ABSTRACT Objective: Patients with acute respiratory failure often require mechanical ventilation to reduce the work of breathing and improve gas exchange; however, this may exacerbate lung injury. Protective ventilation strategies, characterized by low tidal volumes (≤ 8mL/kg of predicted body weight) and limited plateau pressure below 30cmH2O, have shown improved outcomes in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. However, in the transition to spontaneous ventilation, it can be challenging to maintain tidal volume within protective levels, and it is unclear whether low tidal volumes during spontaneous ventilation impact patient outcomes. We developed a study protocol to estimate the prevalence of low tidal volume ventilation in the first 24 hours of spontaneous ventilation in patients with hypoxemic acute respiratory failure and its association with ventilator-free days and survival. Methods: We designed a multicenter, multinational, cohort study with a 28-day follow-up that will include patients with acute respiratory failure, defined as a partial oxygen pressure/fraction of inspired oxygen ratio < 300mmHg, in transition to spontaneous ventilation in intensive care units in Latin America. Results: We plan to include 422 patients in ten countries. The primary outcomes are the prevalence of low tidal volume in the first 24 hours of spontaneous ventilation and ventilator-free days on day 28. The secondary outcomes are intensive care unit and hospital mortality, incidence of asynchrony and return to controlled ventilation and sedation. Conclusion: In this study, we will assess the prevalence of low tidal volume during spontaneous ventilation and its association with clinical outcomes, which can inform clinical practice and future clinical trials. Objective exchange however injury strategies ≤ ( 8mLkg mLkg 8mL kg mL weight 30cmH2O cmHO cmH O syndrome However levels 2 ventilatorfree ventilator free survival Methods multicenter multinational 28day 28 followup follow up pressurefraction fraction 300mmHg mmHg America Results 42 countries mortality sedation Conclusion trials 4

RESUMO Objetivo: Pacientes com insuficiência respiratória aguda frequentemente necessitam de ventilação mecânica para reduzir o trabalho respiratório e melhorar a troca gasosa; no entanto, a ventilação mecânica pode exacerbar a lesão pulmonar. As estratégias de ventilação protetora, caracterizadas por baixo volume corrente (≤ 8mL/kg de peso corporal previsto) e pressão de platô limitada abaixo de 30cmH2O, mostraram melhores desfechos em pacientes com síndrome do desconforto respiratório agudo. No entanto, na transição para a ventilação espontânea, manter o volume corrente dentro dos níveis de proteção pode ser desafiador, e não está claro se o volume corrente baixo durante a ventilação espontânea afeta os desfechos dos pacientes. Desenvolvemos um protocolo de estudo para estimar a prevalência de ventilação com volume corrente baixo nas primeiras 24 horas de ventilação espontânea em pacientes com insuficiência respiratória aguda hipoxêmica e sua associação com dias livres da ventilação mecânica e sobrevida. Métodos: Desenhamos um estudo de coorte multicêntrico, multinacional, com seguimento de 28 dias, que incluirá pacientes com insuficiência respiratória aguda, definida como pressão parcial de oxigênio/fração inspirada de oxigênio < 300mmHg, em transição para ventilação espontânea em unidades de terapia intensiva na América Latina. Resultados: Pretendemos incluir 422 pacientes em 10 países. Os desfechos primários são a prevalência de baixo volume corrente nas primeiras 24 horas de ventilação espontânea e dias livres da ventilação mecânica no dia 28. Os desfechos secundários são mortalidade hospitalar e na unidade de terapia intensiva, incidência de assincronia e retorno à ventilação controlada e sedação. Conclusão: Neste estudo, avaliaremos a prevalência de volume corrente baixo durante a ventilação espontânea e sua associação com os desfechos clínicos, o que pode informar a prática clínica e futuros ensaios clínicos. Objetivo gasosa entanto pulmonar protetora ≤ ( 8mLkg mLkg 8mL kg mL previsto 30cmH2O cmHO cmH O agudo desafiador 2 sobrevida Métodos multicêntrico multinacional oxigêniofração fração 300mmHg mmHg Latina Resultados 42 1 países sedação Conclusão clínicos 4

Resumen Introducción: La evidencia disponible en el tratamiento del estatus epiléptico refractario (EER) es limitada. Objetivo: Evaluar los factores clínicos y evolutivos en pacientes con EER acorde el tratamiento de tercera línea utilizado (midazolam-MDL y/o propofol-PRO). Métodos: Cohorte retrospectiva que incluyó 34 pacientes con EER atendidos durante noviembre de 2015 a junio de 2018. Variables de interés: Edad, severidad y etiología del EER, nivel de conciencia pretratamiento, fármacos anestésicos (MDL-PRO), evolución acorde escala de Rankin al alta hospitalaria y a los 3 meses. Resultados: La media de edad de los pacientes fue de 51,21±22,3 años y el 32,4% (11) tenían antecedentes de epilepsia. El 35,3%(12) de los enfermos presentó EE súper-refractario (EESR). La mortalidad hospitalaria alcanzó el 50% de los pacientes y a los 3 meses se extendió hasta el 55,9%. Los pacientes que utilizaron MDL tuvieron una frecuencia superior de uso de vasopresores (71,4% vs 50,0%) y los que necesitaron esquema combinado de MDL-PRO, incluyeron al mayor grupo de EESR (p≤0,01), con una frecuencia superior de traqueostomía (p=0,03), uso de vasopresores (p=0,01) y mayor necesidad de disminución de la dosis de fármacos anestésicos (p=0,05). El análisis mediante la curva de Kaplan Meier no demostró diferencias de supervivencia significativas a los 3 meses entre los diferentes estratos. MDL vs PRO (Log Rank=0, 17), MDL vs MDL-PRO (Log Rank=0, 49) y PRO vs MDL-PRO (Log Rank=0, 48). Conclusiones: Los pacientes con EER mostraron una elevada mortalidad, sin evidenciarse un incremento de la misma acorde los diferentes fármacos y esquemas de tratamiento anestésico utilizados.

Abstract Introduction: The evidence available in the treatment of refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is limited. Objective: Evaluate the clinical and outcome factors in patients with refractory status epilepticus (RSE) according the third line treatment used (midazolam-MDL and/or propofol-PRO). Methods: Retrospective cohort study included 34 patients treated by RSE during November 2015 to June 2018. Variables: Age, severity and etiology of RSE, pretreatment level of consciousness, anesthetic drugs (MDL-PRO), outcome at hospital discharge and 3 months according Rankin score. Results: Mean of age of the patients was 51.21±22.3 years and 32.4% (11) had previous history of epilepsy. Super RSE (SSRE) was diagnosed in 35.3% (12) of sample. Mortality reached up 50% of patients and extended to 55.9% at 3 months. Patients treated with MDL had higher rate of vasopressor needs (71.4% vs 50.0%) and the group who received a scheme of combined treatment MDL-PRO included mainly a SSRE patients (p≤0.01), higher rate of tracheostomy (p=0.03), vasopressor drugs (p=0.01) and diminished dosage of anesthetic drugs (p=0.05). Surveillance analysis according Kaplan Meier curve did not found significant differences at 3 months in survival rate between groups. MDL vs PRO (Log Rank=0. 17), MDL vs MDL-PRO (Log Rank=0. 49) y PRO vs MDL-PRO (Log Rank=0. 48). Conclusion: Patients with RSE had a high mortality, without evidence of increase of mortality in groups according anesthetic drugs used and schemed of treatment applied.

Abstract Introduction: Status Epilepticus (SE) is a frequent neurologic emergency. Little research has been done in South America to evaluate the prognostic variables of mortality and disability in patients with SE. Objective: To determine the variables associated to an unfavorable outcome at hospital discharge in the patients who were treated for SE. Methods: A retrospective study was performed during the period of January 2016-June 2017. A total of 26 patients were diagnosed of SE and its different variants. The effects of clinical, radiological, and electroencephalographic features on hospital outcome according Rankin scale were evaluated. Results: Twelve (46.2%) patients had an unfavorable outcome at hospital discharge, while the mortality rate reached 23.1%. There was a predominance of males with a 76.9% of all the patients. The independent variables associated with an unfavorable outcome were the number of comorbidities (p=0.01, OR: 4.27-95%CI1.33-13.6), structural lesions on the Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI) (p=0.04, OR: 3.92-95%CI1.05-14.61) and refractory SE (p=0.01, OR: 12.52-95%CI1.85-84.44). There was also a trend for age (p=0.07 OR: 1.03-95%CI0.99-1.07). While an initial good clinical condition, according to the Glasgow Scale represent a protective factor (p=0.00 OR: 0.49-IC95% 0.29-0.84) of an unfavorable outcome. Conclusions: The unfavorable outcome was marginally associated with patient age, clinical status at the onset of SE according to the Glasgow Coma Scale, as well as brain lesions on brain MRI. Refractory SE and more than 4 comorbidities are predictors of an unfavorable outcome at hospital discharge.

Resumen Introducción: El Estatus Epiléptico (EE) es una causa frecuente de emergencia neurológica. Escasos son los estudios realizados en Suramérica para evaluar los factores pronósticos de mortalidad y discapacidad en pacientes con EE. Objetivo: Determinar las variables asociadas a una evolución desfavorable (ED) al alta hospitalaria en pacientes con EE. Método: Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo durante el periodo enero 2016-junio 2017. Un total de 26 pacientes fueron diagnosticados con EE en sus diferentes variantes. Se evaluó el efecto de las variables clínicas, radiológicas y electroencefalográficas sobre la evolución hospitalaria final acorde la escala de Rankin. Resultados: 12 (46,2%) de los pacientes tuvieron una ED al alta hospitalaria, con una mortalidad que alcanzó el 23%. Existió un predominio del sexo masculino (76,9%). Las variables asociadas de forma independiente con una ED fueron el número de comorbilidades (p=0.01, OR: 4.27-95%CI1.33-13.6), lesiones en la imagen por Resonancia Magnética (IRM) (p=0.04, OR: 3.92-95%CI1.05-14.61) y el EE refractario (p=0.01, OR: 12.52-95%CI1.85-84.44), y la edad (p=0.07 OR: 1.03-95%CI0.99-1.07). Mientras que, un buen estado clínico inicial acorde la escala de Glasgow fue un factor protector (p=0.00 OR: 0.49-IC95%0.29-0.84) de tener una ED. Conclusiones: Tener una ED se asocia a la edad, el estado clínico inicial del paciente acorde la escala de Glasgow, así como lesiones en la IRM. EE refractario y más de 4 comorbilidades también fueron predictores de una ED al alta hospitalaria.

OBJETIVO: Determinar patrones de control de hiperglucemia (HG) en el ictus agudo. MÉTODOS: Encuesta anónima, mediante cuestionario vía Internet. Los participantes incluyan médicos latinoamericanos especializados en cuidados neurocríticos. RESULTADOS: Las encuestas fueron respondidas por el 74% de los convocados. Las definiciones de hiperglucemia fueron variadas. El 50% de los que respondieron consideran HG cuando glucemia >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). Insulina regular intravenosa fue la droga de elección para su control. Solo la quinta parte de los encuestados manifestaron adherencia a un protocolo. El 23% emplea el régimen insulínico intensivo (TII). Glucemia fue obtenida a la admisión a la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UCI) por el total de los participantes. Test rutinario de laboratorio fue el método preferido para la monitorización. Tiras reactivas fueron utilizadas con mayor frecuencia cuando se aplicó monitoreo intensivo. El 56.7% monitoriza glucemia más de dos veces al día durante la estadía en UCI. CONCLUSIONES: Existe una considerable variabilidad y heterogeneidad en el manejo de la hiperglucemia durante la fase aguda del ictus entre los médicos latinoamericanos encuestados.

OBJECTIVE: To determine patterns of hyperglycemic (HG) control in acute stroke. METHODS: Anonymous survey through Internet questionnaire. Participants included Latin-American physicians specialized in neurocritical care. RESULTS: The response rate was 74%. HG definition varied widely. Fifty per cent considered it when values were >140 mg/dL (7.8 mmol/L). Intravenous (IV) regular insulin was the drug of choice for HG correction. One fifth of the respondents expressed adherence to a protocol. Intensive insulin therapy (IIT) was used by 23%. Glucose levels were measured in all participants at admission. Routine laboratory test was the preferred method for monitoring. Reactive strips were more frequently used when monitoring was intensive. Most practitioners (56.7%) monitored glucose more than two times daily throughout the Intensive Care Unit stay. CONCLUSIONS: There is considerable variability and heterogeneity in the management of elevated blood glucose during acute phase of stroke by the surveyed Latin-American physicians.