Resumen Uromyces viciae-fabae ha incrementado su importancia económica en regiones productoras del centro de México y es conveniente que se cuente con un modelo para cuantificar su severidad. El objetivo de este trabajo fue generar y validar una escala diagramática para evaluar la severidad de la roya en hojas de haba. Se colectaron hojas de haba infectadas naturalmente en diferentes grados de daño en plantaciones comerciales del Valle de Toluca, y hojas sanas. Se tomaron 110 hojas representativas y se realizó una discriminación para seleccionar el rango de forma visual, posteriormente se digitalizaron y evaluaron para obtener el valor real de la severidad de cada hoja con el software ©ASSESS 2.0. Se generó una escala diagramática con 6 clases, y se verificó su exactitud, precisión (b0) y reproducibilidad (b1) mediante la evaluación de 58 hojas por 20 evaluadores. Los resultados obtenidos se analizaron mediante una regresión lineal simple; en la evaluación inicial de selección se obtuvieron valores promedio de r² de 0.738, sin escala, mientras que para la evaluación donde se usó la escala propuesta la media fue de 0.93, lo que confirma niveles adecuados de exactitud y reproducibilidad que puede brindar la escala propuesta para esta enfermedad.

Abstract Uromyces viciae-fabae has increased in economic importance in broad bean-producing regions of central Mexico. It is therefore convenient to have a standardized system to quantify its severity. The objective of this study was to generate and validate a diagrammatic scale to evaluate the severity of rust on broad bean leaves. We collected infected broad bean leaves with different degrees of damage from commercial crops in the Valle de Toluca and the southeastern region of Mexico State. One hundred and ten leaves representing the disease were taken and group discrimination was carried out to select the ranking visually. Then, the leaves were scanned and evaluated to obtain the real severity value for each leaf using the software ©ASSESS 2.0. A six-class diagrammatic scale was generated: 0 (0.0), 1 (>0.1-6.0), 2 (>6.1-12.0), 3 (>12.1-24.0), 4 (>24.1-56.0) y 5(>56.1-<100), and the exactitude, precision, and reproducibility of its estimations were verified. Fifty-eight leaves were evaluated by 20 evaluators without previous knowledge of the disease; the results obtained were analyzed using simple linear regression. In the initial selection evaluation, average r² values of 0.738 were obtained, without scale, while for the evaluation where the proposed scale was used, the average was 0.93, which confirms adequate levels of accuracy and reproducibility that the proposed scale can provide, for this disease.

In Mexico potato production is affected by the disease Zebra chip; which it caused by the bacterium Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum and is vectored by the psyllid Bactericera cockerelli. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial behavior of Zebra chip and Bactericera cockerelli with geostatistical techniques and bacterium detection using molecular techniques. In 2013 two commercial plots were selected cultivated with the variety Fianna; a total of 121 points were sampled every 10 m using the method of grid, in wich each plant was georeferenced. The incidence of the disease was determined by the symptoms observed in the field; the molecular detection of bacterium was performed using Lp 1-25F Frag/427R primers. The disease incidence in plot 1 was 30% and 25% in plot 2; the bacterium was detected in 27% of plants where symptoms were presented and in 14% of asymptomatic ones. The spatial distribution of the disease, the pathogen and the vector was presented in an aggregated form, adjusting the gaussian and spherical model. In parcel 2, the aggregation centers of the adult stage and the bacterium showed the same location.

En México la producción de papa es afectada por la enfermedad de Zebra chip causada por la bacteria Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum que es transmitida por el psílido Bactericera cockerelli. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar el comportamiento espacial de Zebra chip y Bactericera cockerelli mediante técnicas geoestadísticas y la detección de la bacteria aplicando técnicas moleculares. En el año 2013 se seleccionó dos parcelas comerciales de papa de la variedad Fianna; un total de 121 puntos fueron muestreados cada 10 m con el método de cuadrícula por parcela, georreferenciando cada planta. La incidencia de la enfermedad se determinó en campo sobre la base de los síntomas observados; la detección molecular de la bacteria se realizó con los iniciadores Lp Frag 1-25F/427R. La incidencia de la enfermedad en la parcela 1 fue de 30% y de 25% en la parcela 2; la bacteria se detectó en el 27% de las plantas sintomáticas y en el 14% de las asintomáticas. La distribución espacial de la enfermedad, el patógeno y el vector se presentó en forma agregada, ajustándose a los modelos gaussiano y esférico; en la parcela 2, los centros de agregación del estadio adulto y la bacteria presentaron la misma ubicación.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar o manejo anestésico em cirurgia intra-uterina para induzir mielomeningocelo em primatas não humanos, Macaca mulatta. MÉTODOS: Operaram-se um total de nove fetos in útero que foram submetidos à laminectomia em L5 e L6. As variáveis a estudar foram mortes maternas ou fetais, freqüência cardíaca e respiratória, pressão arterial, temperatura e saturação de oxigênio. RESULTADOS: Não se apresentaram mortes maternas ou fetais, a temperatura se manteve abaixo dos 36°C, não tendo repercussões no bem-estar dos macacos. CONCLUSÃO: Não ocorreu nenhum óbito materno ou fetal, sendo que a única variável abaixo do normal foi a temperatura.

PURPOSE: Evaluate the anesthetic management in intrauterine surgery to induce myelomeningocele in non human primates Macaca mulatta. METHODS: A total of nine fetuses had intrauterine surgery; laminectomy was performed on them in L5 and L6. The studied variables were: maternal death, fetus death, cardiac frequency, respiratory frequency, arterial pressure, temperature, and oxygen saturation. RESULTS: No maternal or fetal deaths occurred; the only variable that was reported below the normal ranges was temperature. CONCLUSION: No maternal or fetal deaths occurred; the only variable that was reported below the normal ranges was temperature.