ABSTRACT Biochemical assays in a time-course were employed to evaluate stresses induced by glyphosate treatment in resistant and sensitive biotypes of Conyza bonariensis. Two experiments were conducted assessing glyphosate doses and time-course after treatment. The doses of glyphosate ranged from 0 to 11840 g ae·ha–1 and assessments performed until 552 h after glyphosate treatment (HAT). The objectives of this study were to evaluate the oxidative stress and differential antioxidant enzyme activity in glyphosate-resistant and -sensitive biotypes of hairy fleabane after glyphosate treatment. After treatment, both studied biotypes accumulated similar levels of shikimic-acid until 96 h. The sensitive biotype died at192 HAT. Shikimic-acid and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) accumulation in glyphosate-resistant biotype were transient and did not differ from untreated plants at 288 and 500 HAT, respectively. In both glyphosate-resistant and -sensitive biotypes, a correlation analysis established a cause-and-effect relationship after glyphosate treatment, which leads to shikimic-acid and hydrogen peroxide accumulation, lipid peroxidation (indicates tissue damage) and an enhancement in the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) enzyme. However, in the glyphosate-resistant biotype, the oxidative stress and tissue damage were lower, and antioxidant enzyme activities SOD, CAT, and APX were higher than in the -sensitive biotype. It indicates that antioxidant enzyme in glyphosate-resistant biotype might be related to the glyphosate-resistance process in Conyza bonariensis. This study is the first report of differential antioxidant enzyme activity in hairy fleabane.

Com o objetivo de determinar o efeito da cascata de reservatórios nas comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos e sua possível implicação para a definição de políticas e propostas para conservação e uso sustentável da porção baixa da bacia do rio São Francisco (Bahia, Brasil), amostragens foram realizadas em três reservatórios e dois trechos a jusante do último reservatório, durante os períodos de seca (junho de 1997) e chuvas (março de 1998). Os grupos dominantes foram Mollusca (Melanoides tuberculata), Oligochaeta e larvas de Chironomidae. Baixos valores para os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Wiener e equitabilidade de Pielou foram encontrados, contudo sem diferença significativa entre os períodos de amostragem. Entretanto, a densidade total e a riqueza taxonômica foram significativamente diferentes (t(0.05; 31) = -2.1945; p < 0.05; e t(0.05; 31) = -3.0600; p < 0.01), com redução no número de taxa e abundância de macroinvertebrados durante o período de chuvas. Gradiente crescente na estrutura das comunidades de macroinvertebrados bentônicos foi observado ao longo da cascata de reservatórios desde o primeiro reservatório (Apolônio Sales), seguido por diminuição a jusante do terceiro reservatório (Xingo). Apesar das conseqüências negativas da rápida proliferação de represas, como a perda disseminada de habitats de água doce, o sistema de reservatórios em cascata promoveu aumento na diversidade de macroinvertebrados bentônicos em decorrência do aumento na qualidade de água ao longo do sistema.

In order to verify the cascade-system effect in benthic macroinvertebrate communities, and the implications for policy making and proposals for conservation and sustainable use of the lower portion of São Francisco river basin (Bahia State, Brazil), a three-reservoir cascade system including two stretches downstream were studied during dry (June, 1997) and rainy (March, 1998) periods. The dominant groups found were Mollusca (Melanoides tuberculata), Oligochaeta, and Chironomidae larvae. Low Shannon-Wiener and Pielou index values were found, but with no significant difference between the sampling periods. However, density and taxonomic richness were significantly different (t(0.05; 31) = -2.1945; p < 0.05; e t(0.05; 31) = -3.0600; p < 0.01) between the sampling periods, with a reduction in the number of taxaand macroinvertebrate abundance during the rainy period. An increasing gradient in benthic macroinvertebrate community structures was noted along the reservoir cascade from the first reservoir (Apolônio Sales), followed by a decrease downstream from the third reservoir of the system (Xingó). Despite the negative consequences of rapid proliferation of dams, which have caused widespread loss of freshwater habitats, the reservoir cascade system promoted an increase in benthic macroinvertebrate diversity, due to water-quality improvement along the system.