The contamination level of silicon oil used as insulation liquid in high-voltage transformers by ascarel (PCBs) is above those permitted by the Brazilian law. Thus new techniques able to detect ascarel, with low operational costs, are very attractive. The present work proposes an analysis of the contamination levels of silicon oil using the following techniques: naphthalene anion radical reaction for ascarel dechlorination; and potentiometry with an ion-selective electrode for chloride ion determination. The data obtained with the proposed methodology agree well with those from the official methodology, (method IEC 61619).

O efeito da idade, sexo e tempo de exposição de machos e fêmeas de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) à toxicidade do fentiom foi avaliado. A idade das moscas mostrou ser importante para o aparecimento dos primeiros sintomas de intoxicação; machos e fêmeas no pico reprodutivo (30 e 60 dias de idade, respectivamente) são menos susceptíveis ao inseticida que moscas nas demais idades (quatro e 120 dias). Não foram detectadas diferenças de toxicidade relacionadas com o peso corporal dos insetos. O TL50, que variou de 3-7 min, mostrou serem os machos menos sensíveis que as fêmeas em todas as idades testadas. Adultos de ambos os sexos, com 30 dias de idade, submetidos a uma exposição contínua e descontínua ao fentiom, não apresentaram efeito toxicológico cumulativo do inseticida. Análises estatísticas sugerem a possivel ocorrência de um mecanismo geral de desintoxicação (quantitativo e/ou qualitativo) relacionado com o sexo, a idade e o tempo de exposição ao fentiom. Como a espécie apresenta alta mobilidade na natureza sugere-se que estas características biológicas e comportamentais sejam consideradas para a obtenção de resultados mais realistas.

Effect of age, sex and time exposure of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) to toxicity of fenthion was evaluated. The age of the flies was important to the appearance of the first intoxication symptoms; males and females of reproductive ages (30 and 60 days-old, respectively) were less susceptible to insecticide than flies in the remainder ages (four and 120 days-old). The effect of body weight on insect intoxication was not detected. LT 50 biossay with fenthion (varying from 3-7 minutes) showed a lower susceptibility of males than females at all ages. Adults of both sexes and 30 days-old submitted to continuous and discontinuous exposure to fenthion did not show toxic cumulative effect of the insecticide. The statistical analysis suggests a possible general detoxification mechanism (quantitative and/or qualitative) to fenthion sex-, age- and time-related. Once the species is highly mobile in nature we suggest that in fruit fly toxicological bioassays, these biological traits need to be observed in order to obtain more realistic data.

Três bioensaios toxicológicos foram feitos na F1 de duas populações sul brasileiras de Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.). A dose letal de fention para matar 50% e 90% da população foi estimada somente em dois bioensaios: por contato residual e administração oral. Resultados da aplicação tópica, usando fention diluido em álcool, acetona ou água, não foram consistentes. Isto, porque foi observada uma alta mortalidade nas amostras controle, tratadas somente com álcool ou acetona (>10%), enquanto que nas amostras tratadas com água não foi observada uma resposta linear entre a dose e a mortalidade. O bioensaio por contato residual foi significativamente mais tóxico quando comparado com o de administração oral, sendo que os coeficientes angulares obtidos nos dois testes foram os mesmos para machos e fêmeas das populações estudadas. Um teste adicional para avaliar repelência ao inseticida mostrou não haver discriminação dos insetos por dietas com ou sem fention.

Three toxicological bioassays were performed in two F1 south Brazilian field populations of Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.). Lethal doses of fenthion (50% and 90%) were estimated in two bioassays, with oral administration, and with residual contact bioassay. Results of topical bioassays using fenthion diluted in alcohol, acetone or water were inconsistent. Samples treated with acetone or alcohol diluents presented high mortality (>10%), while the samples treated with water diluent showed a non linear response between dose and mortality. The residual contact bioassay was significatively more toxic when compared to a feeding bioassay, occurring equal slopes in males and females in the populations analysed. Additional test showed that insects did not discriminate between diets with and without fenthion.

Infinity readings for first order kinetics can be calculated from any three measurements (triads) of a physical property l at three equallyspaced times. Accurate results can be obtained from time intervals aslow as 0.4 half-life. Calculation of infinity readings l¥ from severaltriads at increasing values of time gives an insight into the deviation of the first order kinetics when parallel, consecutive or other spurious reactions occur along with the main first order reaction, not allowing direct measurements or calculation of l¥. The proposed method is more sensitive in distinguishing between first and second order kinetics than the Guggenheim and Kezdy-Swinbourne methods.