RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a relação entre a incidência de complicações e reações emocionais durante a cirurgia de catarata sob anestesia tópica em pacientes funcionalmente monoculares. Métodos: Estudo prospectivo, transversal, caso-controle de vinte e dois pacientes monoculares e dezenove controles pareados por idade e sexo . Dados demográficos foram analisados: idade, sexo e escolaridade. As cirurgias foram realizadas pelo mesmo cirurgião e durante o procedimento os sinais vitais dos pacientes (como pressão arterial sistêmica e frequência cardíaca) e eventos cirúrgicos (duração da cirurgia, movimentos corporais, sinais de aumento da pressão vítrea, dificuldade de realização da capsulorrexis e complicações) foram coletados. A acuidade visual pré e pós foi analisada. A distribuição normal dos dados foi confirmada com o teste de Shapiro-Wilk. Os dados foram expressos como média ± DP e porcentagem. A comparação dos diferentes testes clínicos entre os grupos foi realizada utilizando Student’s t-test e ANOVA com correção de Bonferroni. O qui-quadrado foi usado para comparar dados demográficos. Valor de p<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significante. Resultados: Este estudo incluiu vinte e dois olhos de 22 pacientes funcionalmente monoculares (6 homens e 13 mulheres) e dezenove olhos de 19 controles (11 homens e 11 mulheres). A média de idade foi de 73,05 ± 13,31 anos nos indivíduos monoculares e 69,74 ± 16,81 no controle. Considerando-se os sinais vitais não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos (p>0,05). Durante o procedimento, a percepção do cirurgião em relação aos movimentos excessivos de olho, pálpebra ou cabeça em ambos os grupos foi semelhante, assim como sinais de aumento da pressão vítrea (p=0,2 e p=0,1, respectivamente). Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que é seguro realizar a extração de catarata com anestesia tópica em pacientes funcionalmente monoculares. Esses pacientes aparentemente se comportam de maneira semelhante aos pacientes binoculares.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the relationship between the incidence of complications and functionally monocular patients’ emotional reactions during phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia. Methods: We enrolled 22 functionally monocular patients (11 males and 11 females; group 1) and 19 age- and sex-matched controls (6 males and 13 females; group 2) in this prospective, interventional, cross-sectional, case control study. Demographics data, including age, sex, and educational background, were collected. Surgeries were performed by the same surgeon, and during surgery, the patients’ vital signs (blood pressure and heart rate) and surgical events (duration, body movements, signs of increased vitreous cavity pressure, difficulty in performing capsulorhexis, and complications) were noted. Pre- and postoperative visual acuity was also analyzed. Results: The mean age of group 1 was 73.05 ± 13.31 years and of group 1 was 69.74 ± 16.81 years. There was no significant between-group difference in systolic and diastolic blood pressures. The average heart rate was similar in both groups, too. During surgery, the surgeon’s perception of excessive eye, eyelid, or head movements in both groups was similar, in addition to signs of increased vitreous cavity pressure. Conclusion: It is safe to perform phacoemulsification under topical anesthesia in functionally monocular patients, who apparently behave similarly to binocular patients.

ABSTRACT: Starting from a theoretical framework which uses the Conceptual Metaphor Theory (Lakoff y Johnson 1980), the Narrative Paradigm (Fisher 1984, 1985) and concepts taken from Critical Discourse Analysis (Van Dijk 2011), this paper examines the way in which political discourse categorize through conceptual metaphors a complex event such as the legalization of the Spanish Communist Party, which occurred during the period of the Spanish Transition. It can be seen how the ultraconservative press, whose ideology was against the legalization, places the news within their readership’s system of knowledge, beliefs and judgments. The author achieves this using a continued metaphor whose source frame is sports, particularly football subframe, and a series of cognitive processes that generate a mini-narrative that tells the story of treason. These mechanisms contribute to the establishing of the discursive identity of the protagonists of this event and subsequently to the delegitimization of what happened as a result of the inclusion of this party in the Register of Political Associations.

RESUMEN: Partiendo de un marco teórico constituido por la teoría de la metáfora conceptual (Lakoff y Johnson 1980), el paradigma narrativo de Fisher (1984, 1985) y conceptos procedentes del análisis crítico del discurso (Van Dijk 2011), este trabajo analiza el modo en que el discurso político categoriza mediante metáforas conceptuales un hecho complejo que tuvo lugar en la transición española: la legalización del Partido Comunista de España. Veremos cómo la prensa de extrema derecha, contraria a esta decisión, enmarca la noticia en un sistema de conocimientos, actitudes, creencias y juicios de valor propio de la comunidad a la que se dirige recurriendo a una metáfora continuada cuyo marco fuente es el deporte -y, concretamente, el submarco del fútbol- y a una serie de procesos cognitivos generadores de una narrativa que teje la historia de una traición. Estos mecanismos contribuyen a construir la identidad discursiva de los protagonistas de este episodio y, con ello, a la deslegitimación de las actuaciones que dieron como resultado la inscripción de ese partido en el Registro de Asociaciones Políticas.

ABSTRACT Background: Cyclophosphamide plus thalidomide as induction for multiple myeloma patients eligible for autologous stem cell transplantation may be a limiting factor for cell mobilization. The minimum acceptable mobilized peripheral blood stem cell count to prevent deleterious effects during transplantation is 2.0 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. Combining other treatments to granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, such as cyclophosphamide, could overcome the mobilization limitation. The objective of this study was to assess the number of CD34+ cells mobilized using granulocyte-colony stimulating factor with and without cyclophosphamide after induction with cyclophosphamide, thalidomide and dexamethasone. Methods: A retrospective study was performed of a cohort of multiple myeloma patients submitted to autologous stem cell transplantations at two Brazilian centers between May 2009 and July 2013. The oral cyclophosphamide and thalidomide induction doses used were 1500 mg/month and 100-200 mg/day, respectively. Mobilization doses were 10-15 mcg/kg granulocyte-colony stimulating factor with 2-4 g/m2 cyclophosphamide, or 15-20 mcg/kg granulocyte-colony stimulating factor alone for 5 days. Collection of >2.0 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg was considered sufficient. Results: Eighty-eight patients were analyzed; only 18 received cyclophosphamide. The median age was 58 years old (range: 51-62) for the granulocyte-colony stimulating factor group and 56.5 years old (range: 54-60) for granulocyte-colony stimulating factor plus cyclophosphamide group. Fifty-two patients were male. Eighty cases (90.9%) were Durie-Salmon Staging System III-A/B and 38 (44.7%) and 20 cases (23.5%) were International Staging System 2 and 3, respectively. The group that received cyclophosphamide collected a higher median number of progenitor cells [3.8 (range: 3.1-4.4) vs. 3.2 (range: 2.3-3.8)] (p-value = 0.008). No correlation was observed between better responses or number of induction cycles and the number of cells collected. Conclusion: The number of cells mobilized with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor plus cyclophosphamide was higher. However, in both groups, the median number of CD34+ cells was sufficient to perform a single autologous stem cell transplantation; no deleterious effects were reported during harvesting.

During 2007 was carried out studies to explore local scale spatial variability in the reproductive cycle of Panopea abbreviata in 3 sites of the northern Patagonian gulfs (El Sótano and Puerto Lobos, in San Matías Gulf, and Punta Conos in San José Gulf), Argentina. Previous reports have revealed that P. abbreviata exhibits a reproductive pattern characterized, in both sexes, by continuous proliferation of gametes and spawning throughout the year. However, the use of quantitative indicators for females has shown a slight seasonality to this pattern. Local spatial variability in the reproductive cycle of P. abbreviata was observed at 3 sites and related to variation in the annual temperature regime at each locality. The females of El Sótano and Puerto Lobos showed similar seasonality in the reproductive pattern: proliferation and maturation phases prevailed over spawning stages when temperature decreased during autumn (March-May); this pattern was reversed when temperatures began to increase during spring (September-November). At Punta Conos this pattern is more irregular. However, at all localities, mature individuals of both sexes were present throughout the year, without a resting period during the reproductive cycle. The reproductive pattern is similar in the 3 sites with many small pulses in reproductive activity that are difficult to detect and characterized by year-round spawning. The same pattern was found in other localities of P. abbreviata and is unique in the genus Panopea.

Durante el 2007 se realizaron estudios para explorar la variabilidad espacial a escala local, del ciclo reproductivo de Panopea abbreviata en 3 poblaciones presentes en los golfos Nord-patagónicos (El Sótano y Puerto Lobos, en el Golfo San Matías, y Punta Conos en el Golfo San José), Argentina. Estudios previos determinaron que P. abbreviata presenta un patrón reproductivo, en ambos sexos, caracterizado por una continua proliferación y evacuación de gametos durante todo el año. Sin embargo, el uso de indicadores cuantitativos (distribución de frecuencia de diámetros ovocitarios, ovocitos por campo ocular y área ovocitaria relativa) para las hembras permitió observar una ligera estacionalidad. Las variaciones en el ciclo reproductivo fueron relacionadas con el régimen anual de temperatura de cada sitio. Las hembras de El Sótano y Puerto Lobos muestran una estacionalidad similar en el patrón reproductivo: las fases de proliferación y maduración predominan cuando la temperatura disminuye durante otoño (marzo-mayo); este patrón se revierte, cuando las temperaturas comienzan a aumentar durante primavera (septiembre-noviembre). Mientras que, en Punta Conos este patrón es más irregular. Sin embargo, en todas las poblaciones se encontraron individuos de ambos sexos en estadio de madurez durante todo el año, evidenciando la ausencia de un periodo de inactividad gonadal. En las 3 poblaciones ambos sexos se caracterizan por múltiples pulsos cortos de evacuación de gametos. Este mismo patrón se encontró en otras poblaciones de P. abbreviata y es único para el genero Panopea. Los 3 sitios estudiados presentaron un patrón reproductivo similar.

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência de doenças oculares na região amazônica e avaliar a eficácia, eficiência e efetividade dos projetos comunitários de saúde visual em comunidades carentes. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo observacional e ecológico, que abrange as comunidades carentes da Amazônia brasileira pelo Projeto Amazônia Visão de 2000. Os dados foram obtidos a partir de uma amostra completa de 1276 pacientes. Um questionário foi aplicado aos pacientes com 22 questões divididas em dados gerais e de saúde. Todos os pacientes foram submetidos a um exame oftalmológico completo. Todos os dados de projeto armazenados em um banco de dados foram para posterior avaliação. RESULTADOS: Dos 1276 pacientes avaliados, 65.0% eram do sexo feminino, 51,9% disseram que nunca tinham feito exame de vista e 91.0% acreditavam ter algum problema visual. Emetropia foi detectada em 3,8%; 47,2% tinham presbiopia. A Catarata (16,2%) e o pterígio (23,6%) foram as doenças prevalentes. Durante o projeto, cirurgias de catarata e pterígio foram realizadas em 27,6% e 6,9% da população estudada, respectivamente. Quando indagados sobre o porque de não haverem sido operados antes, 24,1% disseram que não tinham condições financeiras e 55,2% Porque não havia médico especializado nas proximidades. CONCLUSÃO: Erros de refração, pterigyum e catarata foram os achados mais comuns na população avaliada. O Projeto Amazônia Visão 2000 forneceu equipamento e recursos para as atividades propostas, atingindo a meta pré-definida.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of eye diseases in the Amazon region and evaluate the efficacy, efficiency and effectiveness of community projects of visual health in underserved communities. METHODS: Retrospective, observational and ecological study, which covers the underserved communities of the Brazilian Amazon by the Amazon Project Vision 2000. The data were retrieved from a total sample of 1,276 patients. A questionnaire was applied to patients with 22 questions divided into general and health data. All patients were submitted to a complete eye examination. All project data were stored in a database for later evaluation. RESULTS: Of the 1,276 patients evaluated, 65% were female, 51.9% said they had never had an eye examination and 91% believed to have some visual problem. Emmetropia was detected in 3.8% and 47.2% had presbyopia. Cataract (16.2%) and pterygium (23.6%) were the prevalent diseases. During the project, cataract surgeries were performed in 27.6% and pterygium in 6.9% of patients. When asked why they had not operated before, 24.1% said they had no financial conditions and 55.2% because there was no specialized doctor nearby. CONCLUSION: Refractive errors, pterygium and cataract were the most common ocular findings in the population evaluated. The Amazon Project Vision 2000 provided the equipment and resources for the activities proposed, reaching the pre-defined goal.

Objetivo: Avaliar as características dos pacientes atendidos no pronto socorro de oftalmologia, a fim de identificar medidas que melhorem a eficácia do atendimento e nortear o aprimoramento de outros serviços de urgência. Métodos: Estudo transversal e observacional, com 300 pacientes, atendidos no Hospital Municipal de Santo André (SP), de 15 a 22 de agosto de 2011. Os dados foram coletados por meio de avaliação clínica e de entrevistas com pacientes baseadas em um questionário. Resultados: Observou-se que 73,7% residiam a uma distância de até 20 km do hospital, 71,6% das urgências verdadeiras e 61,3% das urgências falsas procuraram atendimento em até uma semana do início dos sintomas. Conclusão: Considera-se a necessidade de disponibilizar para a população informações a respeito do tipo e da gravidade de urgências oculares, com ênfase na prevenção e na importância das doenças mais prevalentes, como corpo estranho corneano e úlcera de córnea, além de políticas de saúde direcionadas à criação de centros de atendimento especializados regionais, a fim de minimizar barreiras para acesso e aumentar a rapidez no tratamento de urgências oculares.

Purpose: Evaluate the characteristics of patients seen in the emergency department of ophthalmology in order to identify measures to improve the effectiveness of care and guide the enhancement of other emergency services. Methods: Cross-sectional, observational study with 300 patients treated at the Municipal Hospital of Santo Andre - Sao Paulo from 15 to 22 august 2011. Data were collected through interviews with patients based on a questionnaire. Results: It was observed that 73.7% lived at a distance of up to 20 km from the hospital and 71.6% of real emergencies and 61.3% of false emergencies sought treatment within a week of the onset of symptoms. Conclusions: Considered the need to provide information to the population about the type and severity of ocular emergencies, with emphasis on prevention and the importance of the most prevalent diseases such as corneal foreign body and corneal ulcer, and health policies aimed at creation of regional centers of specialized care in order to minimize barriers to access and increase the speed in the treatment of ocular emergencies.

Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito preemptivo com nepafenaco 0,1% em pacientes submetidos à fotocoagulação da retina para tratamento da retinopatia diabética proliferativa. Métodos: Trinta pacientes foram submetidos à fotocoagulação com laser de argônio em ambos os olhos. O olho contralateral de cada paciente foi o controle. O nepafenaco e o placebo foram utilizados 30 minutos antes da aplicação do laser. Ambos os olhos foram fotocoagulados no mesmo dia. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada por meio da escala analógica visual e da escala descritiva de dor. Resultados: A análise da interação instilação versus nepafenaco mostrou que os pacientes do grupo placebo apresentaram níveis de dor semelhantes em ambos os olhos, e os do grupo nepafenaco apresentaram redução importante do nível de dor no olho em que foi instilado a suspensão de 0,1% quando comparado ao olho contralateral que recebeu placebo (p=0,023). Conclusão: Este estudo sugere que a suspensão de 0,1% de nepafenaco foi útil na analgesia preemptiva de pacientes submetidos à fotocoagulação de retina quando comparada ao placebo.

After analysing various different argumentative texts written in Spanish, it is evident that the existing lists of discourse markers used need to be extended in order to incorporate non-catalogued units capable of bringing about semantic-pragmatic relationships between members of the discourse. The application of a solid theoretical framework revealed that the following expressions function as discourse markers, although they have not been recognised as such: se trata de (this is about), por así decirlo (so to say), hablando de (speaking about) + nominal group, no olvidemos que (let's not forget that), de lo que se colige / deduce que (it follows that) y al grano (straight to the point).

Tras el análisis de un corpus de textos periodísticos pertenecientes al género del artículo de opinión, resulta evidente la necesidad de ampliar los inventarios de marcadores del español para incorporar unidades que, sin estar catalogadas, son capaces también de sacar a la luz relaciones semántico-pragmáticas existentes entre los miembros del discurso. Partiendo de un sólido marco teórico, hemos advertido la presencia de las siguientes unidades aún no inventariadas: se trata de, por así decirlo, hablando de +SN, no olvidemos que, de lo que se colige /deduce que y al grano.

The brown shrimp (Farfantepenaeus californiensis) and white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) fishery exploitation in the Gulf of the Tehuantepec (GT) between 1993 and 1997 is described. Two population indices were obtained for each species: the recruits abundance index (RA), and the spawners abundance index (SA). Five closed seasons (from May/June to August) were considered in order to analyze the annual variation of these indices based on two spectral components: the cycle and the tendency. The first component indicated that the closed seasons protected almost 100% of the white shrimp recruits and 90% of the brown shrimp recruits. The brown shrimp fishery resulted in a good exploitation state because the abundance tendency of the recruits and spawners were stable or constant. The white shrimp fishery resulted in an overfished state, because the abundance tendency of the recruits and spawners were in decline. The closed seasons suitably do not fulfil the objectives for what was implemented, that is, the simultaneous protection of the periods of reproduction and egg-laying in the high sea fishing zones. At the moment, these are applied from March to September, whereas the shrimp production continuously descends in the GT. A change to these dates from June/July to October was proposed to assure the protection of the spawners and the growth of the recruits of both species. Additionally, it is necessary to regulate the lagoons systems fisheries in the GT to optimize the production in the lagoon and of high sea.

Se describe el estado de explotación de las pesquerías de camarón café (Farfantepenaeus californiensis) y camarón blanco (Litopenaeus vannamei) en el Golfo del Tehuantepec (GT), entre 1993 y 1997. Para cada especie, se obtuvieron dos índices poblacionales: la abundancia de reclutas (FR) y la abundancia de reproductores (DA). Cinco temporadas de veda (de mayo/junio a agosto) fueron consideradas para analizar la variación anual de estos índices mediante dos componentes espectrales: el ciclo y la tendencia. La primera componente indicó que las vedas protegieron cerca del 100% de los reclutas de camarón blanco y 90% de camarón café. Esta última pesquería se observó en un estado aceptable de explotación, ya que la tendencia de la abundancia de reclutas y reproductores fue estable. La pesquería de camarón blanco se observó sobre-explotada, debido a que la tendencia de la abundancia de reclutas y reproductores fue descendente. Las temporadas de veda no cumplen adecuadamente con los objetivos para los cuales fueron implementadas, esto es, la protección simultánea de los períodos de reproducción y de desove en las zonas de pesca de alta mar. Actualmente, éstas se aplican de marzo a septiembre, en tanto que la producción de camarón continua al descenso en el GT. Se propone un corrimiento a dichas fechas, de junio/julio a octubre, para asegurar la protección de los reproductores y el crecimiento de los reclutas de ambas especies. Adicionalmente, es necesario reglamentar la pesca en los sistemas lagunares del GT, para optimizar la producción ribereña y de alta mar.

The abundance and the dispersal processes during the larval and postlarval stages of Solenocera spp. (Burkenroad, 1939) is analyzed. Data were collected in three oceanographic cruises performed in the south of the Campeche Bay, Mexico, during summer and autumn 1993 and spring 1994. Summer was the period with the highest abundance with an average larval density of protozoea, mysis, and postlarvae of 19.8, 22.1, and 1.9 organisms per 100 m³ respectively. In general, larvae presented a typical daily migration pattern. They moved from deep areas to the surface at night, whereas during the day they tended to move downwards. Protozoeae were most frequently distributed at the surface levels, whereas mysis were rather caught at deeper levels. In general, protozoea and mysis were distributed at depths above the thermocline, halocline and pycnocline. Food availability seems to be the most important factor determining Solenocera spp. vertical distribution

Se analiza la abundancia y los procesos de dispersión de los primeros estadios larvales y postlarvales de Solenocera spp. (Burkenroad, 1939). Los datos obtenidos se basaron en tres campañas oceanográficas realizadas en el sur de la bahía de Campeche, México, durante el verano y otoño de 1993 y primavera de 1994. El verano fue el período de mayor abundancia con una densidad larvaria promedio de protozoeas, mysis y postlarvas correspondientes a 19,8; 22,1 y 1,9 organismos 100 m-3, respectivamente. Las larvas presentaron, en general, un típico patrón diario de migración. Ellas se desplazaron de zonas de mayor profundidad hacia la superficie en la noche, mientras que durante el día éstas tendieron a dirigirse hacia las profundidades. Las protozoeas se distribuyeron con mayor frecuencia en los niveles superficiales mientras que las mysis y postlarvas fueron capturadas en mayor número en los niveles más profundos. En general, las protozoeas y mysis se distribuyeron en profundidades sobre la termoclina, haloclina y picnoclina. La disponibilidad de alimento parece ser el principal factor para determinar la distribución vertical de Solenocera spp