a crise política do Estado constitucional brasileiro e o direito achado nas ruas. Para tanto, será analisada a participação popular na vida política no Brasil em pleno sáculo xxi, levando em consideração a nocáo de legitimidade, assim como a relação entre liberdade e não dominação.

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo investigar las bases epistemológicas que fundamentan la regulación estatal en el ámbito de la economía libre de mercado a partir de las ideas del laissez-faire impartidas por la escuela de Viena. Desde esta perspectiva, buscaremos identificar los fundamentos dentro de una perspectiva ética, al igual que sus limites, los cuales serán analizados con base en algunos casos concretos. Al final, buscaremos enmarar en fundamento y los limites éticos de la regulación económica al papel ejercido por el Estado Constitucional en el ámbito económico.

O presente trabalho tem por escopo investigar as bases epistemológicas que fundamentam a regulação estatal no âmbito da economia de livre mercado a partir das ideias do laissez-faire partilhadas pela escola de Viena. Nesta perspectiva, buscaremos identificar os seus fundamentos dentro de uma perspectiva ética, assim comoos seus limites, os quais serão analisadoscom base em alguns casos concretos. Ao final, buscaremos enquadrar o fundamento e os limites éticos da regulação econômica ao papel exercido pelo Estado Constitucional no âmbito econômico.

The inhibitive effect of Lupine extract on the corrosion of etched and non-etched aluminum in aqueous solution of 0.1 M HCl was investigated at 30 °C by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and optical microscopic techniques. Potentiodynamic polarization curves indicated that Lupine extract acts as anodic type inhibitor. EIS measurements showed that the charge transfer resistance and consequently the inhibition efficiency increase with increasing concentration of Lupine. The experimental data indicated that Lupine is more efficient as inhibitor for the acid corrosion of non-etched aluminum. The inhibitive effect of the extract was assumed to occur via adsorption of active ingredients of the extract on the metal surface. Theoretical fitting of the data to the Kinetic-thermodynamic model were tested to clarify the nature of adsorption. The optical micrographs obtained after surface pre-treatment show that alkaline etching reveals the surface to be porous-like in structure and both the acid and extract have limited effect on the size of pores.

Este estudio presenta una exploración aeromagnética para delimitar la estructura subsuperficial y el marco tectónico del distrito de Fayoum-Cairo, que sufrió un terremoto el 12 de octubre de 1992 de magnitud M=5.7. Los análisis de datos sismicidad y aeromagnéticos señalan tres fallas tectónicas significativas con tendencias NE-SO, NO-SE y E-O. El subsuelo se elevó en el norte y en el centro a una profundidad de 1,3 kilómetros, y se hundió en el sur con una profundidad de 2,5 kilómetros. Esta es una zona sísmicamente activa que en su historia ha tenido terremotos dañinos. En 1847 tuvo lugar un terremoto con intensidad epicentral máxima (escala sismológica de Mercalli) de VII. En el lado este se estudiaron las fuentes de terremotos en diferentes partes. Estas fuentes crearon eventos de magnitud moderada M<5. Los mecanismos focales de los eventos principales en estas fuentes son generalmente fallas de desgarre con componente normal. El mecanismo focal del terremoto del 12 de octubre de 1992 es una falla tipo normal con fuertes movimientos NO-SE. Las soluciones de estas fallas son consistentes con las tendencias tectónicas de los datos aeromagnéticos antes mencionados y sugieren que la nueva tectónica del noreste de África es predominante.

An aeromagnetic reconnaissance study is presented to delineate the subsurface structure and tectonic setting at the Fayoum-Cairo district, which experienced a damaging earthquake on October 12, 1992 of magnitude (M = 5.7). Analysis of aeromagnetic and seismicity data demonstrate three significant tectonic faults with trending to the NE-SW, NW-SE and E-W. The basement is uplifted in the northern and central parts with a depth of 1.3 km, and deepening in the southern part with a depth of 2.5 km. This is a seismically active zone and historically has experienced damaging earthquakes. In 1847, a damaging earthquake with maximum epicentral intensity (Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) = VII) was located there. On the eastern side, earthquake sources are well recognized at different locations. These sources created events of moderate size magnitude M < 5. The focal mechanisms of the major events from these sources are generally strike-slip with normal component. The focal mechanism of the earthquake on October 12, 1992 is normal fault type with strike trends in the NW-SE direction. These fault plane solutions are consistent with the tectonic trends derived from the aeromagnetic data mentioned above and suggest that the new tectonics of northeast Africa is predominant.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the concentrations of heavy metals in well water and bioaccumulation of the most abundant metals in chicken tissues in some areas in the province of Mecca Almokaramah, Saudi Arabia. Among the heavy metals (Cd, Zn, Cr, Mn, Cu Hg, Pb and Ni) studied, mercury (Hg) revealed highest in concentration in well waters. The concentration of mercury in the ground water, beside in liver, kidney, muscle and blood samples of ten chickens from each of four poultry- production farms were estimated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The results showed that the kidney followed by liver had the highest bioaccumulation of mercury in all farm samples. The level of mercury in the ground water was 7.06µg/L. The relationship between mercury accumulation levels in the kidney and those in the liver tissues were proportionally correlated and altered with elevation in the antioxidant enzyme activities such as AST and ALT. These elevated enzymatic activities were induced by the level of toxicity. There was a significant elevation in the level of liver and kidney malondialdhyde (MDA), while the activities of antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and catalase (SOD and CAT) were significantly decreased. Biochemical observations were supplemented by histopathological examination of liver and kidney sections.

AIM: To measure the fracture resistance of over-flared roots filled with a variety of materials (gutta-percha-nano HA, resilon-epiphany, composite and mineral trioxide aggregate - MTA) using the Instron machine test and micro-computed tomography (Micro CT) Scan. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images were used to illustrate the type of fracture patterns of the specimens. METHODS: One hundred and twenty extracted human mandibular single-rooted premolars were selected. A total of 105 out of the selected teeth were prepared to the working length and over-flared, leaving the apical 5 mm undisturbed. Fifteen samples had no treatment and were used as a positive control group (Group +ve). The 105 test teeth were further divided into 7 groups of 15 samples each. One of the 7 groups was designated as negative control (Group -ve) where teeth were over prepared and left without obturation. Remaining groups were filled with gutta-percha-nanoHA (Group1), gutta-percha-nano HA+composite (Group 2), gutta-percha-nano HA+MTA (Group 3), resilon-epiphany (Group 4), resilon-epiphany+composite (Group 5), and resilon-epiphany+MTA (Group 6). Fracture resistance of all samples was measured using the Instron testing machine. Three samples from each group had the depth of their fracture line measured by Micro CT Scan, and 2 samples from each group had their fracture pattern illustrated using SEM. RESULTS: The highest fracture resistance was observed in Group +ve, followed by Groups 3, 6, 5, 2, 4, 1, and Group -ve, with values (in N) of: 1598 (641.0), 1190.5(424.2), 1164.7 (489.4), 821.2 (220.9), 683.4(179), 658.4 (211.3), 658.4 (99.0), 158.3(49.3), respectively. Statistical analysis for root fracture resistance showed highly significant difference between all groups with p value < 001. CONCLUSIONS: Micro CT Scan and SEM analysis indicated the ability of MTA to withstand vertical force.

To improve health education within primary schools, the health education booklet Juma na kichocho was evaluated during a study within 5 schools using key-informant questionnaires that recorded children's knowledge and attitude (KA) towards schistosomiasis before and after daily structured-use of booklets. A total of 229 schoolchildren (114 boys : 115 girls) of between 11 and 15 years of age were interviewed and re-assessed after a working school week. Existing and putative booklet-induced changes in KA scores for schistosomiasis were compared directly against equivalent KA scores for malaria. In total 47.4% of children were already aware that schistosomiasis was a water-borne disease while only 10.5% knew of its exact aetiology; after booklet intervention these levels increased to 54.6 and 15.7%, respectively. The majority of children still failed, however, to realise that re-infection could take place soon after treatment. While a positive increase was observed for children's total KA questionnaire scores for both malaria and schistosomiasis after booklet intervention, these were not statistically significant. In the context of control, further educational efforts are needed to promote and guide behavioural change, especially in relation to reduction of environmental water contact.