RESUMO O cádmio (Cd) é um poluente ambiental que afeta vários tecidos e órgãos, inclusive o testículo. Muitos estudos demonstraram que a toxicidade do Cd causa comprometimento testicular por meio de estresse oxidativo e ação inflamatória. Portanto, este estudo teve como objetivo demonstrar a toxicidade testicular do Cd e a ação protetora da zeólita contra os efeitos deletérios do cádmio. Ratos machos adultos receberam Cd em uma dose de 30mg/kg/dia por 28 dias consecutivos com ou sem zeólita, que foi administrada em uma dose de 100mg/kg/dia por 28 dias. Foram avaliados o peso dos testículos, os espermatozoides (contagem, motilidade e anormalidades), a testosterona sérica e o hormônio luteinizante (LH), as enzimas testiculares fosfatase ácida (ACP) e fosfatase alcalina (ALP), as citocinas inflamatórias fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α), interleucina-1beta (IL-1β) e fator nuclear Kappa B (NF-κB) e estresse oxidativo. Aqui, descobrimos que o cádmio causou alterações nas características dos espermatozoides, distúrbios nos hormônios sexuais, declínio nas enzimas testiculares, conteúdo elevado de malondialdeído (MDA), diminuição da glutationa (GSH), aumento do fator nuclear Kappa B (NF-κB) e níveis de citocinas pró-inflamatórias do fator de necrose tumoral alfa (TNF-α) e interleucina-1beta (IL-1β) no homogenato do testículo. Em contraste, a zeólita alterou significativamente esses efeitos deletérios, e o mecanismo em potencial envolveu a regulação negativa do Fator Nuclear Kappa B (NF-κB), do Fator de Necrose Tumoral Alfa (TNF-α) e da interleucina-1beta (IL-1β), restaurando a glutationa (GSH) e reduzindo o malondialdeído (MDA). Além disso, a zeólita foi associada a uma maior taxa de gravidez. Nossos dados sugerem que o estresse oxidativo e a inflamação são responsáveis pela lesão testicular induzida por Cd e que a administração conjunta de zeólita exerce um efeito protetor por meio da via NF-κB /TNF-α/IL-1β. (Cd órgãos testículo inflamatória Portanto 30mgkgdia mgkgdia 30mg kg dia mg 2 100mgkgdia 100mg testículos contagem, contagem (contagem anormalidades, anormalidades , anormalidades) LH, LH (LH) ACP (ACP ALP, ALP (ALP) TNFα, TNFα TNF α interleucina1beta interleucinabeta interleucina 1beta beta IL1β ILβ IL 1β β (IL-1β NFκB NF κB (NF-κB Aqui sexuais MDA, MDA (MDA) GSH, GSH próinflamatórias pró (TNF-α contraste NFκB, IL1β, (GSH MDA. . disso gravidez /TNFα/IL1β. TNFαIL1β TNFαILβ /TNF α/IL 1β. /TNF-α/IL-1β (LH (ALP (MDA /TNFα/IL1β TNFαIL αIL

ABSTRACT Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental pollutant affecting various tissues and organs, including the testis. Many studies demonstrated that Cd toxicity causes testicular impairment through oxidative stress and inflammatory action. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate Cd's testicular toxicity and the protective action of zeolite against cadmium's deleterious effects. Adult male rats were given Cd at a dose of 30mg/kg/day for 28 consecutive days with or without zeolite, which was given at a dose of 100mg/kg/day for 28 days. Testis weight, sperm (count, motility, and abnormalities), serum testosterone and luteinizing hormone (LH), testicular enzymes Acid phosphatase (ACP) and Alkaline phosphatase(ALP), inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) , interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) , and Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) and oxidative stress were evaluated. Herein, we found that cadmium caused alterations in sperm characteristics, sex hormone disturbance, decline in testicular enzymes, elevated malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, decreased glutathione (GSH), increased Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB) and pro-inflammatory cytokines Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β) levels in testis homogenate. In contrast, zeolite significantly amended these deleterious effects, and the potential mechanism involved the downregulation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B (NF-κB), Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1beta (IL-1β), restoring glutathione (GSH) and reducing malondialdehyde (MDA). Also, zeolite was associated with an increased rate of pregnancy. Our data suggested that oxidative stress and inflammation are responsible for Cd-induced testicular injury and co-administration of zeolite exerts a protective effect via NF-κB /TNF-α/IL-1β pathway. (Cd organs Therefore Cds s cadmiums effects 30mgkgday mgkgday 30mg kg day mg 2 100mgkgday 100mg weight count, count (count motility abnormalities, abnormalities abnormalities) LH, LH (LH) ACP (ACP phosphataseALP, phosphataseALP ALP phosphatase(ALP) TNFα TNF α (TNF-α interleukin1beta interleukinbeta interleukin 1beta beta IL1β ILβ IL 1β β (IL-1β NFκB NF κB (NF-κB evaluated Herein characteristics disturbance MDA (MDA contents GSH, GSH proinflammatory pro homogenate contrast NFκB, IL1β, (GSH MDA. . Also pregnancy Cdinduced induced coadministration co administration /TNFα/IL1β TNFαIL1β TNFαILβ /TNF α/IL pathway (LH phosphatase(ALP TNFαIL αIL

RESUMO Entre as criaturas marinhas, incluindo lulas, cefalópodes e polvos, uma das características mais exclusivas é a produção de tinta, que é uma fonte extremamente valiosa de produtos farmacêuticos. O presente estudo investiga quimicamente a tinta produzida a partir do Octopus vulgaris, bem como suas possíveis atividades antioxidantes, anticancerígenas, antimicrobianas e antiesquistossômicas in vitro. Vinte e um compostos diferentes foram identificados pela análise GC-MS da tinta de Octopus vulgaris. Os resultados revelaram que a tinta de O. vulgaris tinha capacidade antioxidante para cobrir o radical livre DPPH quando comparada ao ácido ascórbico. Além disso, a tinta de Octopus vulgaris apresentou atividade antibacteriana contra Bacillus subtilis, seguida por Escherichia coli e Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, e apresentou atividade moluscicida contra caramujos adultos Biomphalaria alexandrina e teve um efeito mortal distinto nas fases larvais livres de Schistosoma mansoni. Além disso, sua atividade anticancerígena foi confirmada, onde o valor IC50 da linha celular de câncer de mama MCF-7, carcinoma hepatocelular humano (HCT) e linha celular de câncer de fígado humano (HepG2) foi de 29,8, 38,29 e 30,38μg/mL, respectivamente. Em conclusão, a tinta extraída de O. vulgaris pode ser considerada como fonte de compostos valiosos que podem ser usados como agentes moluscicidas, antioxidantes, antimicrobianos, anticancerígenos e antiesquistossômicos. marinhas lulas polvos farmacêuticos antioxidantes anticancerígenas vitro GCMS GC MS ascórbico disso subtilis aeuroginosa mansoni confirmada IC IC5 MCF7, MCF7 MCF 7, 7 MCF-7 HCT (HCT HepG2 HepG (HepG2 298 29 8 29,8 3829 38 38,2 3038μgmL μgmL 30 38μg mL μg 30,38μg/mL respectivamente conclusão moluscicidas antimicrobianos antiesquistossômicos MCF- (HepG 2 29, 382 3 38,

ABSTRACT Among marine creatures including squids, cephalopods and Octopus, one of the most unique features is production of ink which is an extremely valuable source of pharmaceuticals. The current study investigates the ink produced from Octopus vulgaris chemically as well as its potential antioxidant, anticancer, antimicrobial, and anti-schistosomal activities in vitro. Twenty-one different compounds were identified by GC-MS analysis of Octopus vulgaris ink. Results revealed that O. vulgaris ink had antioxidant capability to cover DPPH free radical when compared to ascorbic acid. Moreover, Octopus vulgaris ink exhibited antibacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis followed by Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeuroginosa and exhibited a molluscicidal activity against adult Biomphalaria alexandrina snails and had a distinguished mortal effect on free larval phases of Schistosoma mansoni. Furthermore, its anticancer activity was confirmed, where IC50 value of breast cancer cell line MCF-7, human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCT) and human liver cancer cell line (HepG2) were 29.8, 38.29 and 30.38μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, ink extracted from O. vulgaris may be considered as source of valuable compounds that can be used as molluscicidal, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer and anti-schistosomal agents. squids pharmaceuticals antimicrobial antischistosomal anti schistosomal vitro Twentyone Twenty GCMS GC MS O acid Moreover mansoni Furthermore confirmed IC IC5 MCF7, MCF7 MCF 7, 7 MCF-7 HCT (HCT HepG2 HepG (HepG2 298 29 8 29.8 3829 38 38.2 3038μgmL μgmL 30 38μg mL μg 30.38μg/mL respectively conclusion agents MCF- (HepG 2 29. 382 3 38.

ABSTRACT Proteus species are found in the human intestinal tract as part of normal flora. Proteus species are also found in multiple environmental habitats, including long-term care facilities and hospitals, and can cause both community and nosocomial infections. For a long time Proteus was known to be susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics but nowadays they become resistant. The aim of this study was to detect the Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) TEM and CTX-M genes in 90 Proteus species isolated from urine and wound swabs, obtained from different hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan, from January to August 2018. Antimicrobial sensitivity was carried out using the following set of antibiotics: amoxiclav, ceftazidime, gentamicin, meropenem, cefotaxime, ciprofloxacin, amoxicillin, ceftriaxone and cotrimoxazole. ESBL producing strains were detected by double disc diffusion synergy test and the resistance genes TEM and CTX-M were detected by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). Antibiotic resistance was found: amoxicillin 40%, ceftazidime 25.6%, ceftriaxone 23.3%, gentamicin 22.2%, cotrimoxazole 21.1%, and cefotaxime 18.9%. Most of the isolates were sensitive to meropenem 92.2% and ciprofloxacin 86.7%. In double-disk diffusion synergy test, 20 isolates (22.2%) were found to be positive for ESBL. The PCR demonstrated that TEM gene was present in 18 isolates (90%). It was present alone in 11 isolates (55%) and in combination with CTX-M gene in seven isolates (35%). The percentage of ESBL producing strains of Proteus was 23.5%. This percentage is a bit lower than in previous studies in Sudan. In conclusion; it seems that the CTX-M gene is emerging among Proteus species in Sudan.

RESUMEN Las especies de Proteus se encuentran en el tracto intestinal humano y forman parte de su flora normal. También se localizan en el medio ambiente y otros hábitats, incluyendo hospitales y diversas instituciones de salud, provocando tanto infecciones en la comunidad como nosocomiales. Durante mucho tiempo, las especies de Proteus fueron susceptibles a los antibióticos betalactámicos, pero actualmente se han tornado resistentes. El propósito de este estudio fue detectar genes de resistencia betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) TEM y CTX-M, en 90 especies de Proteus aisladas en orina y heridas, provenientes de diversos hospitales del estado de Jartum, Sudán, entre enero y agosto de 2018. La sensibilidad antimicrobiana se determinó con el siguiente juego de antibióticos: amoxiclav, ceftazidima, gentamicina, meropenem, cefotaxima, ciprofloxacina, amoxicilina, ceftriaxona y cotrimoxasol. Las cepas productoras de BLEE se detectaron mediante la técnica de sinergia de doble disco, y los genes de resistencia TEM y CTX-M mediante Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa (PCR). Se encontró resistencia antibiótica: amoxicilina 40%, ceftazidima 25,6%, ceftriaxona 23,3%, gentamicina 22,2%, cotrimoxasol 21,1% y cefotaxima 18,9%. La mayor parte de los aislamientos fueron sensibles a meropenem (92,2%) y ciprofloxacina (86,7%). Con la técnica de sinergia de doble disco se detectó positividad a BLEE en 20 aislamientos (22,2%). Mediante PCR se demostró que el gen que codifica TEM estaba presente en 18 aislamientos (90%); de forma aislada en 11 aislamientos (55%) y combinado con el gen CTX-M en los otros siete (35%). El porcentaje de cepas de Proteus productoras de BLEE fue de 23,5%. Este valor es ligeramente inferior que los detectados en estudios previos en Sudán. En conclusión, hay evidencias de que el gen CTX-M está emergiendo entre las especies de Proteus en Sudán.

New imidazolium-based ionic liquids and some pyridinium-based ionic liquids, were tested as corrosion inhibitors of steel in 1.0 M HCl using potentiodynamic polarization, linear polarization and weight loss methods. The obtained results showed that all of the four ILs are good inhibitors for steel in 1.0 M HCl and the inhibition efficiency increased with increasing the inhibitor concentration. All of the ILs act as mixed-type inhibitors. Obtained results from Tafel polarization, linear polarization and weight loss are in good agreement with each other. The adsorption of the four ILs inhibitors, obey the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. From the adsorption isotherm, values of ΔGads for the adsorption process were calculated. The effect of temperature on the corrosion behavior of steel in presence of 1 × 10-3 M of compound II was studied in the temperature range 298-338 K.

Wild African dark-green leafy vegetables (morogo) are an important constituent of the traditional starch-based African diet. Three wild morogo types were sampled from different geographical regions in South Africa to determine their mineral, total polyphenol, total carotenoid and beta-carotene contents. Mineral and trace element compositions were determined using inductively coupled argon plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Concentrations of total carotenoids and total phenolics were measured by spectrophotometry and beta-carotene concentrations by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). In comparison with values reported for commercial spinach and swiss chard, results from the present study indicate relatively high calcium and magnesium concentrations in the wild morogo. Total carotenoid concentrations in the three morogo types were comparable with that of spinach. Beta-carotene concentrations were highest in Amaranthus hybridus, but this value was lower than those reported for other morogo species grown commercially. Concentrations of total phenolics were in the same range as those reported for conventional and commercially-grown non-conventional dark-green leafy vegetables. Results from the present study suggest that readily accessible wild morogo varieties represent inexpensive sources of dietary minerals, trace elements and antioxidant phytochemicals.

Toxigenic Fusarium species, studied mainly for the damage they cause to commercial crops, have received scant research attention in the context of small-scale food production. In this regard home gardens are an important source of nutrition for resource-poor urban families in Africa. We have investigated the presence of Fusarium in household food gardens in a peri-urban setting in the Rustenburg district of South Africa. Standard techniques were employed for the isolation and morphological species identification of Fusarium species from various sources, namely, maize, soil, air and naturally growing morogo vegetables, thepe and lerotho. Nine Fusarium species with mycotic and mycotoxigenic potential were specifically targeted for detection: F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, F. solani, F. subglutinans and F. oxysporum were predominantly isolated from maize, air, soil and morogo vegetables. All species were isolated in significantly higher numbers from localities in proximity to maize. Fusarium chlamydosporum, F. semitectum and F. equiseti were not retrieved where maize was absent, whereas F. verticillioides and F. proliferatum were predominantly isolated from maize cobs. These results have public-health implications. All nine Fusarium species retrieved from peri-urban food gardens produce toxins and, except for F. poae, have been implicated in opportunistic infections in immune-suppressed individuals.