RESUMEN Introducción: El rendimiento de los deportistas de taekwondo se ve afectado por su nivel de condición física. Los atletas de alto nivel deben tener una buena forma física para realizar técnicas difíciles y conjuntos de movimientos complejos con gran especificidad. Objetivo: Verificar la influencia del entrenamiento de alta intensidad en el nivel de aptitud física para la selección y el entrenamiento diario de los atletas de taekwondo en colegios y universidades. Métodos: En este estudio, se consideraron 47 atletas de taekwondo de alto nivel del Instituto de Educación Física de la Capital y se analizaron estadísticamente por medio de la literatura, la entrevista a expertos, las pruebas, la estadística matemática y el análisis lógico. Se determinaron los factores que influyen en la aptitud física. Resultados: Se determinaron cinco indicadores de prueba de primer nivel, nueve de segundo nivel y 15 de tercer nivel basados en la combinación de la aptitud física general y la específica de los deportistas. El análisis de las pruebas de aptitud física se realizó antes y después de 12 semanas de entrenamiento diario de alta intensidad, lo que demostró que la calidad física de los atletas mostraba una tendencia ascendente, especialmente en términos de fuerza, resistencia y flexibilidad, pero la velocidad y la agilidad no mostraron cambios estadísticos. Conclusión: El entrenamiento físico de los atletas de taekwondo de alto nivel debe combinarse con técnicas particulares, centrándose en el entrenamiento de las cinco cualidades de fuerza, velocidad, resistencia, agilidad y flexibilidad. Se recomienda planificar individualmente el ciclo de entrenamiento y la intensidad de cada sesión de entrenamiento, llevar a cabo un plan de entrenamiento dirigido y garantizar un plan de entrenamiento con regularidad. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos - investigación de los resultados del tratamiento. Introducción especificidad Objetivo universidades Métodos estudio 4 literatura expertos lógico Resultados 1 ascendente fuerza flexibilidad estadísticos Conclusión particulares regularidad II tratamiento

RESUMO Introdução: O desempenho do atleta de Taekwondo é afetado pelo seu nível de aptidão física. Atletas de alto nível devem ter uma boa aptidão física para executar técnicas difíceis, e conjuntos complexos de movimentos com alta especificidade. Objetivo: Verificar a influência do treino de alta intensidade no nível de aptidão física para a seleção e treinamento diário dos atletas de taekwondo em faculdades e universidades. Métodos: Neste estudo, 47 atletas de alto nível de taekwondo do Instituto Capital de Educação Física foram considerados e analisados estatisticamente por meio de literatura, entrevista com especialistas, testes, estatísticas matemáticas e análises lógicas. Foram determinados os fatores que influenciam a aptidão física. Resultados: Foram verificados cinco indicadores de teste de primeiro nível, nove de segundo nível e 15 de terceiro nível com base na combinação de aptidão física geral e aptidão específica dos atletas foram determinados. A análise do teste de aptidão física foi executada antes e depois de 12 semanas de treinamento diário de alta intensidade demonstrando que a qualidade física dos atletas apresentou uma tendência ascendente, especialmente em termos de força, resistência e flexibilidade, mas a velocidade e a agilidade não demonstraram alterações estatísticas. Conclusão: O treinamento de aptidão física dos atletas de taekwondo de alto nível deve ser combinado com técnicas particulares, concentrando-se no treinamento das cinco qualidades de força, velocidade, resistência, agilidade e flexibilidade. Recomenda-se planejar individualmente o ciclo de treinamento e a intensidade de cada treinamento, realizar um plano de treinamento direcionado e garantir um plano de treinamento com regularidade. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos - investigação dos resultados do tratamento. Introdução difíceis especificidade Objetivo universidades Métodos estudo 4 literatura especialistas testes lógicas Resultados 1 ascendente força flexibilidade Conclusão particulares concentrandose concentrando se Recomendase Recomenda regularidade II tratamento

ABSTRACT Introduction: Taekwondo athletes’ performance is affected by their level of physical fitness. High-level athletes must have good physical fitness to perform difficult techniques and complex sets of movements with high specificity. Objective: Verify the influence of high-intensity training on fitness levels for the selection and daily training of taekwondo athletes in colleges and universities. Methods: In this study, 47 high-level taekwondo athletes from the Capital Institute of Physical Education were considered and statistically analyzed employing literature, expert interview, tests, mathematical statistics, and logical analysis. The factors influencing physical fitness were determined. Results: Five first-level, nine second-level, and 15 third-level test indicators based on the combination of general fitness and specific fitness of athletes were determined. Fitness test analysis was performed before and after 12 weeks of daily high-intensity training demonstrating that the athletes’ physical quality showed an upward trend, especially in terms of strength, endurance, and flexibility. Still, speed and agility showed no statistical change. Conclusion: Fitness training of high-level taekwondo athletes should be combined with particular techniques, focusing on training the five qualities of strength, speed, endurance, agility, and flexibility. It is recommended to individually plan the training cycle and intensity of each training session, to carry out a targeted training plan, and to ensure a training plan with regularity. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment outcomes. Introduction Highlevel High specificity Objective highintensity universities Methods study 4 highlevel literature interview tests statistics determined Results firstlevel, firstlevel first level, first-level secondlevel, secondlevel second second-level 1 thirdlevel third trend strength endurance flexibility Still change Conclusion session regularity II outcomes

Abstract The aqueous enzymatic extraction (AEE) of oil from shrimp processing by-products was investigated. Four kinds of proteases, including alkaline protease, neutral protease, flavor protease and compound protease, were applied to hydrolysis shrimp processing by-products. The results showed that flavor protease was the best hydrolysis enzyme for shrimp processing by-products to obtain high oil recovery. The influences of four factors, including enzyme amount, liquid/solid ratio, hydrolysis time and hydrolysis temperature, on shrimp oil extraction yield were also studied. The flavor enzyme hydrolysis condition was optimized as following: enzyme amount of 2.0% (w/w), liquid/solid ratio of 9.0ml/g, hydrolysis time of 2.6 h and hydrolysis temperature of 50 °C. Under these optimum hydrolysis conditions, the experimental oil extraction yield was 88.9%.

ABSTRACT: Soil microorganisms are influenced by climate change. However, the effect of climate change on soil cultivable bacteria are unclear. In this study, the composition and diversity of the soil cultivable bacterial community were explored by a dilution–plate method, PCR, and 16S rRNA sequencing in a desert steppe of northern China after repeated NH4NO3 amendments and precipitation manipulation for seven years. The experimental treatments were as follows: control (CK), N addition (+N), N addition plus water addition (+N+W), and N addition plus water reduction (+N-W). Among the treatment groups, 11 genera and 17 bacterial species were isolated. Nitrogen addition and precipitation manipulation significantly increased the number of cultivable bacteria in the 0.00-0.30 m layer compared to CK. Compared to +N treatment, the +N+W and +N–W treatments had no significant impact on the number of cultivable bacteria. Compared to the CK community, bacterial communities exposed to the other three treatments did not show shifts in the relative abundance of dominant genera and other cultivable bacteria, except for Pontibacter and Staphylococcus. The treatments +N+W and +N-W significantly modified the relative abundance of Pontibacter and Staphylococcus compared to the +N treatment. Available potassium and phosphorus, and moisture content contributed to the change in the composition of the cultivable bacterial community (p>0.05). Nitrogen addition and precipitation manipulation significantly decreased species richness in the 0.00-0.02 m layer, but they did not affect evenness and the Shannon-Wiener Index in the 0.00-0.30 m layer. This study provides insights into how the composition and diversity of the bacterial community is affected by climate change scenarios.

Backgrounds and aims: This study aimed to compare the esophageal motility between gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) patients with typical symptoms but without globus sensation and GERD patients only with globus symptoms. Methods: A total of 57 consecutive GERD patients diagnosed by endoscopy or by 24-hour pH monitoring between May 2013 and September 2015 were included retrospectively into the study. The patients were grouped based on the presence or absence of globus. Thirty patients presented with typical reflux symptoms but without globus were assigned to the typical GERD group and 27 patients only with globus symptom were assigned to the globus GERD group. All patients underwent esophageal high resolution manometry (HRM) and the differences in esophageal motility between the two groups were analyzed. Results: The globus GERD group showed a significantly greater lower esophageal sphincter (LES) length, LES basal pressure and upper esophageal sphincter (UES) residual pressure than that of the typical GERD group (3.47 ± 0.76 vs 2.65 ± 0.62 cm, 21.71 ± 9.68 vs 16.04 ± 8.49 mmHg, 7.30 ± 4.42 vs 4.12 ± 2.92 mmHg, all p < 0.05). There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the distal wave amplitude, mean wave duration, distal contractile integral (DCI), contractile front velocity (CFV), distal latency (DL), integrated relaxation pressure (IRP) and UES basal pressure. The incidence of esophageal dysmotility in the globus GERD group (33.3%) was higher than in the typical GERD group (23.3%). There was no significant difference in esophageal acid exposure of the non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux disease (NERD) patients between the two groups. Conclusions: Globus GERD patients have a higher UES residual pressure, longer LES length, higher LES basal pressure and greater esophageal dysmotility than typical GERD patients. HRM is useful in evaluating esophageal motility of GERD patients.