Abstract Obtaining collagen and hydrolysates from mechanically separated chicken meat residue is an excellent way to add value to this waste. The aims of this study were to obtain collagen hydrolysates from chicken MSM residue using Alcalase® and Flavourzyme® enzymes, as well characterizing the functional, structural and thermal stability properties. The highest degree of hydrolysis was obtained using Alcalase®, 36.11%, while using Flavourzyme® resulted in 12.02%. The DSC analysis of the collagen indicated a denaturation temperature of 46.47 °C. The FTIR spectra of the crude collagen showed absorption peaks that were characteristic of amide bands A, B, I, II and III. In the spectra of the hydrolysed the area of the amide bands was reduced, and some peaks appeared between 800 and 1,200 cm-1. The disappearance of high molecular weight bands in the SDS-PAGE analysis also confirmed the hydrolysis of collagen. After the hydrolysis, the collagen presented reduced viscosity, the capacity to form foam, and foam stability. The emulsifying activity index was high in the hydrolysates in relation to the crude collagen. Thus, the use of Alcalase® and Flavourzyme® to obtain hydrolysates from collagen derived from chicken MSM residue was shown to be viable, and potentially useful for industrial applications.

Abstract The ultrasound effect on functional and structural properties of hydrolysates of different bovine collagens (fibers, gelatines and hydrolysates) was evaluated. The enzymatically hydrolyzed samples (enzyme Alcalase®) with previous or simultaneous ultrasound treatment presented higher number of bands with shorter wavelengths (mid-FTIR). The ultrasound provided the samples with a higher hydrolysis degree and favored the antimicrobial activity, evidencing the advantages of its use in the process. Results revealed that higher hydrolysis degree does not always result in higher antioxidant activity. The use of ultrasound in the hydrolysis of these samples was seen to be effective, providing them with higher functionality and structural disruption.

Abstract This study aimed at evaluating the functional (antioxidant and antimicrobial activity) and structural properties of different bovine collagen hydrolysates obtained through ultrasound assisted enzymatic hydrolysis (Flavourzyme®). The use of previous or simultaneous ultrasound strengthened the enzymatic hydrolysis of bovine collagen samples, generating higher number of bands in wave number (cm-1). The best treatment was the enzymatic hydrolysis, while for the powder fiber and hydrolysate, it was the ultrasound hydrolysis. The sample that showed the highest inhibiting action to the gram-negative bacteria Salmonella choleraesuis growth and gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus hydrolyzed with enzyme and simultaneous ultrasound. Therefore, the enzymatic hydrolysis (Flavourzyme®) was concluded to enable the hydrolysis of samples, providing structural rupture and better functionality to the different bovine collagen hydrolysates.

Abstract The aim of this study was to obtain hydroethanolic extract of propolis by extraction, assisted by focused microwave, and to apply it in Tuscan-style sausage. The extract was used at concentrations of 0.5%, 1.0% and 2.0% (w/v) in the manufacture of the sausage, which was then analyzed in cold storage at 4 °C for 56 days. The following analyses were performed: mesophilic and psychotrophic organisms; coliforms at 35 and 45 °C; positive and negative-coagulase Staphylococcus, sulfite-reducing Clostridium, and Salmonella spp. The results were below the limits established by the Brazilian legislation, with some changes at the end of the study. Consequently, propolis extract prolonged the shelf life of the Tuscan-style sausage for 56 days and it is therefore an ingredient that can be potentially used in the preparation of this product.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the physical quality and sensory acceptance of gluten-free breads with different percentages of chia flour (Salvia Hispanica L .). The chia flour was used to substitute rice flour and soy flour in order to replace the gum required in this type of bread. Four formulations were developed; a standard made with gum, and three formulations with 2.5%, 5.0% and 7.5% of chia flour. Analyses of specific volume, cooking losses and the rise in dough of the breads were performed. Sensory analysis included tests for affective acceptability and purchase intent. The results showed that the bread with 2.5% chia flour had specific volume and cooking losses similar to the standard. In terms of the rise in dough, the standard showed the highest values, followed by the bread made with 5.0% chia flour. The substitution of soy and rice flour with 2.5% of chia flour produced bread with sensory characteristics similar to the standard in all of the analyzed attributes; it also received higher purchase intent. Using chia flour at a concentration of 2.5%, compared to rice flour and soy flour, proved that it was possible to replace gum in the bread formulation.

RESUMO: O cogumelo-do-sol (Agaricus blazei Murril) é amplamente consumido, por conta de suas propriedades medicinais. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a atividade antioxidante e antibacteriana in vitro dos extratos de cogumelo do sol, mediante diferentes tempos e temperaturas de extração. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à composição centesimal, determinação do teor de fenólicos totais e atividade antioxidante e antibacteriana in vitro. Os resultados demonstram que esse tipo de cogumelo aparece como um agente antioxidante potencial, obtendo-se melhores resultados na temperatura de 70ºC durante 60 minutos de extração hidroetanólica. Esse extrato não aponta atividade antibacteriana para os micro-organismos em teste.

ABSTRACT: The sun mushroom (Agaricus blazei Murril) is widely consumed due its medicinal properties. This study aimed to determine in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities of sun mushroom, through different times and temperatures of extraction. The samples were analyzed for proximate composition, determination of total phenolic content and in vitro antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The results show that this kind of mushroom appears as a potential antioxidant agent, obtaining best results in the temperature of 70ºC for 60 minutes in hydroethanol extraction. This extract shows no antibacterial activity for microorganisms under test.

Resumo O emprego de hidrolisados proteicos, oriundos de fontes animais e vegetais, em formulações específicas, é uma área de crescente interesse. O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver diferentes hidrolisados liofilizados com alto valor proteico, obtidos a partir da hidrólise enzimática de carcaças de frango manualmente desossadas (CMD), um subproduto da indústria avícola, que normalmente é utilizado para a fabricação de carne mecanicamente separada (CMS). A matéria-prima utilizada foram carcaças de frango desossadas manualmente e congeladas (CMD), provenientes de animais abatidos com aproximadamente 42 dias de vida e com peso médio de 2,5 kg, adquiridas em um abatedouro da região sul do Brasil. Antes de serem processadas, foram descongeladas sob temperatura de refrigeração e cortadas em pedaços menores com faca de aço inox para facilitar sua homogeneização durante o tempo de hidrólise. Foram utilizadas três enzimas comerciais, Papaína®, Flavourzyme® e Protamex®. A hidrólise ocorreu em banho termostatizado com temperatura, tempo e pH controlados. Foi realizada a composição proximal da matéria-prima e dos hidrolisados liofilizados, atividade de água dos hidrolisados liofilizados e foram feitas as seguintes análises de controle da hidrólise: grau de hidrólise, teores de proteínas, sólidos totais, cinzas, caracterização de aminoácidos dos hidrolisados, rendimento, percentual de hidrólise e cor dos hidrolisados. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste de Tukey para comparação de médias. O grau de hidrólise maior foi com a Protamex, seguido da Papaína e da Flavourzyme. O teor de proteínas após os 120 minutos de hidrólise não variou estatisticamente (p>0,05) entre a Papaína e a Flavourzyme. A composição de aminoácido demonstra que o hidrolisado obtido da Papaína possui uma composição mais próxima da recomendada pelos órgãos de controle. Concluiu-se que os hidrolisados proteicos obtidos da carcaça manualmente desossada (CMD) de frango apresentaram alto conteúdo proteico, caracterizando-se como matéria-prima promissora na formulação de dietas especiais.

Summary The use of protein hydrolysates, derived from animal and vegetable sources, in specific formulations, is an area of growing interest. The goal of this study was to develop different freeze-dried powder hydrolysates with high protein value, obtained from the enzymatic hydrolysis of manually deboned chicken carcasses (MDC), a by-product of the poultry industry which is normally used in the production of mechanically deboned meat (MDM). The raw material used was frozen manually deboned chicken carcasses (MDC), obtained from animals slaughtered at approximately 42 days of age with an average weight of 2.5 kg, acquired from an abattoir in southern Brazil. Before use, they were thawed under refrigeration, and cut into smaller pieces with a stainless steel knife for easier mixing during the hydrolysis time. Three commercial enzymes, Papain®, Flavourzyme® and Protamex® were used. Hydrolysis occurred in a thermostatic bath with controlled temperature, time and pH. The proximal compositions of the raw material and freeze-dried hydrolysates and the water activity of the freeze-dried hydrolysates were determined, and the following analyses carried out to control the hydrolysis: degree of hydrolysis, protein, total solids and ash contents, characterization of the amino acids in the hydrolysates, yield, percent hydrolysis and colour of the hydrolysates. The results were evaluated by the analysis of variance and Tukey’s means comparison test. The degree of hydrolysis was highest with Papain, followed by Protamex and Flavourzyme and after 120 minutes of hydrolysis the protein content did not vary significantly (p>0.05) between Papain and Flavourzyme. The amino acid composition showed that the hydrolysate obtained with papain had a composition closer to that recommended by the control authorities. It was concluded that the protein hydrolysates obtained from manually deboned chicken carcasses (MDC) had a high protein content, characterizing them as a promising raw material for the formulation of special diets.

Os consumidores estão se tornando mais conscientes das implicações toxicológicas de aditivos artificiais em alimentos. Nesse sentido, a utilização de compostos antioxidantes naturais, além de reduzir efeitos deletérios da oxidação lipídica, são atualmente mais valorizados no mercado. Dessa forma, objetivou-se determinar o efeito da adição de cogumelo do sol (Agaricus blazei Murril) em pó sobre a estabilidade oxidativa e microbiológica de linguiça frescal de carne suína, ao longo da vida útil. Esse pó foi utilizado nas concentrações de 0%, 1,0%, 2,0% e 4,0%, na fabricação de linguiça. Foram realizadas análises de umidade, proteínas, cinzas, gordura e análises microbiológicas no dia 0. Analisaram-se as linguiças no dia 0 e a cada sete dias em relação ao pH, cor, índice de TBARS e análises microbiológicas. Os resultados obtidos na composição centesimal e nas análises microbiológicas para Estafilococos coagulase positiva, Coliformes a 35 ºC e a 45 ºC, Samonella sp e Clostrídios sulfito redutores estavam de acordo com o exigido pela legislação brasileira. Em relação à cor do produto, ocorreu diminuição na tonalidade vermelha. No período final de estocagem, ao 35º dia, o valor de TBARS para linguiça com 4,0% de pó foi de 0,509±0,12 mg MDA/kg de amostra e para o controle foi de 1,131±0,12 mg MDA/kg de amostra. O cogumelo do sol, em pó, não possui efeito sobre a estabilidade microbiológica. Conclui-se que o cogumelo do sol mostrou-se efetivo sobre a estabilidade oxidativa de linguiça de carne suína quando adicionado em pó nas concentrações de 1,0%, 2,0% e 4,0%.

Consumers are becoming more aware of the toxicological implications of artificial additives in foods. Natural antioxidants, in addition to reducing the deleterious effects of lipid oxidation, are currently extremely highly valued. This study aimed to invetigate the effect of addition of sun mushroom (Agaricus blazei Murrill) powder on the oxidative and microbiological stability of pork sausage during the shelf life. This powder was used at concentrations of 0.0%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0% in the sausages. Analyses of moisture, protein, ash, fat and microbiological analyses were performed on day 0. The sausages were analyzed on day 0 and every seven days in terms of pH, color, TBARS values and microbiological analyses. The results of the proximal composition and microbiological analysis for coagulase positive Staphylococcus, coliforms at 35 ºC and 45 ºC, Salmonella sp and sulfite-reducing Clostridium were consistent with those required by Brazilian legislation. The color of the products was of a decreased redness At the end of the storage period, on the 35th day, the TBARS values for the sausage with 4.0% powder was 0.509±0.12 mg MDA/kg sample and for the control was 1.131±0.12 mg MDA/kg sample. The sun mushroom powder had no effect on microbiological stability. It is concluded that sun mushroom was effective in terms of the oxidative stability of pork sausage when added in powdered form at concentrations of 1.0%, 2.0% and 4.0%.

Mortadella-type sausage manufactured using mechanically deboned chicken meat were reformulated replacing MDCM with increasing amounts of MDCM protein hydrolysates (10%, 20%, and 30%), and their physicochemical, microbiological, and sensorial characteristics were evaluated for 60 days of storage at 4 °C. The higher substitutions resulted in sausages more susceptible to lipid oxidation with higher TBARS values during storage; however, these values were lower than the organoleptic perception threshold. The sausages were darker and less red, with lower lightness (L*) and redness (a*) values than those of the control treatment. They had soft texture, which was evidenced by both the instrumental and sensory analysis. Therefore, the formulation containing 10% of MDCM protein hydrolysates proved to be the most suitable for mortadella-type sausage elaboration.

Este trabalho investigou os efeitos do extrato hidroetanólico de semente de E. japonica (EJSE) como inibidor da oxidação lipídica e proteica em patês a base de pescado armazenados refrigerados. Foram desenvolvidas cinco formulações de patê de pescado. Estas formulações incluíram dois patês controles (controle-água e controle-ácido ascórbico) e três adicionados de EJSE (0,1; 0,2 e 0,4g de semente 100g-1 de produto, equivalente a 3,4; 6,8 ou 13,6mg compostos fenólicos kg-1 de produto) que foram armazenados refrigerados durante 35 dias. Os valores de dienos conjugados (CD) e peróxidos (PV) aumentaram ao longo do armazenamento, contudo, CD e PV diminuíram de maneira semelhante em todas as amostras aos 35 dias de análise (P<0,05). No entanto, o conteúdo de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) não se modificou ao longo do armazenamento e não foi afetado pelo EJSE. Também houve aumento linear no conteúdo de proteínas carboniladas dos patês de pescado ao longo do armazenamento (P<0,05), sem efeito do EJSE na oxidação proteica. Os resultados mostram que, nas concentrações avaliadas, o extrato hidroetanólico de semente de E. japonica não foi capaz de inibir ou reduzir as oxidações lipídicas e proteicas em patês de pescado, mas seu conteúdo fenólico enfatiza para a necessidade de aprofundar as pesquisas com o resíduo desta fruta.

This study investigated the effects of hydroethanolic E. japonica seed extracts (EJSE) as inhibitors of lipid and protein oxidation on fish pates subjected to refrigerated storage. Five fish pate formulations were developed. These formulations included two control pates (water-control and ascorbic acid-control) and three pates with added EJSE (0.1, 0.2 and 0.4g of seed 100g-1 product, equivalent to 3.4, 6.8 or 13.6mg phenolic compounds kg-1 product), which were then stored under refrigeration for 35 days. Conjugated dienes (CD) and peroxide (PV) values increased along with the storage time; however, these values decreased and were similar among all samples at the end of 35 days of analysis (P<0.05). However, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances levels (TBARS) did not change along the storage and were not affected by the EJSE. Additionally, there was a linear increase in the protein carbonyl content of fish pates over the storage period (P<0.05), but no effect of EJSE on protein oxidation. The results show that, at the concentrations evaluated, hydroethanolic E. japonica seed extract was unable to inhibit or reduce lipid and protein oxidation in fish pates, but the observed phenolic content emphasizes the need for further studies on the wastes of this fruit.

A cultura do milho é de grande importância na agricultura brasileira, com ampla distribuição do norte ao sul do país. O milho pode ser uma fonte significativa de fibra, dependendo da forma como é utilizado na alimentação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os teores de fibra alimentar insolúvel (FAI), solúvel (FAS) e total (FAT) de produtos derivados do milho. Determinou-se também os teores de umidade, resíduo mineral fixo, extrato etéreo e proteína bruta das amostras analisadas. Trabalhou-se com amostras de canjica, pipoca, farinha fina, farinha média e farinha pré-cozida. O método utilizado na determinação de fibra foi o de Prosky et al. Entre os produtos analisados observou-se que a pipoca apresentou o maior teor de FAT (média de 12,15% ) e a canjica o menor (média de 2,39 %). Em relação às farinhas, a fina e a média apresentaram teores de fibra semelhantes, enquanto as amostras de farinha pré-cozida apresentaram um teor um pouco mais baixo. Em todos os produtos analisados, a FAI correspondeu a mais de 90% da fibra total. Quanto aos demais constituintes avaliados, encontrou-se, neste trabalho, valores de acordo com os já disponíveis na literatura.

Corn crop is of great importance to Brazilian agriculture, ranging from the north to the south of the country. Corn can be an important source of fiber, depending on the way it is used as food. The objective of this work was to evaluate the content of insoluble (IDF), soluble (SDF), and total (TDF) dietary fiber of corn-derived products. The content of moisture, ash, lipids, and crude protein were also determined in the samples. We have worked with "canjica", popcorn, and meal (finely ground, medium ground, and pre-cooked). The PROSKY'S enzymic-gravimetric method was used to determine dietary fiber. Among the products analyzed, we have observed that the popcorn showed the greatest content of TDF (12.15%), and the "canjica" showed the smallest one (2.39%). Thin and medium corn meals exhibited similar fiber contents, while the pre-cooked meal exhibited slightly lower contents. In all products, the IDF corresponded to more than 90% of the total dietary fiber. In relation to the other analyzed constituents, values found were in agreement with literature.

Três partidas de mortadela foram elaboradas segundo uma mesma formulação, diferenciando-se porém quanto ao antioxidante utilizado. Uma das partidas recebeu 0,25% de Fixador A-80 (ácido ascórbico), a outra 3,35% de destilado de refinaria de óleo de soja (tocoferóis) e a terceira, o controle, não recebeu a adição de antioxidante. As peças de mortadela foram mantidas em temperatura ambiente (8 a 20ºC) e analisadas semanalmente visando-se o acompanhamento da oxidação lipídica. O destilado do refino do óleo de soja demonstrou propriedades antioxidantes similares às do Fixador A-80. O baixo custo deste destilado irá refletir-se na redução do custo de fabricação dos embutidos curados.

Three lots of mortadella were processed using similar formulation and the only difference being the anti-oxidants used. One of the lots received 0,25% of Fixador A-80 (ascorbic acid), the other 3,35% of soya bean oil distilled refinery and the third, as the control group, did not receive any anti-oxidant. Samples were kept in temperature which ranged from 8 to 20º C and analysed weekly with the objective of monitoring the lipid oxidation. The distilled of the refined of soybean oil showed danti-oxidant properties similar to the Fixador A-80. The low cost of this distilled components will influence the reduction of prices in the preparation of the cured processed meats.