Abstract Bioactive peptides are digestion-resistant and absorbable peptides released from dietary parent proteins. Dietary epitopes exert their effects on the body without absorption and release from parent protein. In this study, the epitope content of milk proteins was discovered, and a new definition for BPs is provided alongside the classic definition. In this study, LBtope, ABCpred, and SVMTriP servers were used to find Linear B cell epitopes. Besides, to predict T cell epitopes, the major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) and MHC-II alleles that were more abundant among Iranian people were first found from the Allele Frequency Net Database (AFND). Consequently, the IEDB, RANKPEP, SYFPEITHI, EpiJen, and EpiTOP3 servers were used for MHC binding epitopes. In the current study, MHC-II, MHC-I, and B-cell epitopes of milk proteins were discovered. The most important B-cell epitopes discovered by LBtope, ABCpred, and SVMtrip databases for αS1-casein included APSFSDIPNPIGSEN (176-190), AESISSSEEIVPNSVE (62-77), and VFGKEKVNELSKDIGS (31-46). The high rank of αS1-casein derived from MHC-II epitopes and discovered from the SYFPEITHI database included KEKVNELSKDIGSES (34-48), RFFVAPFPEVFGKEK (22-36), and PELFRQFYQLDAYPS (147-161). The epitopes of dietary proteins and endogenous proteins could be considered as BPs. Epitopes exert their biological effects without absorption and release from parent proteins.

ABSTRACT Three Gossypium species have been used to breed cotton as they vary in their fiber production and resistance to stresses. Transcription factors (TFs) mostly are present in different copies or isoforms by which they conduct their regulation. Their copy number can determine organism behavior to a cue. Simple sequence repeats (SSRs) are one of the most informative and versatile molecular markers. Transcription factors of three Gossypium species were compared in silico. Seventy eight percent of TFs were common between the three species. Single copy for each species were 6057 TF. Gossypium hirsutum and G. raimondii shared the most common interspecific TF. Gossypium arboreum species-specific TF were the least. MYB TF family with its subfamilies is the most abundant followed by bHLH and AP2/ERF family. Gossypium hirsutum generally possesses more TF copies compared to other two species. The 2109 single-copy clusters indicate that G. hirsutum has received one copy from only one parent. The five most abundant SSR markers of TF were dinucleotides AT, TA, TC, CT and TG belonging to G. raimondii. For G. arboreum and G. hirsutum they were trinucleotides CAA, CGA, TGA, GAA (CAT: G. hirsutum) and TCA. The findings suggest that there is regulatory difference between the three Gossypium species for fiber production and insect attack response. The differences may be due to some adaptive deletion events during speciation of G. hirsutum from its parents G. arboreum and G. raimondii.

Plants’ natural defense mechanisms against herbivorous arthropods include the emission of volatile organic compounds (VOC). Nowadays field observations about plant-insect interactions are better understood thanks to the increasingly scientific investigations over recent decades. There are now more precise data about molecules, action modes and physiological and genetic bases of these plant defense mechanisms. VOC present an important potential for crop protection and pesticide use reduction. In the present review, we focus on the latest research advances about plant protection provided by VOC, considering experimental methods of volatile analysis and the involved genes toward genetic improvement of natural defense in the future varieties, particularly for Upland cotton Gossypium hirsutum.

El suministro de agua es la limitante principal del rendimiento de la palma de aceite (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). El objeto de este trabajo fue estudiar el intercambio de gases y la capacidad fotosintética para determinar los efectos fisiológicos y evaluar el potencial de la tolerancia de dos genotipos de palma de aceite bajo condiciones de déficit de agua. Dos genotipos comerciales de palma aceitera, IRHO1001 e IRHO7010 fueron expuestos a -0.042 MPa (capacidad de campo o bien regado) y -1.5 MPa (estrés de sequía). El potencial hídrico de la hoja y los parámetros de intercambio de gases, incluyendo la fotosíntesis, conductancia estomática, transpiración y eficiencia del uso del agua (EUA) se revisaron a las 4 y 8 semanas después de iniciado el tratamiento considerando el porcentaje de reducción de fotosíntesis en cada tiempo. El genotipo IRHO7010 mostró menos cambios en la fotosíntesis y en la reducción fotosintética a las 4 semanas (23%) y 8 semanas (53%) de iniciado el tratamiento de déficit hídrico prolongado, en comparación al genotipo IRHO1001 que presentó una reducción de 46 y 74% para los muestreos de las 4 y 8 semanas, respectivamente. 'IRHO7010' tuvo mayor conductancia estomática y transpiración que 'IRHO1001' durante el déficit hídrico. La EUA y el potencial hídrico de la hoja no mostraron ninguna diferencia entre los dos genotipos durante la sequía. Los datos sugieren que 'IRHO7010' tiene mayor capacidad fotosintética durante el estrés por sequía y por tanto puede ser más tolerante a la sequía que 'IRHO1001'.

Water supply is the main limiting factor that affects oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) yield. This study aimed to evaluate the gas exchange and photosynthetic capacity, determine the physiological effects and assess the tolerance potential of oil palm genotypes under water-deficit conditions. The two oil palm commercial genotypes IRHO1001 and IRHO7010 were exposed to soil water potentials of -0.042 MPa (field capacity or well-watered) or -1.5 MPa (drought-stressed). The leaf water potential and gas exchange parameters, including photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, transpiration and water use efficiency (WUE), as well as the photosynthesis reduction rate were monitored at 4 and 8 weeks after treatment. The IRHO7010 genotype showed fewer photosynthesis changes and a smaller photosynthetic reduction under the prolonged water deficit conditions of 23% at 4 weeks after the treatment as compared to 53% at 8 weeks after treatment, but the IRHO1001 genotype showed 46% and 74% reduction at the two sampling times. 'IRHO7010' had a higher stomatal conductance and transpiration potential than 'IRHO1001' during the water shortage. The WUE and leaf water potential were not different between the genotypes during dehydration. The data suggested that 'IRHO7010' had a higher photosynthetic capacity during the drought stress and was more drought-tolerant than 'IRHO1001'.

En los últimos años, la técnica RNA-Seq ha tenido un desarrollo acelerado y se ha convertido en el método de elección para el estudio y la caracterización de los transcriptomas dinámicos, aprovechando las tecnologías de secuenciación de alto rendimiento. Estudios aplicando RNA-Seq han mostrado la magnitud, noción y complejidad del transcripotma. A partir de 2008, año de introducción de la técnica, los estudios con RNA-Seq se han multiplicados por más de 2822 veces sólo en 6 años. Al compararse con otros métodos, los estudios empleando RNA-Seq contribuyen a una estimación más precisa de la expresión génica y de las isoformas de los transcriptos. Además, algunas de las aplicaciones potenciales de RNA-Seq no se pueden llevar a cabo con otros métodos. El uso de RNA-Seq aumenta la velocidad de obtención de información y disminuye los costos, logrando con su uso, que investigaciones diversas se vuelvan más frecuentes y precisas. RNA-Seq es un método interdisciplinario que interconecta la biología a otros temas científicos. En este artículo se describe el planteamiento de la tecnología RNA-Seq, metodologías y los métodos realizados en la caracterización de transcriptomas.

RNA Sequencing (RNA-Seq) is a newly born tool that has revolutionized the post-genomic era. The data produced by RNA-Seq, sequencing technologies and use of bioinformatics are exploding rapidly. In recent years, RNA-Seq has been the method of choice for profiling dynamic transcriptome taking advantage of high throughput sequencing technologies. RNA-Seq studies have shown the transcriptome magnitude, notion and complexity. From 2008, as its introduction year, the relevant reports on RNA-Seq have been multiplied by more than 2822 times just in 6 years. RNA-Seq also contributes a more accurate gene expression and transcript isoform estimation than other methods. Furthermore, some of the potential applications for RNA-Seq cannot be conducted by other methods and as yet are unique to RNA-Seq. As RNA-Seq approaches increase in speed and decrease in cost, more distinct researches are applied and become more common and accurate. RNA-Seq is a cross and interdisciplinary method that interconnects biology to other scientific topics. This article describes RNA-Seq approach, technologies, methodologies, implementation, and methods done so far in characterizing and profiling transcriptomes.