Abstract INTRODUCTION The Integrated Program of Leprosy Control was initiated in 2003 in the municipality of Buriticupu, Maranhão, Brazil, an area considered hyperendemic for leprosy. Here, we present the evolution of the indicators of leprosy within the established period in children aged <15 years. METHODS: This is a descriptive study based on an active search for cases and spontaneous healthcare demand for leprosy, with an evolutionary analysis of the detection coefficient of new cases. We considered individuals aged <15 years diagnosed with leprosy from January 2003 to December 2015. To evaluate the factors associated with clinical and operational forms, Chi-square, Fisher’s exact, or Fisher-Freeman-Halton tests were performed. RESULTS A total of 61 new cases were detected (6.9% of the total leprosy cases diagnosed in the municipality during the study period), and the majority was found in males (62.3%). The most frequent operational classification was paucibacillary (67.2%), and this association increased with age. The tuberculoid clinical form was the most prevalent in both sexes and in the age range of 10 to <15 years. There was a reduction in the detection coefficient from 21.84/100,000 inhabitants in 2003 to 2.79/100,000 in 2015. CONCLUSIONS Despite the progress in the control of leprosy, this historical series shows that it is necessary to strengthen educational measures and implement control actions, so that the disease ceases to be a public health problem in the population aged <15 years.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: The Integrated Program of Leprosy Control was initiated in the municipality of Buriticupu, Maranhão, Brazil, an area considered hyperendemic for leprosy in 2003. It aims at assessing the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of the disease to reduce the detection rate of new cases until 2015. Here, we present the evolution of the indicators of leprosy within the period from 2003 to 2015. METHODS: We conducted a descriptive analytical study based on the active search for and voluntary referral of cases of leprosy. The detection rate of new cases was analyzed over time. We included individuals diagnosed with leprosy between January 2003 and December 2015. The association between categorical variables was assessed using the chi-square test of independence, considering a level of significance of 5%. When the association was significant, the detection rate (with a confidence interval of 95%) was calculated. RESULTS: Overall, 879 new leprosy cases were detected; the majority of the affected individuals were men (65.9%). Multibacillary leprosy was the most common type of the disease, according to the operational classification (55.5%); it showed the strongest association with an age ≥60 years. We also detected an association between the male sex and both, lepromatous and multibacillary leprosy. The detection rate reduced from 211.09/100,000 population in 2003 to 50.26/100,000 population in 2015. CONCLUSIONS: We found an improvement in leprosy control, with a reduction in the detection rate and the absolute number of cases. Strengthening of disease control measures should be prioritized to eliminate leprosy as a public health concern in this municipality.

ABSTRACT: In this study, the crystallization dynamics and the fingerprints of two topaz crystals from the Ouro Preto region (Brazil), two from the Eastern Brazilian Pegmatite Province (EBPP), one from the Western part of the United States (US) and one from Pakistan were characterized. The combination of scanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) data allowed for the characterization of these samples. Samples from the Ouro Preto region showed primary crystallization and recrystallization processes, which were demonstrated by a CL-heterogeneous core and CL-homogeneous rims in the SEM-CL images. Their fingerprint was composed of Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu and Zn. Samples from the EBPP showed both dark and CL-homogeneous SEM-CL images, implying slow and late-stage crystallization, typical of pegmatites. Their fingerprints were composed of Li, Nb, LREE, Ta and W, and of Ti, Nb and HREE. A sample from a Western part of the US displayed CL-heterogeneity with growth and resorption events and well-preserved growth zones, which were noticeable through the SEM-CL images. Its fingerprint was composed of Li, Ti, V, Mn, Nb, LREE, Ta and W. A sample from Pakistan showed an evident metamorphic recrystallization process, which was visible by the incipient and CL-homogeneous luminescence given by the SEM-CL images. Its fingerprint was composed of Ca, Cr, V, Zn, LREE, HREE and W.

Abstract In iron ore pelletizing plants a range of process parameters such as particle size distribution, specific surface area, and moisture, must be controlled to achieve optimized operation conditions. Particle size distribution and specific surface area are controlled during the grinding operations. Moisture, however, is controlled during filtration of the ground products. This work investigates the relationship between particle morphology, filter cake moisture and filter capacity. The samples were taken during the filtration tests and referred to three different blends presenting distinct mineralogical features and similar chemical compositions in order to investigate the effects of only the hematite surface characteristics. Six types of morphology are distinguished: granular hematite, tabular hematite, martitic hematite, polycrystalline hematite, hematite-goethite aggregates and goethite. For each filtration test, the filter cloth product was characterised. The characterisation analysis revealed that blends containing martitic hematite concentration above 11.45 percent increased substantially the filter capacity. However, it had also caused an increasing in final moisture content that reached values around 10.0 % compared with industrial moisture specification that can vary on the range of 8.5 to 9.5 %.

O aumento na ocorrência de begomoviroses (geminiviroses) em tomateiros, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., em várias regiões brasileiras, vem causando grandes prejuízos para o agronegócio de tomate, devido à ocorrência do inseto vetor, Bemisia argentifolii (Bemisia tabaci biotipo B). A diagnose é realizada em geral por "polymerase chain reaction" (PCR) ou por hibridização com sondas radioativas. A PCR é um método de alta sensibilidade, porém apresenta a desvantagem da possibilidade de obtenção de resultados falso-positivos, devido a contaminações, ou falso-negativos causados por inibidores contaminantes da reação, ou pela extrema especificidade dos iniciadores. A hibridização de ácidos nucléicos com sondas radioativas tem o seu uso limitado devido à necessidade de infra-estrutura especial, treinamento de pessoal, riscos para a saúde do manipulador e demanda constante de radioquímicos. O presente trabalho tem por finalidade demonstrar a viabilidade do uso do método de hibridização com sondas não-radioativas para a detecção de um begomovírus de tomateiro do Brasil. A sensibilidade do teste foi alta, obtendo-se detecção de até 0,1fg do DNA homólogo e em extrato bruto foliar diluído até 100 vezes.

Major outbreaks of tomato begomoviruses (geminiviruses) in several tomato Lycopersicon esculentum Mill growing in many parts of Brazil have been imposing significant losses upon the tomato agribusiness, due to the introduction of the Bemisia argentifolii (Bemisia tabaci biotype B). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and hybridization are generally used for diagnosis. The PCR is a detection method with high sensitivity, however it has the disadvantage of producing false-positives, due to contamination, or false-negatives caused by inhibitors or because of the high primer specifity. The use of nucleic acid hybridization with radio-labelled probes is restricted due to the requirement of special infrastructure and handling experience, the risk for the user’s health and a regular radiochemical element supply. This study is aimed at demonstrating the usefulness of the hybridization method with non-radioactive probes for detection of a tomato begomoviruses in Brazil. The sensitivity of this method was high enabling the detection of 0.1fg of homologous DNA and in crude sap extract diluted up to 100-fold.