ABSTRACT Background: Relatively low SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rates have been reported in vaccinated individuals, but updates considering the Omicron variant are lacking. Objective: The objective of the study was to provide a current estimate of the SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate in a highly immunized population. Methods: A prospective cohort of Mexican hospital workers was followed (March 2020-February 2022). Reinfection was defined as the occurrence of two or more episodes of COVID-19 separated by a period of ≥ 90 days without symptoms. The reinfection rate was calculated as the number of reinfection episodes per 100,000 persons per day. Results: A total of 3732 medical consultations were provided to 2700 workers, of whom 1388 (51.4%) were confirmed COVID-19 cases. A total of 73 reinfection cases were identified, of whom 71 (97.3%) had completed their primary vaccination series and 22 (30.1%) had had a booster dose before the second episode. The overall reinfection rate was 23.1 per 100,000 persons per day (as compared to a rate of 1.9 per 100,000 persons per day before the Omicron wave). Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 reinfection rate rose significantly during the Omicron wave despite a high primary vaccination coverage rate. Almost one-third of reinfected workers had a vaccine booster ≥ 14 days before the last COVID-19 episode.

Resumen Introducción: Ha ocurrido superpropagación de COVID-19 cuando individuos sintomáticos sin uso de cubrebocas abordaron autobuses. Objetivo: Reportar el riesgo de superpropagación cuando individuos presintomáticos abordaron autobuses junto con pasajeros no vacunados, pero se mantuvieron intervenciones preventivas no farmacológicas. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo de personal de salud transportado durante dos semanas en autobuses a un centro de vacunación contra COVID-19. Fue obligatorio llevar ventanas abiertas, uso correcto de cubrebocas y exclusión de personas con síntomas. La vigilancia prospectiva identificó a trabajadores con COVID-19 los 14 días siguientes a la vacunación. Cada pasajero asintomático de autobuses donde se detectaron casos fue vigilado durante un periodo similar. Los resultados de tamizaje voluntario estuvieron disponibles para los trabajadores que se realizaron prueba el mes previo o el siguiente a la vacunación. Resultados: 1879 trabajadores abordaron 65 autobuses. El tiempo a bordo varió de tres a ocho horas. Veintinueve casos de COVID-19 y cuatro casos asintomáticos fueron identificados entre 613 pasajeros de 21 autobuses. La mediana de tiempo entre la vacunación y el inicio de síntomas de COVID-19 fue de seis días. Fue identificado un caso de transmisión sospechada en autobús. Conclusiones: Las intervenciones preventivas no farmacológicas estrictas redujeron sustancialmente el riesgo de superpropagación de COVID-19 en autobuses ocupados por individuos presintomáticos.

Abstract Introduction: COVID-19 superspreader events have occurred when symptomatic individuals without wearing face masks boarded buses. Objective: To report the risk of superspreader events when presymptomatic individuals boarded buses together with unvaccinated passengers, but with non-pharmacological preventive interventions being maintained. Methods: Prospective study of health personnel transported in buses to a COVID-19 vaccination center for two weeks. Open windows, correct use of face masks and exclusion of symptomatic individuals were mandatory. Prospective surveillance identified workers with COVID-19 within 14 days after vaccination. Each asymptomatic passenger of buses where cases were identified was monitored for a similar time period. Voluntary screening results were available for workers who were tested in the month before or after vaccination. Results: 1,879 workers boarded 65 buses. On-board time ranged from three to eight hours. Twenty-nine cases of COVID-19 and four asymptomatic cases were identified among 613 passengers of 21 buses. Median time between vaccination and COVID-19 symptoms onset was six days. One case of suspected transmission on a bus was identified. Conclusions: Strict nonpharmacological preventive interventions substantially reduced the risk of COVID-19 superspreader events in buses boarded by presymptomatic individuals.

Background: Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are important adverse events that must be prevented. Objective: The objective of the study was to report and study possible changes in HAI rates as well as their causes after the COVID-19 hospital surge capacity response (HSCR) in an academic referral center. Methods: This was a before-after observational study. The Infection Prevention and Control (IPC) program (prospective surveillance, prevention bundles, antibiotic stewardship, continuing education, and feedback) was transiently disrupted after the start of HSCR (March 2020). HAI rates were compared before (January 2019-February 2020) and after (April-July 2020) HSCR, and plausible predisposing factors in affected patients were compared. Results: An increase in the HAI rate from 6.2 to 11.8 cases/1000 patient-days was noted between periods due to increases in ventilator-associated pneumonia and bloodstream infection (BSI) rates. More critically ill patients were admitted during HSCR, and use of invasive devices increased. Prone positioning and infusion of muscle relaxants became commonplace. The nurse-to-patient ratio in the intensive care unit decreased, and 4 h shifts were introduced to avoid fatigue. The BSI rate decreased after the IPC program with additional measures was reintroduced in May 2020. Conclusions: The strain on the workforce and modifications to the IPC program very possibly underlay the findings. IPC programs continue to be essential during the pandemic.

Objective: To analyze the relationship between explicit policies for antiseptics handling, the presence of obsolete antiseptics and nosocomial infections prevalence in intensive care units public hospitals. Methods: An ecological analysis was conducted involving 41 general hospitals of three public health institutions. We use linear regression to estimate the association between hospital-level nosocomial infection prevalence and existence of antiseptics policy and obsolete antiseptics presence. Results: Adjusting by potential confounders, hospitals where had obsolete antiseptics had seven points higher prevalence of nosocomial infection (p=0.001). Those who had evidence of handling policies antiseptics had two points prevalence lower. There was high prevalence of inadequate antiseptics, particularly hydrogen peroxide (46.7%). Conclusions: Our findings confirm that proper selection of antiseptics can lead to improved patient safety. Antiseptics obsolete, even in suitable compounds presence, correlated with higher nosocomial infection prevalence.

Objetivo: Analizar la relación entre la existencia de políticas para el manejo de antisépticos, la presencia de antisépticos obsoletos y la prevalencia de infecciones nosocomiales (IN) en unidades de cuidados intensivos de hospitales públicos. Material y métodos: Análisis ecológico en 41 hospitales de 3 instituciones públicas de salud en México. Mediante regresión lineal se estimó la asociación entre la prevalencia de IN con la existencia de políticas y la presencia de antisépticos obsoletos. Resultados: Se observó una alta prevalencia de antisépticos inadecuados, particularmente peróxido de hidrógeno (46.7%). Los hospitales con antisépticos obsoletos tuvieron una prevalencia de IN 7 puntos porcentuales más elevada (p=0.001) en comparación con aquellos que carecían de éstos. Aquellos que contaban con evidencia de políticas para el manejo de antisépticos tuvieron una prevalencia 2 puntos porcentuales menor. Conclusiones: Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que la selección adecuada de antisépticos puede redundar en mejorar la seguridad del paciente.

Objective. To describe and identify the causes of an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis that took place in June 1998, among tertiary care hospital workers, in Mexico City. Material and methods. Cases were hospital workers who developed diarrhea or fever associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, after a meal at the hospital's dining room on June eight; controls were asymptomatic employees who also ate at the hospital's dining room on the same day. A food questionnaire was applied, and stool samples were obtained from all study subjects, including kitchen personnel. Blood cultures were practiced for febrile patients. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and the chi-squared were used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. Results. One-hundred-fifty-five workers developed symptoms, but only 129 (83.2%) answered the questionnaire; 150 controls were also studied. The most common symptoms were diarrhea (85%), abdominal pain (84%), cephalea (81.4%), nausea (78.3%), and chills (74.4%). Eight blood cultures were negative; 59 stool cultures (46%) from cases and six (4%) from controls, were positive for Salmonella enteritidis. Egg-covered meat was the suspected source of infection (OR 19.39, 95% CI 9.09-41.4); some other foodstuffs like fruit dessert and yogurt, were significantly more frequent in cases than in controls. Food cultures were all negative. Conclusion. This outbreak was probably caused by Salmonella-contaminated foodstuffs (egg-covered meat with potatoes) due to deficient cooking. This report shows the importance of food-quality programs for hospital meals. The English version of this paper is available at: <A HREF="http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html">http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html</A>

Objetivo. Describir y determinar las causas de un brote de enfermedad gastrointestinal por Salmonella enteritidis, ocurrido en junio de 1998, entre el personal trabajador de la salud (TS) que labora en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención, en la ciudad de México. Material y métodos. Se incluyó a todo aquel empleado que presentó diarrea o fiebre asociada a síntomas gastrointestinales, a partir del día 8 de junio de ese año, posterior a la ingestión de alimentos en el comedor del hospital (caso), y en aquellos asintomáticos (controles) que ingirieron alimentos durante el mismo periodo y en el mismo lugar. Se les aplicó un cuestionario para conocer los alimentos ingeridos, se realizó hemocultivo a sujetos con fiebre mayor de 38 °C y coprocultivo a todos, incluido el personal de la cocina. En el análisis estadístico se utilizó razón de momios (RM), intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC 95%), ji cuadrada y valor de p= 0.05 para conocer la significancia estadística. Resultados: Desarrollaron síntomas 155 TS, y de éstos 129 completaron la encuesta; se encuestaron además 150 TS asintomáticos. Los síntomas más comunes fueron diarrea (85%), dolor abdominal (84%), cefalea (81.4%), náusea (78.3%) y escalofríos (74.4%). Ocho hemocultivos fueron negativos; 59 casos (46%) y seis controles (4%) tuvieron coprocultivos positivos a Salmonella enteritidis. De los alimentos ingeridos, las tortas de carne capeadas con huevo (RM 19.39, IC 95% 9.09-41.4), la crema de mamey, así como el yogur fueron significativamente más frecuentes en casos que en controles. Los cultivos de los alimentos resultaron negativos. Conclusión. Muy probablemente este brote se debió a la ingestión de alimentos contaminados (tortas preparadas con huevo, papa y carne) con insuficiente cocción. Este brote enfatiza la necesidad de mantener un programa de evaluación de la calidad de los alimentos en hospitales. El texto completo en inglés de este artículo está disponible en: <A HREF="http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html">http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html</A>

Objective. To describe and identify the causes of an outbreak of Salmonella enteritidis gastroenteritis that took place in June 1998, among tertiary care hospital workers, in Mexico City. Material and methods. Cases were hospital workers who developed diarrhea or fever associated with gastrointestinal symptoms, after a meal at the hospital's dining room on June eight; controls were asymptomatic employees who also ate at the hospital's dining room on the same day. A food questionnaire was applied, and stool samples were obtained from all study subjects, including kitchen personnel. Blood cultures were practiced for febrile patients. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) and the chi-squared were used for statistical analysis. Statistical significance was set at p< 0.05. Results. One-hundred-fifty-five workers developed symptoms, but only 129 (83.2%) answered the questionnaire; 150 controls were also studied. The most common symptoms were diarrhea (85%), abdominal pain (84%), cephalea (81.4%), nausea (78.3%), and chills (74.4%). Eight blood cultures were negative; 59 stool cultures (46%) from cases and six (4%) from controls, were positive for Salmonella enteritidis. Egg-covered meat was the suspected source of infection (OR 19.39, 95% CI 9.09-41.4); some other foodstuffs like fruit dessert and yogurt, were significantly more frequent in cases than in controls. Food cultures were all negative. Conclusion. This outbreak was probably caused by Salmonella-contaminated foodstuffs (egg-covered meat with potatoes) due to deficient cooking. This report shows the importance of food-quality programs for hospital meals. The English version of this paper is available at: <A HREF="http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html">http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html</A>

Objetivo. Describir y determinar las causas de un brote de enfermedad gastrointestinal por Salmonella enteritidis, ocurrido en junio de 1998, entre el personal trabajador de la salud (TS) que labora en un hospital de tercer nivel de atención, en la ciudad de México. Material y métodos. Se incluyó a todo aquel empleado que presentó diarrea o fiebre asociada a síntomas gastrointestinales, a partir del día 8 de junio de ese año, posterior a la ingestión de alimentos en el comedor del hospital (caso), y en aquellos asintomáticos (controles) que ingirieron alimentos durante el mismo periodo y en el mismo lugar. Se les aplicó un cuestionario para conocer los alimentos ingeridos, se realizó hemocultivo a sujetos con fiebre mayor de 38 °C y coprocultivo a todos, incluido el personal de la cocina. En el análisis estadístico se utilizó razón de momios (RM), intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC 95%), ji cuadrada y valor de p= 0.05 para conocer la significancia estadística. Resultados: Desarrollaron síntomas 155 TS, y de éstos 129 completaron la encuesta; se encuestaron además 150 TS asintomáticos. Los síntomas más comunes fueron diarrea (85%), dolor abdominal (84%), cefalea (81.4%), náusea (78.3%) y escalofríos (74.4%). Ocho hemocultivos fueron negativos; 59 casos (46%) y seis controles (4%) tuvieron coprocultivos positivos a Salmonella enteritidis. De los alimentos ingeridos, las tortas de carne capeadas con huevo (RM 19.39, IC 95% 9.09-41.4), la crema de mamey, así como el yogur fueron significativamente más frecuentes en casos que en controles. Los cultivos de los alimentos resultaron negativos. Conclusión. Muy probablemente este brote se debió a la ingestión de alimentos contaminados (tortas preparadas con huevo, papa y carne) con insuficiente cocción. Este brote enfatiza la necesidad de mantener un programa de evaluación de la calidad de los alimentos en hospitales. El texto completo en inglés de este artículo está disponible en: <A HREF="http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html">http://www.insp.mx/salud/index.html</A>

OBJECTIVE. To know the trend of nosocomial infections rates at a third level hospital since the begining of the infection control program until the present and to evaluate the impact in mortality and length of hospital stay. MATERIAL AND METHODS. A study descriptive, retrospective and retrolective was done in a reference hospital providing tertiary care in Mexico City. Recorded data included rates, type of nosocomial infections and distribution of nosocomial infections from the database of Hospital Epidemiology Division between 1991 to 1996. In every patient the degree of severity disease was evaluated according to the McCabe-Jackson's scale, we also collected age and the length of stay. Statistical analysis was done with chi² test for tendencies of different evaluated parameters. This study was divided in three periods: before remodel (1991-1993), to remodel (1994-1995) and after remodel (1996). Compared the before remodel period against after remodel period. RESULTS. In the study period, mean nosocomial infections ratio was of 8.6 by 100 discharges, showing a decrease of 20% (p< 0.01). Hospital area with the highest infections rate was ICU (26.9 by 100 discharge), followed by general ward of hospitalization with shared rooms (9.47) and private rooms (7.5). Urinary tract infections was the most frequent (26.6%), followed by surgical wound infection (24.4%), pneumonia (12.1%) and primary bacteremia (9.5%). Rates of urinary tract infections and primary bacteremias had decreased significantly (p< 0.05 and p< 0.00001 respectively), while surgical wound infections and pneumonias increased (p< 0.005 and p< 0.00001 respectively). Associated mortality diminished in 36% (p< 0.00001). The length of stay diminished 42.8%. There was not differences in the severity of disease along this period. CONCLUSIONS. Since the establishment of the nosocomial infections survillance and control program at the INNSZ on 1985, nosocomial infections rate (56%) and the associated mortality (36%) have diminished. These changes are consequence of the establishment of a nosocomial infections control program and the decrease of length of stay and does not seems to be related to the age or to the severity of the disease of the hospitalized patients.

OBJETIVO. Determinar la frecuencia de infecciones nosocomiales en el Instituto Nacional de la Nutrición Salvador Zubirán (INNSZ) desde la instauración del programa de vigilancia hasta la actualidad y conocer su impacto en estancia hospitalaria y mortalidad. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y retrolectivo en un hospital de referencia de tercer nivel de atención. Se obtuvieron las frecuencias, el tipo y la distribución de infecciones nosocomiales de la base de datos del Departamento de Epidemiología Hospitalaria entre 1991 y 1996. Se determinó en cada paciente el grado de gravedad de su enfermedad mediante la escala de McCabe-Jackson, así como la edad promedio y el tiempo de estancia hospitaria. Se aplicó la prueba de ji² para tendencias de los diferentes parámetros evaluados. El estudio se dividió en tres etapas: prerremodelación (1991-1993), remodelación (1994-1995) y posremodelación (1996). Se compararon los periodos prerremodelación contra posremodelación. RESULTADOS. Durante este periodo (1991-1996) la tasa de infecciones nosocomiales fue de 8.6 por 100 egresos en promedio, con una disminución de 20% en su frecuencia a lo largo del mismo (p< 0.01), comparando las tasas que se observaron durante la prerremodelación con las de la posrremodelación. El área hospitalaria con mayor frecuencia de infecciones es la Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (26.9 infecciones por 100 egresos), seguida de áreas de hospitalización con cuartos compartidos (9.47%) y con cuartos privados (7.5%). El sitio de infección más frecuente fue el de vías urinarias (26.6% del total de episodios), seguido por infección de herida quirúrgica (24.4%), neumonía nosocomial (12.1%) y bacteriemia primaria (9.5%). Se observó una disminución estadísticamente significativa en la frecuencia de infecciones de vías urinarias y bacteriemias primarias (p< 0.05 y p< 0.00001, respectivamente), mientras que las infecciones de herida quirúrgica y las neumonías aumentaron (p< 0.005 y p< 0.00001, respectivamente). La mortalidad asociada disminuyó 36% (p< 0.00001). La estancia hospitalaria disminuyó en 42.8%. No se encontraron diferencias significativas en la gravedad de los enfermos. CONCLUSIONES. Desde que comenzó a operar, en 1985, el programa de control de infecciones en el INNSZ, la frecuencia de infecciones nosocomiales ha disminuido en 56%, así como la mortalidad asociada (36%). Estos cambios se deben tanto a dicho programa como a la reducción de la estancia hospitalaria, y no parecen estar relacionados con la edad de los pacientes ni con la gravedad de su padecimiento.