Abstract U/Pb ages of detrital zircon from two samples of Ordovician sediments were determined and, based on similar published data, were compared with xenocrystal inheritance of Triassic and Oligocene granitoids of the Cordillera Real in order to better understand their genetic relationship and sources. The results show that the detrital zircon in the Ordovician sandstone and the inherited zircon cores in granitoids are statistically correlated. This correlation suggests assimilation of these sedimentary units by the felsic melts. Ages ranging from 300 to 2300 Ma are recorded in these inherited zircons. A high peak of Cambrian to late Neoproterozoic ages (500-750 Ma) is observed throughout metasedimentary units of the entire belt. Candidates for the main sources of these zircons include: Brasiliano or Pampean belts and/or an “in situ” hidden belt within the Central Andes or via recycling of detrital zircons in pre-existing sedimentary rocks. It is also possible that the sources lie below modern sedimentary covers but, at the time, formed high relief structures supplying recycled material into the Ordovician basins.

RESUMEN Introducción: las adolescentes presentan cambios biológicos y reciben influencias sociales que las predisponen a quedar embarazadas a temprana edad. Objetivo: evaluar la resiliencia en un grupo de gestante adolescentes para estimar la frecuencia del NRB (nivel de resiliencia bajo) e identificar factores psicosociales asociados. Metodología: estudio transversal en gestantes adolescentes que acudieron a consulta prenatal en Cartagena, Colombia. Se aplicó un cuestionario de características sociodemográficas y es-calas sobre resiliencia, familismo, religiosidad, espiritualidad, funcionalidad familiar, violencia de pareja, felicidad y autoestima. Se compararon dos grupos: NRB y NRAM (nivel de resiliencia alto/moderado). Se realizó una regresión logística multivariada para identificar los factores asociados al NRB. Resultados: se estudiaron 499 gestantes adolescentes con una edad promedio de 17 años. La mitad de ellas pertenecían a familias disfuncionales. Sesenta y cuatro (12,8 %) tuvieron un NRB con factores asociados como bajo familismo OR: 4,736 (IC 95 %: 2,673-8,392), baja autoestima OR: 4,257 (IC 95 %: 1,363-13,295), disfunción familiar OR: 3,902 (IC 95 %: 2,052-7,422), violencia de pareja OR: 2,689 (IC 95 %: 1,082-6,678), deficiente espiritualidad OR: 2,503 (IC 95 %: 1,461-4,287) y reducida felicidad OR: 2,063 (IC 95 %: 1,214-3,506). Conclusión: en una ciudad del Caribe colombiano, en trece de cada cien gestantes adolescentes que acu-den a consulta prenatal, se encontró NRB; disfunción familiar, violencia de pareja en el embarazo, deficien-te perspectiva espiritual, reducida felicidad subjetiva, familismo y nivel de autoestima bajos se observaron asociados.

SUMMARY Introduction: Adolescents present biological changes and receive social influences which predispose them to pregnancies at early age. Objective: To evaluate resilience in a group of pregnant adolescents, to estimate the frequency of low resilience level and identify associated psychosocial factors. Methodoly: Cross-sectional study in pregnant adolescents who went to prenatal visit in Cartagena, Colombia. A sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire and validated scales on resilience, familism, religiosity, spirituality, family functionality, partner violence, happiness and selfesteem were applied. Two groups were compared: high/moderate resilience level (HMRL) and low resilience level (LRL). Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify factors associated with LRL. Results: 499 pregnant adolescents were studied, average age 17 years, half belonging to dysfunctional families. Sixty four (12,8%) had LRL and were associated factors: low familism OR: 4,736 (IC95%: 2,673-8,392), low self-esteem OR: 4,257 (IC95%: 1,363-13,295), family dysfunction OR: 3,902 (IC95%: 2,052-7,422), partner violence OR:2,689 (IC95%: 1,082-6,678), poor spirituality OR: 2,503 (IC95%: 1,461-4,287) and reduced happiness OR: 2,063 (IC95%: 1,214-3,506). Conclusion: In a city of the Colombian Caribbean, in thirteen of every one hundred pregnant adolescents who attend to prenatal visit, LRL was found. Family dysfunction, partner violence in pregnancy, poor spirituality, reduced subjective happiness, low familism and low level of selfesteem, were associated with LRL.

Abstract The Huayna Potosi, Zongo and Taquesi are Triassic plutons located at the core of the Real Cordillera of Bolivia. In this paper, several Rb-Sr and K-Ar ages obtained in the past at the São Paulo Geochronology Laboratory, yet unpublished, will be presented, along with newer U-Pb Sensitive High-Resolution Ion Microprobe (SHRIMP) determinations made in the same laboratory, allowing us to redefine the geologic history of this part of the Central Andes. Rb/Sr analyses of some low grade metapelitic country rocks of the early Paleozoic (Amutara and Cancañiri Formations) yielded a Rb-Sr isochron age of 344 ± 38 Ma, indicating the action of an early Gondwanide regional event. A five-point Rb-Sr isochron from a granite outcrop of the Huayna Potosi pluton yielded an age of 224 ± 28 Ma. In addition, an important Ar loss in micas was detected in the Zongo granitoids and their country rocks, recording a thermal event that opened this isotopic system in the Oligocene. Newer U-Pb SHRIMP zircon ages of ca. 221 Ma were obtained in two other granitic outcrops of the Huayna Potosi granite. They confirmed its Triassic crystallization age, and a similar U-Pb SHRIMP age of 221.9 ± 1.5 Ma was obtained for one sample of the Taquesi pluton. For the Zongo pluton, many of the zircon grains obtained from one sample of its Kuticucho facies yielded extremely high uranium content, which produced reverse discordant apparent ages. However, due to the fair alignment of the analytical points in the Concordia diagram, possibly corresponding to a linear correlation, we made a regression calculation and the interception of the Concordia curve resulted in a rather imprecise age of 220 ± 20 Ma. Our conclusion was that the final magmatic crystallization and the intrusion of plutons in the central part of the Cordillera Real of Bolivia have occurred close to 221.5 ± 2.0 Ma, in late Triassic times. Finally, the U-Pb SHRIMP ages obtained in inherited zircon xenocrysts from the four available granitic rocks yielded very different ages, and many of them are related to previous magmatic episodes of the Andean Tectonic System. A few other age measurements indicated sources related to much older Proterozoic magmatic events associated with rocks from the Andean basement.

Neste artigo apresentamos uma avaliação sobre um método para extrair combinações lexicais restritas a partir de corpora paralelos, pela deteção da não composicionalidade de expressões pluriverbais na tradução. Este método baseia-se na presunção de que, encontrando sequências de palavras (são usados bigramas de palavras) cuja tradução não siga a tradução palavra por palavra dos seus componentes, é provável estar-se perante uma colocação.

In this article an evaluation of a method for extracting restricted lexical combinations from parallel corpora by detecting non-compositionality of multiword expressions in translation will be presented. This method presupposes that by finding sequences of words (word bigrams are used) whose translation does not follow a simple word-to-word conversion of the component words, a collocation is probably present.

Neste trabalho apresentamos as estratégias e os procedimentos adoptados na constituição de uma nova medida de frequência lexical do Português Europeu contemporâneo, o Procura-PALavras (P-PAL). Baseado num corpus de mais de 227 milhões de palavras, o P-PAL é uma aplicação web que oferece, por defeito, valores de frequência lexical para todas as suas entradas lexicais (lemas e formas) e que permite a computação de uma grande diversidade de outras medidas objectivas (lexicais e sublexicais) e subjectivas. Descrevemos ainda o processo de definição das suas entradas lexicais e da extracção dos respectivos valores de frequência. O elevado número de índices e de entradas lexicais tornam o P-PAL numa aplicação web avançada e indispensável à promoção e internacionalização da investigação em Portugal. O P-PAL encontra-se disponível em http://p-pal.di.uminho.pt/tools

In this paper we present the strategies and procedures undertaken in the development of a new measure of lexical frequency of the contemporary European Portuguese - Procura-PALavras (P-PAL). Based on a corpus of over 227 million words, P-PAL offers the default frequency per million words (lemmas and wordforms), and the computation of several other objective (lexical and sublexical) and subjective word metrics. We also describe lexical entry integration and word frequency extraction. The high number of indices and lexical entries makes P-PAL an advanced and indispensable web application for the promotion and internationalization of Portuguese research. P-PAL is available at http://p-pal.di.uminho.pt/tools

In recent years, a growing number of studies suggests that increases in pollution levels may have short-term impact on human health, even at pollution levels similar to or lower than those which have been considered to be safe to date. The different methodological approaches and the varying analysis techniques employed have made it difficult to make a direct comparison among all of the findings, preventing any clear conclusions from being drawn. This has led to multicenter projects such as the APHEA (Short-Term Impact of Air Pollution on Health. A European Approach) within a European Scope. The EMECAM Project falls within the context of the aforesaid multicenter studies and has a wide-ranging projection nationwide within Spain. Fourteen (14) cities throughout Spain were included in this Project (Barcelona, Metropolitan Area of Bilbao, Cartagena, Castellón, Gijón, Huelva, Madrid, Pamplona, Seville, Oviedo, Valencia, Vigo, Vitoria and Saragossa) representing different sociodemographic, climate and environmental situations, adding up to a total of nearly nine million inhabitants. The objective of the EMECAM project is that to asses the short-term impact of air pollution throughout all of the participating cities on the mortality for all causes, on the population and on individuals over age 70, for respiratory and cardiovascular causes. For this purpose, with an ecological design, the time series data is analyzed taking the deaths rate, pollutants, temperature data and other factors taken from records kept by public institutions as a unit. The period of time throughout which this study was conducted, although not exactly the same for all of the cities involved, runs in all cases from 1990 to 1996. The degree of relationship measured by means of an autoregressive Poisson regression. In the future, the results of each city will be combined by means of a meta-analysis.

En los últimos años, un número creciente de estudios sugiere que los incrementos en los niveles de contaminación atmosférica pueden causar efectos a corto plazo sobre la salud, incluso con niveles de contaminación cercanos o inferiores a los considerados hasta ahora como seguros. Los distintos enfoques metodológicos y la diversidad de técnicas de análisis utilizadas han dificultado la comparabilidad directa entre los resultados obtenidos, impidiendo llegar a conclusiones claras. Ello ha estimulado la puesta en marcha de proyectos multicéntricos, como el proyecto APHEA (short-term effects of Air Pollution on Health: a European Approach), dentro del ámbito europeo. El proyecto EMECAM se enmarca en el contexto de los estudios multicéntricos citados y tiene una proyección amplia en el ámbito nacional español. En él se incluyen 14 ciudades españolas (Barcelona, Gran Bilbao, Cartagena, Castellón, Gijón, Huelva, Madrid, Pamplona, Sevilla, Oviedo, Valencia, Vigo, Vitoria y Zaragoza) que representan diferentes situaciones sociodemográficas, climáticas y ambientales, sumando un total cercano a nueve millones de habitantes. El objetivo del proyecto EMECAM es evaluar el impacto a corto plazo de la contaminación atmosférica, en el conjunto de las ciudades participantes, sobre la mortalidad por todas las causas, en toda la población y en personas de 70 y más años, y por causas respiratorias y del aparato circulatorio. Para ello, con un diseño ecológico, se analizan los datos de las series temporales tomando como unidad los datos diarios de mortalidad, contaminantes, temperatura y otros factores, obtenidos de registros de instituciones públicas. El periodo de estudio, aunque no es exactamente el mismo para todas las ciudades, está comprendido en todos los casos entre los años 1990 y 1996. El cálculo de las medidas de asociación se realiza mediante regresión autorregresiva de Poisson. En una fase posterior los resultados de cada ciudad se combinarán mediante la realización de un meta-análisis.

This article draws a comparison and provides a discussion of the findings resulting from the local analyses of the 14 cities participating in the EMECAM Project. An analysis is made of the time series related to mortality, pollutants (particles in suspension, SO2, NO2, O3 and CO), temperature and other factors taken from records of public institutions. By using Poisson autoregressive regression, an estimate has been made of the short-term relationship between the number of deaths and the air pollution indicators in each one of the following cities: Barcelona, Metropolitan Area of Bilbao, Cartagena, Castellón, Gijón, Huelva, Madrid, Pamplona, Seville, Oviedo, Valencia, Vigo, Vitoria and Saragossa. The findings reveal the air pollution figures in our country to be similar to those of other European cities. The levels of the different pollutants point toward road traffic as being the main source of most of this pollution. A relationship has been found between the mortality and different pollutants in most cities, although the results are not homogeneous among the cities and show variability in the different causes under study. In some cities, especially in those having smaller populations, there have been no findings providing any evidence of a relationship, or the findings themseves are not highly consistent. The meta-analysis will provide estimates for all of the cities as a whole and will allow the possibility of making a more clear-cut assessment of the time lag impact of air pollution on the mortality. Worthy of special mention is the participation in this project of public health officiers as actively-involved researchers.

En este artículo se comparan y discuten los resultados obtenidos en los análisis locales de las 14 ciudades participantes en el proyecto EMECAM. Se analizan las series temporales de mortalidad, contaminantes (partículas en suspensión, SO2, NO2, O3 y CO), temperatura y otros factores, obtenidos de registros de instituciones públicas. Utilizando regresión autorregresiva de Poisson, se ha estimado la relación a corto plazo entre la mortalidad y los indicadores de contaminación atmosférica en cada una de las siguientes ciudades: Barcelona, Gran Bilbao, Cartagena, Castellón, Gijón, Huelva, Madrid, Pamplona, Sevilla, Oviedo, Valencia, Vigo, Vitoria y Zaragoza. Los resultados indican que los valores de contaminación atmosférica en nuestro país son similares a los de otras ciudades europeas. Los niveles de los distintos contaminantes apuntan hacia el tráfico rodado como la fuente principal en la mayoría de ellas. Se encuentra una asociación entre la mortalidad y diferentes contaminantes en la mayoría de ciudades, aunque los resultados no son homogéneos entre las ciudades y presentan variabilidad en las distintas causas a estudio. En algunas ciudades, especialmente en aquellas de menor población, no se encuentran unos resultados que aporten evidencias de asociación, o bien los mismos son poco consistentes. El meta-análisis proporcionará estimaciones para el conjunto de las ciudades y permitirá una evaluación más clara del efecto retardado de la contaminación sobre la mortalidad. Es de destacar la participación como investigadores activos en este proyecto de técnicos de servicios de salud pública.

In recent years, a growing number of studies suggests that increases in pollution levels may have short-term impact on human health, even at pollution levels similar to or lower than those which have been considered to be safe to date. The different methodological approaches and the varying analysis techniques employed have made it difficult to make a direct comparison among all of the findings, preventing any clear conclusions from being drawn. This has led to multicenter projects such as the APHEA (Short-Term Impact of Air Pollution on Health. A European Approach) within a European Scope. The EMECAM Project falls within the context of the aforesaid multicenter studies and has a wide-ranging projection nationwide within Spain. Fourteen (14) cities throughout Spain were included in this Project (Barcelona, Metropolitan Area of Bilbao, Cartagena, Castellón, Gijón, Huelva, Madrid, Pamplona, Seville, Oviedo, Valencia, Vigo, Vitoria and Saragossa) representing different sociodemographic, climate and environmental situations, adding up to a total of nearly nine million inhabitants. The objective of the EMECAM project is that to asses the short-term impact of air pollution throughout all of the participating cities on the mortality for all causes, on the population and on individuals over age 70, for respiratory and cardiovascular causes. For this purpose, with an ecological design, the time series data is analyzed taking the deaths rate, pollutants, temperature data and other factors taken from records kept by public institutions as a unit. The period of time throughout which this study was conducted, although not exactly the same for all of the cities involved, runs in all cases from 1990 to 1996. The degree of relationship measured by means of an autoregressive Poisson regression. In the future, the results of each city will be combined by means of a meta-analysis.

En los últimos años, un número creciente de estudios sugiere que los incrementos en los niveles de contaminación atmosférica pueden causar efectos a corto plazo sobre la salud, incluso con niveles de contaminación cercanos o inferiores a los considerados hasta ahora como seguros. Los distintos enfoques metodológicos y la diversidad de técnicas de análisis utilizadas han dificultado la comparabilidad directa entre los resultados obtenidos, impidiendo llegar a conclusiones claras. Ello ha estimulado la puesta en marcha de proyectos multicéntricos, como el proyecto APHEA (short-term effects of Air Pollution on Health: a European Approach), dentro del ámbito europeo. El proyecto EMECAM se enmarca en el contexto de los estudios multicéntricos citados y tiene una proyección amplia en el ámbito nacional español. En él se incluyen 14 ciudades españolas (Barcelona, Gran Bilbao, Cartagena, Castellón, Gijón, Huelva, Madrid, Pamplona, Sevilla, Oviedo, Valencia, Vigo, Vitoria y Zaragoza) que representan diferentes situaciones sociodemográficas, climáticas y ambientales, sumando un total cercano a nueve millones de habitantes. El objetivo del proyecto EMECAM es evaluar el impacto a corto plazo de la contaminación atmosférica, en el conjunto de las ciudades participantes, sobre la mortalidad por todas las causas, en toda la población y en personas de 70 y más años, y por causas respiratorias y del aparato circulatorio. Para ello, con un diseño ecológico, se analizan los datos de las series temporales tomando como unidad los datos diarios de mortalidad, contaminantes, temperatura y otros factores, obtenidos de registros de instituciones públicas. El periodo de estudio, aunque no es exactamente el mismo para todas las ciudades, está comprendido en todos los casos entre los años 1990 y 1996. El cálculo de las medidas de asociación se realiza mediante regresión autorregresiva de Poisson. En una fase posterior los resultados de cada ciudad se combinarán mediante la realización de un meta-análisis.

This article draws a comparison and provides a discussion of the findings resulting from the local analyses of the 14 cities participating in the EMECAM Project. An analysis is made of the time series related to mortality, pollutants (particles in suspension, SO2, NO2, O3 and CO), temperature and other factors taken from records of public institutions. By using Poisson autoregressive regression, an estimate has been made of the short-term relationship between the number of deaths and the air pollution indicators in each one of the following cities: Barcelona, Metropolitan Area of Bilbao, Cartagena, Castellón, Gijón, Huelva, Madrid, Pamplona, Seville, Oviedo, Valencia, Vigo, Vitoria and Saragossa. The findings reveal the air pollution figures in our country to be similar to those of other European cities. The levels of the different pollutants point toward road traffic as being the main source of most of this pollution. A relationship has been found between the mortality and different pollutants in most cities, although the results are not homogeneous among the cities and show variability in the different causes under study. In some cities, especially in those having smaller populations, there have been no findings providing any evidence of a relationship, or the findings themseves are not highly consistent. The meta-analysis will provide estimates for all of the cities as a whole and will allow the possibility of making a more clear-cut assessment of the time lag impact of air pollution on the mortality. Worthy of special mention is the participation in this project of public health officiers as actively-involved researchers.

En este artículo se comparan y discuten los resultados obtenidos en los análisis locales de las 14 ciudades participantes en el proyecto EMECAM. Se analizan las series temporales de mortalidad, contaminantes (partículas en suspensión, SO2, NO2, O3 y CO), temperatura y otros factores, obtenidos de registros de instituciones públicas. Utilizando regresión autorregresiva de Poisson, se ha estimado la relación a corto plazo entre la mortalidad y los indicadores de contaminación atmosférica en cada una de las siguientes ciudades: Barcelona, Gran Bilbao, Cartagena, Castellón, Gijón, Huelva, Madrid, Pamplona, Sevilla, Oviedo, Valencia, Vigo, Vitoria y Zaragoza. Los resultados indican que los valores de contaminación atmosférica en nuestro país son similares a los de otras ciudades europeas. Los niveles de los distintos contaminantes apuntan hacia el tráfico rodado como la fuente principal en la mayoría de ellas. Se encuentra una asociación entre la mortalidad y diferentes contaminantes en la mayoría de ciudades, aunque los resultados no son homogéneos entre las ciudades y presentan variabilidad en las distintas causas a estudio. En algunas ciudades, especialmente en aquellas de menor población, no se encuentran unos resultados que aporten evidencias de asociación, o bien los mismos son poco consistentes. El meta-análisis proporcionará estimaciones para el conjunto de las ciudades y permitirá una evaluación más clara del efecto retardado de la contaminación sobre la mortalidad. Es de destacar la participación como investigadores activos en este proyecto de técnicos de servicios de salud pública.