Abstract Rich in fiber and bioactive compounds, roselle calyx decoction residues offer opportunities in food processing. This study sought to develop a directly expanded snack with a mixture of corn and roselle calyx decoction residues, optimizing its physical qualities. It was conducted in 2023, using the response surface methodology with three factors and three responses. The directly expanded snack showed expansion index values between 1.75 to 2.64, bulk density of 0.15 to 0.38 g cm-3 and firmness of 6.8 to 19.6 N, with attractive purple-lilac shades. The regression models were adequate and using the desirability method, optimal conditions (OT= 132.3 °C, SS= 240 rpm) and roselle inclusion level (J= 12.4%) were determined for an optimized directly expanded snack. It was concluded that the inclusion of up to 12.4% of roselle calyx allowed obtaining snacks with excellent physical characteristics.

Resumen Los residuos de decocción cáliz de jamaica, ricos en fibra y compuestos bioactivos, ofrecen oportunidades en la elaboración de alimentos. Este estudio buscó desarrollar una botana directamente expandida con mezcla de maíz y residuos de decocción cáliz de jamaica, optimizando sus cualidades físicas. Se realizó en el año 2023, empleando la metodología de superficie de respuesta con tres factores y tres respuestas. La botana directamente expandida, mostraron valores de índice de expansión entre 1.75 a 2.64, densidad aparente de 0.15 a 0.38 g cm-3 y firmeza de 6.8 a 19.6 N, con tonalidades morado-lila atractivas. Los modelos de regresión fueron adecuados y mediante el método de deseabilidad, se determinaron condiciones óptimas (TS= 132.3 °C, VT= 240 rpm) y nivel de inclusión de jamaica (J= 12.4%) para una botana directamente expandida optimizada. Se concluyó que la inclusión de hasta un 12.4% de cáliz de jamaica permitió obtener botanas con excelentes características físicas.

RESUMEN Los microfósiles presentes en la parte superior de la Formación San Juan han sido ampliamente estudiados en varias secciones de la parte norte de la Precordillera Central Argentina. En contraste, los estratos coetáneos de la sección aflorante en Los Baños de Talacasto, en la parte sur de la Precordillera Central, disponen de escasos datos bioestratigráficos y sedimentológicos. En este trabajo, se documenta por primera vez en esta sección una asociación de conodontes junto con una especie de ostrácodo. La asociación de conodontes identificados permite reconocer las zonas Lenodus crassus y L. pseudoplanus, que confirman la edad darriwiliana de estos estratos y permite una correlación precisa con estratos equivalentes de varias secciones estratigráficas de la Precordillera Central y Oriental. Mediante el análisis de las microfacies se identificó la presencia de Nuia síbiricaMaslov, 1954, peloides, intraclastos, cianobacterias, algas calcáreas y posibles microbialitas que indican un ambiente submareal de aguas cálidas y someras, en un clima ecuatorial a subecuatorial, lo que sugiere una posición latitudinal baja para la Precordillera durante el Darriwiliano temprano-medio. El género de conodonte Aurilobodus Xiang y Zhang es reconocido por primera vez en la Precordillera, y se describen e ilustran los ejemplares de la especie Aurilobodus leptosomatus An. Este género sugiere afinidades con ambientes marinos de aguas cálidas poco profundos del norte de China, Asia Central, sur del Tíbet, el oeste de Tailandia, Australia y Newfoundland, lo que permite inferir probables vínculos entre la Precordillera y esas regiones. El registro del ostrácodo Pilla nodospinosa Salas en la sección de estudio estaría de acuerdo con la correlación de la parte superior de la Formación San Juan con los niveles inferiores de la Formación Las Aguaditas en la Precordillera Central, y también sugiere vínculos paleobiogeográficos con las regiones de Gondwana Oriental y Australia durante el Darriwiliano.

ABSTRACT The microfossil hosted in the strata of the upper part of the San Juan Formation has been widely studied in several sections to the northward of the Argentinian Central Precordillera. In contrast, the coeval strata at the Los Baños de Talacasto section, in the southern part of the Central Precordillera, have scarce biostratigraphic and sedimentological data. In this work, a conodont association together with single ostracod species are documented for the first time in this section. The record of the Lenodus crassus and L. pseudoplanus zones confirms the Darriwilian age for these beds and accurately correlates them with equivalent strata of the San Juan Formation studied in several sections of the Central and Eastern Precordillera. The microfacies analysis verifies the presence of Nuia síbiricaMaslov, 1954, peloids, intraclasts, cyanobacteria, calcareous algae, and a possible microbialite indicating a shallow warm-water subtidal environment, in equatorial to subequatorial climate. This suggests a low latitudes position for Precordillera during the early-middle Darriwilian. The conodont genus Aurilobodus Xiang and Zhang is recognized for the first time from the Precordillera, and the Aurilobodus leptosomatus An specimens are described and illustrated. This genus shows affinities to the warm water in shallow marine environments of North China, Central Asia, South Tibet, western Thailand, Australia, and Newfoundland, suggesting probable ties between Precordillera and these regions. The record of the ostracod Pilla nodospinosa Salas in the study section would agree with the correlation of the top of San Juan Formation with the lower levels of the Las Aguaditas Formation in the Central Precordillera, and also suggests paleobiogeographic links with Eastern Gondwana and Australia regions during the Darriwilian times.

Resumen En el 2020 México exportó alrededor del 24% de la producción nacional de mango, mientras que en el mercado interno se industrializa del 13 al 16%, y el resto se comercializa como fruto fresco. Sin embargo, a pesar de su bajo procesamiento, los residuos que genera la industria del mango (32-50%) son una fuente de contaminación ambiental. Además, se suman pérdidas de fruta fresca (30 -50%) asociadas al manejo postcosecha y problemas en su comercialización. El aprovechamiento de la biomasa de mango no utilizada, representa una oportunidad para elaborar subproductos en busca de un valor agregado e impulsar el desarrollo económico de las regiones productoras de este fruto a través de la obtención de pectinas como una buena alternativa y con rendimientos del 15 al 32%. Hoy en día el valor comercial de un kilogramo de pectina en el mercado puede alcanzar los $ 1,000.00 pesos. Además, de la biomasa restante se puede obtener fibra y fenoles de gran demanda en las industrias farmacéutica, cosmética y alimenticia. El objetivo de esta revisión es recopilar lo que se conoce sobre el contenido de pectina en la cáscara de mango de distintos cultivares, y realizar un breve análisis del mercado actual y de los métodos de extracción de pectina más eficientes.

Abstract At 2020 Mexico exports around 24% of the national mango production, it is industrialized from 13 to 16%, and the rest is sold as fresh fruit. However, despite its low processing, the waste generated by the mango industry (32-50%) is a source of environmental pollution. In addition, losses add up of fresh fruit (30-50%) associated with the post-harvest handling and commercialization problems. The exploitation of mango-biomass not used represents a potential for elaborate byproducts to give it added value and promote the economic development of the regions that produce this fruit, where the pectin can be a good value-added alternative with yields of 15 to 32%. Nowadays one kilogram of commercial pectin in the market can cost $1,000.00 pesos. In addition, fiber, and phenols with potential use in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and food industries can be obtained from the remaining biomass. The compilation of what is known about pectin content in mango peel from different cultivars, a brief analysis of the current pectin market, and the most efficient extraction methods were objectives of this review.

ABSTRACT Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) is an unconventional plant or vegetable grown for ornamental, food and medicinal purposes. However, information on cultivation of the species involving organic residue is incipient. Therefore, aimed to evaluate plant growth, flower yield, and nutrient contents of leaves and flowers of Nasturtium cultivated with addition of chicken manure. Five doses of chicken manure were studied, applied in the soil incorporated (I) (1, 6, 10, 14 and 19 t ha-1) and cover (C) (1, 6, 10, 14 and 19 t ha-1) forms, using the experimental array Plan Puebla III, leading to nine combinations of doses and forms of adding the chicken manure, in randomized blocks with four replicates. The greatest plant height (35.75 cm) was achieved at 168 days after transplanting (DAT) under 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C. The greatest yield terms of in number (15.4 million ha-1) and fresh (10.45 t ha-1) and dry weights (0.849 t ha-1) of flowers were found by using doses close to 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C. To obtain the best development and yield of Nasturtium flowers, 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C of chicken manure should be used.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae) is a cosmopolitan species and a vector of arboviruses. Variations in the temperature and salinity of the water affect eclosion and survival during the larval stages. Objective: Evaluate the effect of different temperatures and salinities on the eclosion of eggs and the survival of larvae, pupae and adults in laboratory conditions. Methods: Ae. aegypti larvae were collected from artificial reservoirs in a peri-urban area of Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, Mexico, and maintained until the adult stage. The eggs obtained were subjected to eight temperatures (15, 17, 20, 25, 27, 30, 32 and 35 °C). Fifteen eggs were placed in quintuplicate and eclosion was evaluated for 96 h. One hundred eggs were placed with water adjusted to 0.3, 2, 5, 10, 15, 18 and 22 psu and eclosion was evaluated until 96 h. Additionally, stage IV larvae were used in quintuplicate, subjecting them to the same salinities and evaluating survival until 48 h. The effect of salinity on oviposition by females was determined by introducing containers with the same salinity into the entomological cages. Results: 100 % eclosion was recorded at 24 and 48 h, whereas no eclosion occurred at a temperature of 35 °C. Salinities of 22 and 18 psu caused 100 % mortality at 24 h, whereas 50 % survived at a salinity of 15 psu. At concentrations of 2, 5 and 10 psu 100 % of the larvae survived until the adult stage. Survival of stage IV larvae in treatments 2, 5 and 10 was 100%, whereas in 15, 18 and 22 psu it fell to 50, 80 and 100 %, respectively (p˂ 0.05). The different salinities did not affect oviposition significantly. Eclosion only occurred at concentrations of 0.3, 2, 5 and 10 psu. Oviposited eggs at concentrations of 15, 18 and 22 psu did not eclose until they were transferred to fresh water, where eclosion percentages ranged between 80 % and 90 %. Conclusions: Ae. aegypti embryos have great plasticity to endure drastic changes in temperature and salinity. Effective control of their populations should include inspection of ponds and reservoirs containing brackish water of up to 18 psu.

RESUMEN Introducción: Aedes aegypti (L) (Diptera: Culicidae), es una especie cosmopolita y vector de arbovirosis. Las variaciones de la temperatura y salinidad del agua influyen en la eclosión y supervivencia de fases larvales. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de diferentes temperaturas y salinidades en la eclosión de huevos y la supervivencia de larvas, pupas y adultos bajo condiciones de laboratorio. Métodos: Se colectaron larvas de Ae. aegypti, de reservorios artificiales en la zona periurbana de Puerto Vallarta, Jalisco, México, y se mantuvieron hasta la fase adulta. Los huevos obtenidos se sometieron a ocho temperaturas (15, 17, 20, 25, 27, 30, 32 y 35 °C). Se colocaron 15 huevos por quintuplicado y se evaluó la eclosión durante 96 h. Se colocaron 100 huevos con agua ajustada a 0.3, 2, 5, 10, 15,18 y 22 ups y se evaluó la eclosión hasta las 96 h. Adicionalmente se utilizaron larvas del estadio IV, por quintuplicado, sometiéndose a las mismas salinidades y se evaluó la supervivencia hasta las 48 h. El efecto de la salinidad en la ovoposición de las hembras se llevó a cabo introduciendo recipientes con las mismas concentraciones salinas, dentro en las jaulas entomológicas. Resultados: Se registró el 100 % de eclosión a las 24 y 48 h; la temperatura de 35° C no registró eclosión. Las salinidades de 22 y 18 ups, provocaron mortalidad del 100 % a las 24 h. En la salinidad de 15 ups, sobrevivió el 50 %. Las concentraciones de 2, 5 y 10 ups demostraron 100 % de supervivencia hasta la fase de adulto. La supervivencia de larvas del estadio IV en los tratamientos 2, 5 y 10 fue del 100 % y en 15,18 y 22 ups disminuyó a 50, 80 y 100 %, respectivamente (p˂ 0,05). Las diferentes concentraciones salinas no afectaron significativamente la ovoposición. La eclosión solo se presentó en las concentraciones de 0,3; 2; 5 y 10 ups. Los huevos ovopositados en concentraciones de 15, 18 y 22 ups no eclosionaron hasta que fueron transferidos a agua dulce con porcentajes de eclosión de entre el 80 y 90 %. Conclusiones: Los embriones de Ae. aegypti poseen una amplia plasticidad para soportar cambios drásticos de temperatura y salinidad. El control efectivo de sus poblaciones debe incluir la revisión de charcas o reservorios que contengan aguas salobres hasta 18 ups.

ABSTRACT The risk of recurrence of new amnesia events in patients having previously experienced transient global amnesia (TGA) ranges between 2.9-23.8%. Objective: Our objective was to search for recurrence predictors in TGA patients. Methods: Retrospective analysis to identify recurrence predictors in a cohort of 203 TGA patients from a single center in Buenos Aires, Argentina, diagnosed between January 2011 and March 2017 Clinical features and complementary studies (laboratory results, jugular vein Doppler ultrasound and brain MRI) were analyzed. Comparison between patients with recurrent versus single episode TGA was performed, applying a multivariate logistic regression model. Results: Mean age at presentation was 65 years (20-84); 52% were female. Median time elapsed between symptom onset and ER visit was two hours, with the average episode duration lasting four hours. Mean follow-up was 22 months. Sixty-six percent of patients referred to an identifiable trigger. Jugular reflux was present in 66% of patients; and 22% showed images with hippocampus restriction on diffusion-weighted MRI. Eight percent of patients had TGA recurrence. Patients with recurrent TGA had a more frequent history of migraine than patients without recurrence (37.5% vs. 14%; p = 0.03). None of the other clinical characteristics and complementary studies were predictors of increased risk of recurrence. Conclusions: Patients with migraine may have a higher risk of recurrent TGA. None of the other clinical characteristics evaluated allowed us to predict an increased risk of recurrence. Although the complementary studies allowed us to guide the diagnosis, they did not appear to have a significant impact on the prediction of recurrence risk.

RESUMEN El riesgo de recurrencia de nuevos eventos de amnesia en pacientes que han experimentado previamente Amnesia Global Transitoria (AGT) oscila entre el 2.9-23.8%. Objetivo: Nuestro objetivo fue buscar predictores de recurrencia en pacientes con AGT. Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de una cohorte de 203 pacientes con AGT de un único centro en Buenos Aires, Argentina, diagnosticados entre enero-2011 y marzo-2017 Se analizaron las características clínicas y los estudios complementarios (laboratorio, Doppler de vena yugular y RM encéfalo). Se comparó el grupo de AGT recurrente versus episodio único, aplicando un modelo de regresión logística multivariada. Resultados: la edad promedio de presentación fue de 65 años (20-84); 52% mujeres. La mediana del tiempo transcurrido entre el inicio de los síntomas y la visita a la sala de emergencia fue de 2 horas, con una duración promedio del episodio de 4 horas. El seguimiento medio fue de 22 meses. 66% de los pacientes tuvieron un desencadenante identificable. El reflujo yugular estuvo presente en el 66% de los pacientes y el 22% mostró imágenes restrictivas en DWI a nivel hipocampal. 8% de los pacientes presentaron recurrencia. Los pacientes con AGT recurrente tuvieron un historial de migraña más frecuente (37.5% vs. 14%; p=0.03). Ninguna de las otras características clínicas y estudios complementarios fueron predictores de mayor riesgo de recurrencia. Conclusiones: los pacientes con migraña pueden tener un mayor riesgo de recurrencia de AGT. Ninguna de las otras características clínicas evaluadas nos permitió predecir un mayor riesgo de recurrencia. Aunque los estudios complementarios nos permitieron orientar el diagnóstico, no pareció tener un impacto significativo en la predicción del riesgo de recurrencia.

This project involves the study of the crystalline quality of a single crystalline commercial wafer of ZnSe (Cradley Crystals) combining different techniques. We use optical microscopy for the observation of macroscopic defects and etching figures which were obtained by chemical etching and transmission electron microscopy to determine the structural quality of the sample. We also measure the optical transmittance of the wafer due to its application as infrared window. The results show low presence of macroscopic defects, remarkable structural order between dislocations and small values of dislocation density and angular misorientation between adjacent subgrains. This confirms an adequate crystalline quality of the material as required for optoelectronic devices.

Se estudia la calidad cristalina de una oblea comercial monocristalina de ZnSe (Cradley Crystals) combinando diferentes técnicas. Se utiliza microscopía óptica para la observación de defectos macroscópicos y figuras de corrosión obtenidas por revelado químico de la misma y microscopía electrónica de transmisión para determinar su calidad estructural, también se evalúa su transmitancia óptica por su aplicación en ventanas infrarrojas. Una presencia pequeña de defectos macroscópicos, un orden estructural notable entre dislocaciones y la baja densidad de dislocaciones y desorientación angular halladas entre subgranos adyacentes confirman una adecuada calidad cristalina para el empleo de este material en dispositivos optoelectrónicos.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o potencial alelopático de extratos metanólicos de folhas, flores e raízes de capuchinha (Tropaeolum majus L.) sobre a germinação de sementes e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de picão-preto. O extrato metanólico com melhor potencial de inibição foi submetido a particionamento, resultando nas frações hexânica, clorofórmica, acetato de etila e hidrometanólica e posterior caracterização pelo espectro de absorção na região do infravermelho (IV). O efeito alelopático foi avaliado sobre as sementes de picão-preto, as quais foram distribuídas sobre papel germitest umedecido com 2mL dos extratos e mantidas em germinador do tipo B.O.D. regulado a temperatura de 25°C e luz branca constante, sendo que as sementes imersas diretamente em água constituíram o tratamento controle. A avaliação da qualidade da semente foi realizada pelos testes de germinação e vigor (primeira contagem e comprimento de raiz primária e de hipocótilo das plântulas), em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. O potencial alelopático das folhas de capuchinha foi maior em relação às demais partes da planta sobre a germinação das sementes, comprimento de hipocótilo e de raiz das plântulas de picão-preto. Estes efeitos podem estar associados à presença de grupos químicos polares, pois à medida que se aumentou a polaridade dos solventes detectou-se maior efeito inibitório sobre a germinação e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de picão-preto.

This research aimed to evaluate the metanolic extracts allelopathic potential from leaves, flowers and roots of capuchinha (Tropaeolum majus L.) on picão-preto seeds germination and initial seedling growth. The best inhibitor metanolic extract was fractioned, in hexanic, cloroformic, etil acetate and hidrometanolic fractions and it was characterized through absorption spectrum using mid-infrared. To evaluate the allelopathic effect of metanolic extracts and the fractions aftereffect; it was used picão-preto seeds distributed on 2ml extracts moistured paper maintained in B.O.D. germinator at 25°C and white constant light. Seeds sowed directly in water moistured germitest paper constituted the control. The allelopathic potential extracts were evaluated through the first count, final germination percentage, seedlings primary root and hypocotyl length (cm). The experiment was carried out DIC with three replications of 25 seeds. The capuchinha leaves showed allelopathic potential on picão-preto seeds germination, hypocotyl and seedlings primary root length. It was suggested that such effects are associated to the presence of polar chemical groups because the increase in the solvents polarity detected the major picão-preto germination and seedlings growth inhibition effect.

O experimento foi conduzido em campo da Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados (UFGD), em Dourados-MS, de março de 2005 a setembro de 2006, em Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico. O objetivo foi avaliar a produção da Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen (fáfia) em monocultivo e os policultivos com Tagetes erecta L. (cravo-de-defunto) e Ocimum basilicum L. (manjericão), sem e com incorporação de cama-de-frango semidecomposta. Os fatores em estudo foram a fáfia (F), o cravo-de-defunto (C) e o manjericão (M) em monocultivos e os policultivos com duas fileiras de fáfia e três de cravo (F2C3) e duas fileiras de fáfia e três de manjericão (F2M3), todos sem e com incorporação ao solo de cama-de-frango de corte semidecomposta. Os dez tratamentos foram arranjados no delineamento blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A produção de massa fresca e seca da parte aérea da fáfia foi maior (13,22 t ha-1 e 4,39 t ha-1, respectivamente) em monocultivo, independente do uso da cama-de-frango. Por outro lado, nenhum dos tratamentos influenciou a massa fresca e seca e o número de raízes da fáfia, que foram, em média, de 10,02 e 2,07 t ha-1 e 417.916 raízes ha-1, respectivamente. O diâmetro das raízes foi maior (23,5 mm) no policultivo com o manjericão. As produções de massas frescas e secas dos capítulos florais do cravo-de-defunto foram maiores (14,28 t ha-1e 1,278 t ha-1, respectivamente) no policultivo com a fáfia, mas apenas a produção de massa fresca dos capítulos foi maior (14,17 t ha-1) com o uso da cama-de-frango. A produção de parte aérea do manjericão foram maiores (52,91 t ha-1) no policultivo, independente com qual espécie; porém, não foi influenciada pelo uso da cama-de-frango. A razão de área equivalente (RAE) para o policultivo da fáfia com o cravo-de-defunto foi de 2,15 com cama-de-frango e de 1,99 sem cama e com o manjericão, foi 2,44 com cama e de 3,08 sem cama. Como os valores foram maiores que 1,0, indicam que os policultivos foram efetivos.

This study was carried out in field of the Universidade Federal da Grande Dourados, in Dourados, Brazil, during the period from March 2005 to September 2006. The aim of the experiment was to evaluate Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng) Pedersen yield under monocropping system or intercropped with Tagetes erecta L. and Ocimum basilicum L, in a Distroferric Red Latosol (sand loam Rhodic Oxisol), using semi-decomposed poultry manure (PM). The study objects were Brazilian ginseng (BG), marigold (M) and basil (B) under monocropping and the intercropping of two Brazilian ginseng, three marigold (BG2M3) and three basil (BG2B3) lines, all of them with or without semi-decomposed poultry manure (PM) as fertilizer. Ten treatments were arranged in randomized blocks design, with four replications. Fresh and dry weight production from shoot of Brazilian ginseng were higher (13.22 t ha-1 and 4.39 t ha-1, respectively) under monocropping, independently of the use of poultry manure. Nevertheless, none of experimental designs influenced the dry and fresh weight production or root number of Brazilian ginseng which produced average values of 10.02 and 2.07 t ha-1 and 417,916 roots ha-1, respectively. Root diameter was higher (23.5 mm) under intercropping system with basil. Dry and fresh weight of marigold flowers were higher (14.28 t ha-1and 1.278 t ha-1, respectively) when intercropped with Brazilian ginseng, but only fresh weight of the flowers was increased (14.17 t ha-1) by poultry manure application. Basil shoot production was higher (52.91 t ha-1) when intercropped, independently of the used species; however, they were not influenced by the use of poultry manure. Land equivalent ration (LER) for the Brazilian ginseng intercropped with marigold was 2.15 under poultry manure application and 1.99 without it, and for the basil 2.44 under poultry manure application and 3.08 without it. Values higher than 1.0 indicate that the intercropping systems were effective.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o crescimento e a produção de biomassa de marcela [Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.], em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com tansagem (Plantago major L.) e determinar a população de plantas dessas espécies medicinais, em consorciação mais eficiente, visando o aumento produtivo e retorno econômico. Foram constituídos seis tratamentos: duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,40m (M0,40); duas fileiras de marcela espaçadas de 0,25m (M0,25); duas fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,75m (T0,75); três fileiras de tansagem espaçadas de 0,40m (T0,40); duas fileiras de marcela alternadas com três fileiras 0,40 de tansagem (M0,40T0,40) e duas fileiras de marcela alternadas com duas fileiras de tansagem (M0,25T0,75). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Foram efetuadas colheitas de marcela aos 180, 210 e 225 dias após o transplante. Os tratamentos não influenciaram as alturas das plantas da marcela e da tansagem. As produções da marcela foram influenciadas apenas pelas três épocas de colheita sendo significativamente superior nas duas primeiras, apresentando massas de flores frescas de 2,51, 2,63 e 1,28 t ha-1, respectivamente, aos 180, 210 e 225 dias após o transplante. A massa de folhas frescas da tansagem não foi influenciada pelo consórcio mas foi maior sob o espaçamento T0,40(6,13 t ha-1) do que sob o T0,75(3,32 t ha-1). A Razão de Área Equivalente do consórcio M0,40T0,40 foi 1,6 e o de M0,25T0,75foi 2,4. Quanto à renda bruta observaram-se acréscimos de 30% para o tratamento M0,40T0,40e 77% para o tratamento M0,25T0,75comparadas ao tratamento da marcela solteira M0,25e de 70% e 131%, respectivamente, em relação à tansagem solteira T0,40.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and the yield of marcela [Achyrocline satureioides (Lam.) DC.] biomass, in a monocrop system and intercropped with common plantain (Plantago major L. ) as well as to determine the population of these medicinal plants in a more efficient intercrop system, in order to increase the yield and the economic return. Six treatments were established: two rows of marcela spaced 0.4 m from each other (M0,40), two rows of marcela spaced 0.25 m (M0,25), two rows of common plantain spaced 0.75 m (T0,75), three rows of common plantain spaced 0.40 m (T0,40), two rows of marcela alternated with three rows of common plantain (M0,40T0,40), and two rows of marcela alternated with three rows of common plantain (M0,25T0,25). The experimental design was the randomized blocks with four replications. Harvests of marcela were performed at 180, 210 and, 225 days after the transplantation. The treatments did not influence the heights of marcela and common plantain. Yields of marcela were influenced only by the harvest dates and they were significantly higher in the first and the second dates, showing fresh mass of flowers of 2.51; 2.63 and 1.28 t ha-1, respectively, at 180, 210 and 225 days after the transplantation. Fresh mass of common plantain leaves was not influenced by the intercropping, but it was higher under T0,40(6.13 t ha-1) space than under T0,75(3.32 t ha-1). Land Equivalent Ratio of the M T intercropping was 1.6 and that of M0,25T0,75 was 2.4. Regarding the gross income, increases of 30% were observed for the treatment M0,40 T0,40 and 77% for the treatment M0,40 T0,40 when compared to the treatment M0,25 and 70% and 131%, respectively, when compared to T0,40.

Objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar a influência do fósforo e da cama-de-frango semidecomposta na produção de capítulos florais da Calendula officinalis L. Os fatores em estudo foram cinco doses de fósforo (4,3; 25,8; 43,0; 60,2; 81,7 kg ha-1 de P2O5), na forma de superfosfato triplo e cinco doses de cama-de-frango semidecomposta (1.000; 6.000; 10.000; 14.000 e 19.000 kg ha-1). Para combinar o fósforo e a cama-de-frango, usou-se a matriz experimental Plan Puebla III resultando em nove tratamentos (25,8 e 6.000; 60,2 e 6.000; 25,8 e 14.000; 60,2 e 14.000; 43,0 e 10.000; 4,3 e 6.000; 81,7 e 14.000; 25,8 e 1.000; 60,2 e 19.000 kg ha-1 de P e cama-de-frango, respectivamente) no delineamento de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. A altura média final das plantas, aos 120 dias, ficou em torno de 60,0 cm, independente dos tratamentos. A produção máxima de capítulos florais da calêndula foi de 9.755,16 mil ha-1,obtida com o uso de 49,15 kg ha-1 de P2O5 associada a 13.401,10 kg ha-1 de cama-de-frango. A maior produção (11.058,89 kg ha-1)de massa fresca de capítulos florais de calêndula foi obtida com 49,98 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 13.266,59 kg ha-1 de cama-de-frango. As produções máximas de massas secas de capítulos florais (2.227,61 kg ha-1) foram obtidas com 39,62 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e 8.109,75 kg ha-1 de cama-de-frango. Concluiu-se que para se obter maior produção de massa seca de capítulos florais, componente de maior importância comercial, a calêndula deve ser cultivada utilizando adubação com HH 40 kg ha-1 de P2O5 e H" 8.000 kg ha-1 de cama-de-frango.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the influence of phosphorus and semi-decomposed chicken manure on capitula yield of Calendula officinalis L. The studied factors were five doses of phosphorus (4.3, 25.8, 43.0, 60.2, and 81.7 kg ha-1 P2O5) in the triple super phosphate form and five doses of semi-decomposed chicken manure (1000, 6000, 10000, 14000, and 19000 kg ha-1). The Plan Puebla experimental matrix was used to combine phosphors and chicken manure, which resulted in nine treatments, viz. 25.8 + 6000, 60.2 + 6000, 25.8 + 14000, 60.2 + 14000, 43.0 + 10000, 4.3 + 6000, 81.7 + 14000, 25.8 + 1000, and 60.2 + 19000 (first figure representing kg ha-1P; second figure, kg ha-1chicken manure) in randomized block design with four replications. Final average heights of plants at 120 days were about 60.0 cm, independently of the treatments. Maximum yield of pot marigold capitula was 9755.16 x 10³ ha-1, which was obtained with the use of 49.15 kg ha-1 P2O5 associated to 13401.10 kg ha-1 chicken manure. The highest yield (11058.89 kg ha-1)of fresh biomass of pot marigold capitula was obtained with 49.98 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 13266.59 kg ha-1 chicken manure. Maximum yields of dried mass of capitula (2227.61 kg ha-1) were obtained with 39.62 kg ha-1 P2O5 and 8109.75 kg ha-1 chicken manure. It was concluded that to obtain the greatest dried mass yield of capitula, which constituent the most important commercial product of pot marigold, the plant must be cultivated using fertilization with H" 40 kg ha-1 P2O5 and H" 8000 kg ha-1 chicken manure.

O trabalho teve como objetivo conhecer a produtividade, a renda bruta e a renda bruta menos o custo das sementes da beterraba 'Tall Top Early Wonder', em resposta ao uso de quatro e cinco fileiras no canteiro e dos espaçamentos de 5,0; 7,5 e 10,0 cm entre plantas. A colheita foi realizada aos 116 dias após a semeadura, quando se avaliaram a altura das plantas, a massa fresca das folhas, o diâmetro e o comprimento das raízes e as massas frescas de raízes comerciais e não- comerciais. A validação do trabalho foi realizada pela determinação das rendas bruta e da rendas bruta menos o custo das sementes obtidas por hectare cultivado. Nenhuma das características avaliadas foi influenciada significativamente pela interação número de fileiras no canteiro e espaçamento entre plantas. A melhor renda bruta (R$ 6.700,00) foi do tratamento com cinco fileiras no canteiro e 5,0 cm entre plantas, e a maior renda bruta menos o custo das sementes (R$ 5.654,00) foi do tratamento cinco fileiras no canteiro e 10,0 cm entre plantas. Concluiu-se que para obter maior produção da beterraba deve-se utilizar cinco fileiras de plantas no canteiro e 5,0 cm de espaçamento entre plantas, porém, para obter maior renda bruta menos o custo das sementes, deve-se utilizar cinco fileiras no canteiro e 10,0 cm de espaçamento entre plantas.

This work had as objective to determine the yield, gross income and gross income minus seed cost of 'Tall Top Early Wonder' beet in answer to the use of four and five rows per plot and spaces of 5.0; 7.5 and 10.0 cm between plants. Harvest was done at 116 days after sowing, when the height of plants, fresh mass of leaves, diameter and length of roots and fresh mass of commercial and non-commercial roots were evaluated. The validation of this work was done by determination of gross income and gross income minus seed cost obtained per cultivated hectare. None of the evaluated characteristics was influenced significantly by the interaction of number of rows/spaces between plants. The highest gross income (R$ 6,700.00) came from the treatment with five rows per plot and 5.0 cm among plants, and the highest gross income minus seed cost (R$ 5,654.00) was from the treatment with five rows and 10.0 cm between plants. It was concluded that to obtain the greatest yield of beet, five rows of plants per plot and 5.0 cm between plants must be used, but to obtain the highest gross income minus seed cost, five rows per plot and 10.0 cm between plants must be used.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o desempenho produtivo e determinar a renda bruta obtida a partir do cultivo da mandioquinha-salsa (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft), cultivar Amarela de Carandaí, em monocultura e consorciada com cebolinha (Allium fistulosum L.), cultivar Todo Ano (MC), e com a salsa (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.), cultivar Lisa Preferida (MS). A propagação da mandioquinha-salsa e da cebolinha foi feita através de mudas, enquanto a salsa foi propagada por sementes. A cebolinha foi colhida 87 dias após o plantio (DAP) e, as rebrotas, 154 e 212 DAP. A salsa foi colhida 105 dias após a semeadura (DAS) e, as rebrotas, 171, 212 e 268 DAS. A mandioquinha-salsa foi colhida 268 DAP. Na colheita realizada 212 DAP, as plantas de cebolinha em cultivo solteiro superaram estatisticamente aquelas consorciadas em 1,73 cm de altura e 0,99 t ha-1 de massa fresca comercial (MFC). Na salsa, as produções de MFC em monocultura superaram estatisticamente em 0,63, 0,66 e 0,72 t ha-1 a produção do consórcio nas colheitas realizadas 171, 212 e 268 DAS, respectivamente. As plantas de cebolinha e salsa tiveram valores maiores para altura e produção de MFC nas colheitas feitas após cada novo corte, exceto em salsa, para a altura de planta 171 DAS e MFC 268 DAS. Não houve diferenças significativas em nenhuma das características avaliadas entre a monocultura de mandioquinha-salsa e o consórcio MC. Já o consórcio MS apresentou, com exceção da produção de raiz não-comercial de mandioquinha-salsa, resultados inferiores aos demais arranjos de cultivo avaliados. O consórcio MC foi considerado viável (ERA = 1,49) e pode ser utilizado pelos produtores de hortaliças. O consórcio MS, por sua vez, foi inviável (RAE = 0,97).

The objective of this work was to study the yield performance and to determine the gross income of arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza Bancroft), cultivar Amarela de Carandaí, grown in monoculture as well as in intercropping with the Japanese bunching onion (Allium fistulosum L.), cultivar Todo Ano (A-JBO) and parsley (Petroselinum crispum (Mill.), cultivar Lisa Preferida (A-P). Arracacha and the Japanese bunching onion were vegetatively propagated, while parsley was propagated by seeds. The Japanese bunching onion was first harvested 87 days after the planting (DAP), with resprouts harvested 154 and 212 DAP. Parsley was first harvested 105 days after the sowing (DAS), and, resprouts, 171, 212, and 268 DAS. Arracacha was harvested 268 DAP. At the harvest carried out 212 DAP, the Japanese bunching onion plants in monocrop significantly exceeded those in intercropping in 1.73 cm height and 0.99 t ha-1 commercial fresh mass (CFM). In parsley, the CFM yield in monocrop significantly exceeded the intercropping figures in 0.63, 0.66, and 0.72 t ha-1 at harvests carried out respectively 171, 212, and 268 DAS. Plant height and CFM of the Japanese bunching onion and parsley increased after every new harvest, except in parsley, for plant height 171 DAS and CFM 268 DAS. No significant differences were found in any of the evaluated characteristics when arracacha as single crop was compared to the A-JBO intercropping arrangement. Nevertheless, the A-P intercropping arrangement significantly reduced all characteristics in relation to the other systems, except for yield of non-commercial arracacha roots. A-JBO intercropping arrangement was viable (LER = 1.49) and therefore may be employed by farmers. A-P intercropping, on its turn, was unfeasible (LER = 0.97).

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade produtiva da Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen e de Plantago major L., em cultivo solteiro e consorciado. Os tratamentos em estudo foram três e quatro fileiras de plantas de tansagem por canteiro, duas fileiras de fáfia espaçadas de 36 cm ou de 54 cm, três fileiras de tansagem alternadas com duas fileiras de fáfia (36 cm)-T3F36 e quatro fileiras de tansagem alternadas com duas fileiras de fáfia (54 cm)-T4F54. Foi utilizado o delineamento blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições. Os espaçamentos entre plantas foram de 40 cm para fáfia e de 30 cm para tansagem. O tipo de cultivo e os espaçamentos entre fileiras não influenciaram significativamente a produção de massa fresca e seca da parte aérea e das raízes da fáfia. Na tansagem foi observado efeito significativo da forma de cultivo em todas as características avaliadas e do número de fileiras para o número de pendões. As alturas máximas das plantas de fáfia foram de 185 cm e 183 cm, aos 172 e 164 dias após o transplante, sob cultivo solteiro, nos espaçamentos de 54 cm e 36 cm, respectivamente. A razão de área equivalente (RAE), para o consórcio T3F36 foi de 1,07 e para o T4F54 foi de 1,50. No caso de recomendação agronômica, optar-se-ía pelo consórcio T4F54.

This study aimed to evaluate the production of Pfaffia glomerata (Spreng.) Pedersen and Plantago major biomass in sole culture and intercropped. The treatments in study were three and four rows of plants of common plant for plat, two rows of Pfaffia glomerata spaced of 36 cm or 54 cm, three rows of common plant alternated with two rows of Pfaffia glomerata (36 cm)-T3F3(6) and four alternated rows of common plant with two rows of Pfaffia glomerata (54 cm)-T4F54. The experimental was desigm randomized blocks, with four replications. The spacing between plants was 40 cm for Pfaffia glomerata and 30 cm for common plant. The culture type and spacing between rows did not influence the fresh and dry roots and aerial part mass of the Pfaffia glomerata. In the common plant, it was observed significant effect of the form of culture in all the evaluated characteristics and number of rows for tassel. The maximum heights of the Pfaffia glomerata plants were 185 cm and 183 cm to the 172 and 164 days after transplanting, under single culture, for the 54 cm and 36 cm spacing, respectively. The area reason equivalent (RAE), for intercropping T3F36 was 1.07 and for the T4F54 was 1.50. Therefore, the intercopping T4F54, might be recomended.

El efecto de las malas hierbas en la disminución de la producción agrícola está considerado entre 30% y 50%. Imazetapir es un herbicida que actúa sobre la enzima acetolactato sintasa (ALS), primera enzima común en la ruta biosintética de la valina, leucina e isoleucina. Euphorbia heterophylla es una especie común en los campos de soya del Brasil. Actualmente se reporta una población resistente a imazetapir, herbicida perteneciente al grupo de las imidazolinonas. El objetivo de los ensayos de absorción y translocación fue estudiar las posibles diferencias de penetración foliar y movimiento del 14Cimazetapir en dos biotipos de E. heterophylla L. En el biotipo resistente, se registró una menor absorción durante las primeras 6 h después del tratamiento, tendencia que se diluye en los siguientes tiempos de evaluación. Las tendencias de los valores de translocación fueron similares durante las evaluaciones realizadas. Los resultados de los análisis de química de ceras no arrojaron diferencias entre la composición cuticular entre los biotipos; sin embargo, los estudios de microscopía electrónica de la hoja sí muestran diferencias en la morfología y la cantidad de ceras cuniculares, factores que determinan el comportamiento resistente del biotipo R.

The effect of weeds on reduction of agricultural production is estimated between 30% and 50%. Imazethapyr is a herbicide of imidazolinone group that inhibits activity of enzyme acetolactate synthase (ALS), the first common enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of valine, leucine, and isoleucine. Euphorbia heterophylla is common specie in soybean fields of Brazil. The study reports about a population of Euphorbia heterophylla resistant to imazethapyr. The objectives of the present work were to quantify the level of sensitivity to this herbicide in imazethapyr-resistant and -susceptible E. heterophylla populations evaluate the role of differential penetration into leaves as determining plant resistance to imazethapyr, and compare the waxy cells of R and S populations. The R population had a lower penetration rate compared with that of S population during the six first hours of incubation with the herbicide. Further studies indicated that R population was not different from S population in terms of translocation, metabolism, or target site (ALS enzyme) of imazethapyr action. Analysis of the leaf cuticle surface by scanning electron microscopy revealed higher wax density in the leaf cuticles of population R than that in S population. Thus, it is suggested that R population is resistant to imazethapyr because increased wax content of its cuticle permits less penetration of herbicide into the plant.