ABSTRACT Aristolochia hypoglauca and A. paulistana (Aristolochiaceae) are two species that inhabit the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. They highly resemble each other especially on the size and overall shape of the caudate perianth, which causes confusion in herbaria determinations. We applied geometric morphometrics (GM) to overcome this taxonomic uncertainty. GM was based on the landmark method applied to leaves of all specimens available mostly in Brazilian herbaria. The GM results supported the recognition of the two species, as the two principal components were responsible for 94.97% of the variation assessed through the principal component analysis (PCA). The Discriminant Function and the Cross-validation tests resulted in the maximum percentage of correctly classified cases (100%). The Procrustes distance (0.2252; p< 0.0001), and the Mahalanobis Distance (8.4473; p< 0.0001) provide statistical support for leaf shape differences with taxonomic significance. Thus, we revisit the taxonomy and comparative morphology of both species, and compare them with other Aristolochia species with caudate floral limb native to Brazil, and commented the phenology, distribution and habitat, and conservation status. Additionally, we proposed the epitypification of A. hypoglauca, given that the holotype does not fulfill the purpose of precise application of the name. A Aristolochiaceae (Aristolochiaceae Forest perianth determinations (GM uncertainty 9497 94 97 94.97 PCA. PCA . (PCA) Crossvalidation Cross validation 100%. 100 100% (100%) 0.2252 02252 0 2252 (0.2252 p 0.0001, 00001 0.0001 , 0001 8.4473 84473 8 4473 (8.4473 significance Thus Brazil phenology habitat status Additionally name 949 9 94.9 (PCA 10 (100% 0.225 0225 225 (0.225 0000 0.000 000 8.447 8447 447 (8.447 94. 1 (100 0.22 022 22 (0.22 0.00 00 8.44 844 44 (8.44 (10 0.2 02 2 (0.2 0.0 8.4 84 4 (8.4 (1 0. (0. 8. (8. ( (0 (8

Abstract In the science field, the use of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) methodology is becoming increasingly common, and the learning outcome is often captured in a written report. In our study, we consider the problem-solving report a formative-evaluative genre that has a dual purpose: to be a learning activity and to be an evaluation product. From the genre theory (Swales, 1990, 2004), we describe the rhetorical organization of this genre by means of a corpus of written texts in the area of biology and, subsequently, we analyze the first move in depth, considering, on the one hand, the levels of reading comprehension (Cassany, 2006; Gordillo & Flórez, 2009; Guevara, Cárdenas & Reyes, 2015) and, on the other, the taxonomies of learning (Bloom et al. (1956) reformulated by Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001; Biggs & Collis, 1982, 1989). The results indicate that there are four rhetorical moves that possess different communicative purposes. In the case of the first move, problematization, there are three types of questions that account for the level of abstraction of acquired knowledge and the problematization that the students carry out based on the case presented in the PBL. In this move, transactional interrogative statements predominate (Escandell, 2013), using simple discursive resources such as definition, description, classification, or enumeration. Since the genre has not been described before, it is necessary to deconstruct it and model it in order to understand its scope in disciplinary training in the field of science.

Resumen En el área de las ciencias es cada vez más recurrente la utilización de la metodología del Aprendizaje Basado en Problemas (ABP), cuyo resultado de aprendizaje se recoge frecuentemente en un informe escrito. En nuestro estudio, denominamos informe de resolución de problemas al género formativo-evaluativo que cumple una doble finalidad: ser una actividad de aprendizaje y ser un producto de evaluación. Desde la teoría del género (Swales, 1990, 2004), se describe la organización retórica de este género por medio de un corpus de textos escritos del área biología y, posteriormente, se profundiza en el análisis de la primera movida, considerando, por una parte, los niveles de comprensión lectora (Cassany, 2006; Gordillo & Flórez, 2009; Guevara, Cárdenas & Reyes, 2015) y, por otra, las taxonomías de aprendizaje (Bloom et al. (1956) reformulada por Anderson & Krathwohl, 2001; Biggs & Collis, 1982, 1989). Los resultados indican que existen cuatro movidas retóricas que poseen diferentes propósitos comunicativos. En el caso de la primera movida, problematización, existen tres tipos de preguntas que dan cuenta del nivel de abstracción de conocimiento adquirido y de la problematización que realizan los estudiantes a partir del caso expuesto en el ABP. En esta movida, predominan los enunciados interrogativos transaccionales (Escandell, 2013), utilizando recursos discursivos sencillos como la definición, descripción, clasificación o enumeración. Debido a que el género no ha sido descrito con anterioridad, es necesario deconstruirlo y modelarlo para poder comprender su alcance en la formación disciplinar del ámbito de las ciencias.

Abstract Graphene oxide (GO) was electropolymerized with polyaniline (PANI) during graphite exfoliation in 0.1 M H2SO4 electrolyte and 0.1 M aniline monomer solution. Characterization techniques, including Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy (FTIR), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), UV-vis spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and cyclic voltammetry, were utilized. XRD analysis confirmed GO multilayer exfoliation from the graphite anode, while UV-vis and FTIR techniques confirmed PANI electropolymerization. SEM images revealed PANI distributed between GO multilayers with a nanoneedle morphology. Cyclic voltammetry in 1 M H2SO4 demonstrated that the GO/PANI composite achieved a specific capacitance of 117.440 Fg-1, in contrast to GO's 1.243 Fg-1, both at a scan rate of 1 mVs-1. This enhancement is attributed to the improved electrical conductivity from PANI and graphene oxide. These results highlight the potential of the GO/PANI composite for high-performance supercapacitors and energy storage systems. (GO (PANI 01 0 0. HSO H SO H2SO solution FTIR, , (FTIR) TGA, TGA (TGA) UVvis UV vis spectroscopy Xray X ray XRD, (XRD) SEM, (SEM) utilized anode electropolymerization morphology GOPANI 117440 117 440 117.44 Fg1, Fg1 Fg 1, Fg-1 GOs s 1243 243 1.24 mVs1. mVs1 mVs 1. mVs-1 highperformance high performance systems (FTIR (TGA (XRD (SEM 11744 11 44 117.4 Fg- 124 24 1.2 mVs- 1174 4 117. 12 2

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dismembered open pyeloplasty described by Anderson and Hynes is the “gold standard” for the treatment of ureteropelvic junction obstruction. The aim of our study was to compare the results of open (OP) vs laparoscopic (LP) vs robotic (RALP) pyeloplasty. Material and Methods: A multicenter prospective review was conducted of pyeloplasty surgeries performed at five high-volume centers between 2014 and 2018. Demographic data, history of prenatal hydronephrosis, access type, MAG3 renogram and differential renal function, surgery time, length of hospital stay, and complication rate (Clavien-Dindo) were recorded. Access type was compared using the Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, or Fisher's exact tests. Results: A total of 322 patients were included: 62 OP, 86 LP, and 174 RALP. The mean age was 8.13 (r: 1-16) years, with a statistically significant lower age (mean 5 years) in OP (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in the distribution of the side affected. Operative time was 110.5 min for OP, 140 min for LP, and 179 min for RALP (p < 0.0001). Hospital stay was significantly shorter in the RALP group than in the other groups (p < 0.0001). There were no differences in postoperative complications and reoperations between the three groups. Conclusions: Minimally invasive surgery for the management of UPJO in children is gaining more acceptance, even in patients younger than 1-year-old. Operative time continues to be significantly shorter in OP than in LP and RALP. Hospital stay was shorter in RALP compared to the other techniques. No differences were found in complication rates, type of complications, and reoperation rate.

Resumen (Introducción): Los humedales altoandinos son clave en el mantenimiento del servicio ecosistémico de regulación hídrica, esencial en la dinámica fluvial de cuencas. (Objetivo): Evaluar la influencia de la variabilidad climática en los pantanos altoandinos de la microcuenca Miguaguó en Venezuela. (Metodología): Para ello se definió una serie de tiempo de 46 años, la cual fue climatológicamente tipificada a partir del índice del Niño oceánico (ONI). Se seleccionaron 15 años muestrales climatológicamente distintos con disponibilidad de imágenes LANDSAT, para evaluar el comportamiento espectral de la vegetación de los pantanos a través del índice de estrés hídrico (MSI). Los valores de MSI fueron estadísticamente comparados con el ONI y con indicadores climáticos locales, y se estimaron las desviaciones porcentuales de las anomalías respecto a un año patrón. (Resultados): Los resultados evidenciaron que la dinámica hidrológica de los humedales está influenciada por la combinación de anomalías ENOS (El Niño / La Niña) y años neutrales, aunque la afectación es diferencial, dependiendo de la localización de los pantanos en el paisaje, de las condiciones biofísicas del entorno, y de la relación secuencial interanual e intensidad de las anomalías. Por su parte, la tendencia dominante de desviación fue la de recuperación hídrica ocurrida durante eventos Niña y en años neutrales, donde los humedales son más sensibles a las anomalías de la fase fría de ENOS y con una alta resiliencia hidrológica. (Conclusiones): Si bien los resultados fueron claros y contundentes, tienen un alcance espacial y temporal limitado, y los procesos estudiados son extremadamente complejos, por lo que se requieren investigaciones adicionales que complementen la comprensión objetiva de las relaciones climáticas y atmosféricas en los procesos hídricos de la alta montaña tropical.

Abstract (Introduction): Highland Andean wetlands are key for maintaining the ecosystem service of water regulation, essential in the fluvial dynamics of watersheds. (Objective): To evaluate the influence of climate variability in tropical highland headwater swamps of Miguaguó watershed in Venezuela. (Methodology): For this, a time series of 46 years was defined, which was climatologically typified from the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI). 15 climatologically different sample years with availability of LANDSAT images were chosen, to evaluate the spectral behavior of the vegetation in the swamps through the Moisture Stress Index (MSI). The MSI values were statistically compared with the ONI and with local climatic indicators, and the percentage deviations of the anomalies with respect to a standard year were estimated. (Results): The results showed that the hydrological dynamics of wetlands is influenced by the combination of ENSO (El Niño / La Niña) anomalies and neutral years, although the impact seems to be differential, depending on the location of the swamps in the landscape, the local biophysical conditions, the interannual sequential relation and intensity of the anomalies. On the other hand, the dominant trend of deviation was the water recovery occurring during Niña events as well as in neutral years, being wetlands more sensitive to La Niña anomalies and showing hydrological resilience. (Conclusions): Although the results were clear and conclusive, they have a limited spatial and temporal scope, being the processes studied extremely complex; hence, additional research is required to complement the objective understanding of the climatic and atmospheric relationships of the hydrological processes in tropical highlands.

ABSTRACT The feasibility of using refractory chromite as a source of Cr to the weld bead is evaluated from a lining composed of a mixture of rutile, refractory chromite, graphite and limestone. The proportions in the mixtures for the coatings were established based on an experimental design of the Mc Lean Anderson type, where the input variables are: X1- chromite, X2- graphite and X3- limestone. The coatings were applied to the electrodes by pressing in a manual press, with subsequent air drying and calcined in oven. The recharge deposits of seven coating compositions were evaluated from the standpoint of chemical composition and hardness. Finding that the composition of the coating exerts a marked influence on the chemical composition and hardness of the deposited metal. What's more, it was found that it is possible to allocate the weld bead with more than 2 % chromium by carbothermic reduction of the refractory chromite, from the heat provided by the electric arc during manual recharging by welding with coated electrodes. Finally, the possibility of substituting FeCr in the manufacture of consumables with low Cr contributions for recharging is demonstrated, using refractory chromites in the electrode coating. rutile limestone type are X1 X X2 X3 press oven metal Whats What s Finally demonstrated

RESUMEN En el trabajo se evalúa la factibilidad de utilizar la cromita refractaria como fuente de aporte de Cr al cordón de soldadura a partir de un revestimiento compuesto por mezcla de rutilo, cromita refractaria, grafito y caliza. Las proporciones en las mezclas para los revestimientos se establecieron con base en un diseño experimental de tipo Mc Lean Anderson, donde las variables de entrada son: X1- la cromita, X2- el grafito y X3- la caliza. A los electrodos, los revestimientos se aplicaron mediante prensado en una extrusora manual, con un posterior secado al aire y calcinado en horno. Se evaluaron los depósitos de recargue de siete composiciones de revestimientos desde el punto de vista de composición química y de dureza. Se constata que la composición del revestimiento ejerce una marcada influencia sobre la composición química y la dureza del metal depositado. Además, se comprueba que es posible alear el cordón de soldadura con más de 2 % de Cr mediante la reducción carbotérmica de la cromita refractaria, a partir del calor aportado por el arco eléctrico durante el recargue por soldadura manual con electrodos revestidos. Finalmente, se demuestra la posibilidad sustituir al FeCr en la fabricación de consumibles con aportes no elevados de Cr destinados al recargue, utilizando las cromitas refractarias en el revestimiento del electrodo. rutilo caliza Anderson son X1 X X2 X3 horno depositado Además revestidos Finalmente electrodo

Resumen Aqui se reportan 2 nuevas presencias de Aristolochia en Brasil. Aristolochia cremersii, hasta ahora conocida solo de la Guayana Francesa, fue registrada en Oriximiná/Pará y A. argentina, con una distribución previamente conocida en Argentina, Bolivia y Paraguay, fue registrada en Bodoquena/Mato Grosso do Sul. Esta última especie fue determinada con base en registros fotográficos. Presentamos descripciones y comentarios morfológicos, una evaluación del riesgo de extinción (una de ellas aplicando el método rápido de preocupación menor) e ilustraciones/imágenes de las 2 especies. Finalmente, se discute el uso de fotografias como importantes registros cientificos aportados por la ciencia ciudadana, para el avance del conocimiento de la biodiversidad.

Abstract Two new occurrences of Aristolochia in Brazil are reported here. Aristolochia cremersii, hitherto known from French Guiana, was collected in Oriximiná/Pará, and A. argentina, with previously known distribution in Argentina, Bolivia and Paraguay, was recorded in Bodoquena/Mato Grosso do Sul. The latter species was identified based on photographic records. We provide descriptions, morphological comments, a preliminary extinction risk assessment (with one of them applying the rapid Least Concern method) and illustration/images of the 2 species, and finally discuss the use of photographs as valuable scientific records.

RESUMO Dentro da dinâmica do treinamento esportivo, a avaliação do salto é uma ferramenta útil para determinar e comparar o desempenho do atleta. O objetivo do estudo é comparar a capacidade de salto entre dois grupos de jovens atletas, que iniciam a universidade em anos diferentes. O estudo é de tipo comparativo, 120 sujeitos foram selecionados por conveniência, os quais se distribuíram em dois grupos, de acordo com o ano em que ingressaram na universidade (2015 e 2020). A capacidade de salto foi medida com os protocolos de 90° de agachamento, contra-movimento e agachamento livre. Os resultados mostraram uma tendência (p=0,07) na modalidade de contra-movimento, onde o grupo de 2020 teve um melhor desempenho. Em conclusão, o salto de contra-movimento é projetado como a variável de comparação para populações com características semelhantes.

ABSTRACT Within the dynamics of sports training the jumping evaluation is a useful tool to determine and compare the athlete's performance. The objective of the study is to compare the jumping ability between two groups of juvenile athletes, entering university in different years. The study is of a comparative type, 120 subjects were selected by convenience, which was distributed in two groups, according to the year in which they enter the university (2015 and 2020). Jumping capacity was measured with the 90° squat, countermovement and free squat protocols. The results showed a trend (p=0.07) in the countermovement modality, where the 2020 year group possessed better performance. In conclusion, the countermovement jump is projected as the comparison variable for populations with similar characteristics.

RESUMEN Dentro de la dinámica del entrenamiento deportivo la evaluación de salto es una herramienta útil para determinar y comparar el rendimiento del atleta. El objetivo del estudio es comparar la capacidad de salto entre dos grupos de deportistas juveniles, que ingresan a la universidad en diferente año. El estudio es de tipo comparativo, se seleccionaron 120 sujetos por conveniencia, los cuales fueron distribuidos en dos grupos, de acuerdo con el año en el que ingresan a la universidad (2015 y 2020). Se midió capacidad de salto con los protocolos de sentadilla de 90°, contra movimiento y libre. Los resultados mostraron una tendencia (p=0,07) en la modalidad de contra movimiento, donde el grupo del año 2020 poseía un mejor rendimiento. En conclusión, el salto en contra movimiento se proyecta como la variable de comparación para poblaciones de similares características.

Abstract Objective: To analyze the factors attributable to the cancellation of surgeries of a third level health institution in the city of Valledupar, Cesar / Colombia (2017-2018). Material and methods: Descriptive, retrospective, cross-sectional study. Data from the hospital surgical unit adverse case file were collected for 6 surgical specialties. Results: They showed that in 2017 there was a surgical suspension of 4% of the total of scheduled surgeries that were (3339), for 2018 the rate was 3% with a total of scheduled surgeries (1733). The reason for the suspension for both periods was the factor related to the patient’s adverse conditions with 45.9 and 38.5% respectively. The specialty most affected for these cases was the specialty of general surgery with the same percentage value in both periods of 4%. Conclusion: The results give us an idea of the factors present for the cancellation of scheduled surgeries and the need to apply measures to guarantee patient safety.

Resumen Objetivo: Analizar los factores atribuibles a la cancelación de cirugías de una institución de salud de tercer nivel en la ciudad de Valledupar, Cesar, Colombia (2017-2018). Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, transversal. Se recopilaron datos del archivo de casos adversos de la unidad quirúrgica del hospital para 6 especialidades quirúrgicas. Resultados: Mostraron que en 2017 hubo una suspensión quirúrgica del 4% del total de cirugías programadas que fueron (3339), para 2018 la tasa fue del 3% con un total de cirugías programadas (1733). La razón de la suspensión para ambos períodos fue el factor relacionado con las condiciones adversas del paciente con 45.9 y 38.5% respectivamente. La especialidad más afectada para estos casos fue la especialidad de cirugía general con el mismo valor porcentual en ambos períodos del 4%. Conclusión: Los resultados nos dan una idea de los factores presentes para la cancelación de cirugías programadas y la necesidad de aplicar medidas para garantizar la seguridad del paciente.

ABSTRACT Magnesium and its alloys offer a wide range of applications due to their excellent properties, however, their high chemical reactivity depends on their possible application in environments that have high chloride contents, because the development of an efficient method of surface protection and Easy implementation on an industrial scale is necessary. In the present work, nickel-phosphorus (Ni-P) electrolytic coatings on magnesium substrates were obtained from a chromate-free method. Subsequently, these coatings were evaluated electrochemically by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) in NaCl 3.5% wt solution. The results indicate that the coatings obtained manage to produce greater thermodynamic stability to the magnesium surfaces and reduce approximately the corrosion rate by a factor of 1000. Therefore, the methodology for obtaining the Nickel-phosphorus coatings that we propose in this work is susceptible to industrial scale.

Abstract The main objective of this article is to estimate the synthetic accelerograms of an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.3 in the City of Tapachula, Chiapas, which ocurred on november 7, 2012 on the coasts of Guatemala. In this paper, the methods of the Empirical Transfer Functions and the Boore's Stochastic Method (1983, 2003), which is useful to simulate the high frequency ground motions (f>0.1 Hz), were combined. This is of great interest in the field of engineering (Boore, 2003). The accelerograms were obtained through the method used in this work. In order to verify the degree of adjustment between them, the metrics proposed by Anderson (2004) were used. To accomplish this, tests were performed with known accelerograms recorder in a temporary network. These were installed from June 15 to July 29, 2011, in the City of Tapachula, and were compared later with the synthetic results obtained after applying the mentioned method. For the simulation of a magnitude 4.7 earthquake, both horizontal components showed good adjustment in most of the stations where they were registered. In other words, the method proposed manages to closely approximate the real data recorded in each of the stations. This fact supports the confidence we have in this method, in how particularly useful it is to generate applications of interest in seismic engineering.

Resumen El principal objetivo de este artículo es estimar los acelerogramas sintéticos de un sismo de magnitud 7.3 en la Ciudad de Tapachula, Chiapas, ocurrido el 7 de noviembre de 2012 en las costas de Guatemala. En este trabajo, se combinaron los métodos de las Funciones de Transferencia Empíricas y el Método Estocástico de Boore (1983, 2003), que es útil para simular los movimientos del terreno de alta frecuencia (f>0.1 Hz), lo cual es de mucho interés en el campo de la ingeniería (Boore, 2003). Para comprobar el grado de ajuste entre los acelerogramas obtenidos con el método uti lizado en este artículo, se utilizaron las métricas propuestas por Anderson (2004). Para ello, se realizaron pruebas con acelerogramas conoci dos registrados en una red temporal (instalada durante el periodo del 15 de junio al 29 de julio de 2011, en la Ciudad de Tapachula), y se compararon con los resultados sintéticos obtenidos tras aplicar el método mencionado. Para la simulación de un sismo de M=4.7, ambas componentes horizontales muestran buenos ajustes en la mayoría de las estaciones donde fue regis trando. Es decir, el método aquí propuesto logra aproximarse mucho a los datos reales grabados en cada una de las estaciones. Esto respalda la confianza que tenemos en la gran utilidad que este método tiene para generar aplicaciones de interés en la ingeniería sísmica.

Resumen La reforma tributaria del 2016 y la inclusión de rubros que contribuyan al logro de financiación de procesos que se deben atender para consolidar la paz, es una necesidad que bien administrada puede dar resultados favorables para llegar a la reconciliación, la paz, la democracia y la estabilidad política después del conflicto armado de más de 60 años en el país.

Abstract The 2016 tax reform and the inclusion of items, which contribute to the achievement of financial processes must be addressed in order to consolidate peace, is a need that, if well managed, can bear favorable results to reach reconciliation, peace, democracy, and political stability after the armed conflict, which has lasted more than 60 years in the country.

Resumo Os estudos de inovação atualmente não levam em conta e tendem a ignorar a inovação nas empresas públicas (EP) e seus efeitos sobre outras organizações. Evidências recentes mostram que as EP não são necessariamente inferiores às empresas privadas (Kowalski et al., 2013). Este artigo investiga pela primeira vez através de um estudo empírico os determinantes da inovação em EP no Equador. Identifica os determinantes internos e externos da inovação e seu efeito sobre a probabilidade de inovação no EP. Além disso, a variável cuidado ambiental é incluída como um determinante interno; esta variável não foi analisada em estudos anteriores sobre a inovação em EP. Os dados são da pesquisa de atividades de ciência, tecnologia e inovação do Equador (ACTI), publicado em 2014. O modelo proposto é avaliado por meio de uma regressão linear de tipo logit. Os resultados mostram que existem determinantes que têm efeito positivo sobre a probabilidade de inovação e são de dois tipos: internos (funcionários, treinamento, aquisição de tecnologia e cuidado ambiental) e externos (governo, mediante o apoio para gestão de qualidade).

Abstract The current studies on innovation do not consider or tend to ignore innovation in Public Enterprises (PE) and their effects on other organizations. Recent evidence shows that PE are not necessarily inferior to their private counterparts (Kowalski, Büge, Sztajerowska, & Egeland, 2013). This article investigates the determinants of innovation in PE of Ecuador, for the first time, through an empirical study. It identifies internal and external determinants of innovation and the effect on the probability of innovation in PE. In addition, the variable environmental care is included as an internal determinant; this variable has not been analyzed in previous work on innovation in PE. The data used come from the Survey of Activities of Science, Technology, and Innovation of Ecuador (ACTI) published in 2014. The proposed model is estimated by logit linear regression. The results show that there are determinants that have a positive effect on the probability of innovation and they are of two types: internal (workers training, technology acquisition and environmental care) and external (government, through the support program for quality management).

Resumen Los estudios de innovación en la actualidad no toman en cuenta o tienden a ignorar la innovación en las empresas públicas (EP) y sus efectos sobre otras organizaciones. Evidencia reciente muestra que las EP no son necesariamente inferiores a sus contrapartes privadas (Kowalski, Büge, Sztajerowska, & Egeland, 2013). Este trabajo investiga por primera vez mediante un estudio empírico los determinantes de la innovación en las EP de Ecuador. Identifica determinantes internos y externos de la innovación y su efecto en la probabilidad de innovación en EP. Además, se incluye la variable cuidado ambiental como determinante interno; esta variable no ha sido analizada en trabajos previos sobre innovación en EP. Los datos utilizados provienen de la encuesta de actividades de ciencia y tecnología e innovación de Ecuador (ACTI) publicada en el 2014. El modelo propuesto se estima mediante una regresión lineal de tipo logit. Los resultados muestran que existen determinantes que tienen efecto positivo sobre la probabilidad de innovación y que son de dos tipos: internos (trabajadores, capacitación, adquisición de tecnología y cuidado ambiental) y externos (gobierno, mediante el programa de apoyo a la gestión de calidad).

Obtaining metal alloys of iron and slag from the Aluminothermic processing of industrial solid waste is the purpose of this study. Seven mixtures were obtained by using a Mc Lean Anderson experimental design, where the amount of aluminum varied from 33 to 45 g, the ash 0 to 20 g, the graphite from 0 to 4 g, keeping the lamination scale in 100 g. The performance of the process in terms of quantity and efficiency of metal and slag was evaluated; As a result, the three best alloy mixtures were selected whose carbon content was between 1.33 - 3.62%, silicon of 0.24 - 0.96%, manganese between 0.41 - 0.78% of aluminum and between 0.2 - 11%, and a group of high-value alloy elements (Mn, Cr, Mo, Ni, V, Ti, Nb, Co and W). The technical feasibility of the aluminothermic processing of this industrial waste allows recovering its metallic components, which guarantees the use of these alloys in the industry, while reducing the levels of environmental contamination.

La obtención de aleaciones metálicas de hierro y escoria a partir del procesamiento aluminotérmico de residuos sólidos industriales fue el propósito de este estudio. Mediante un diseño experimental tipo McLean Anderson, en el que la cantidad de aluminio varió de 33 g a 45 g, la ceniza de 0 g a 20 g, el grafito de 0 g a 4 g, manteniendo la cascarilla de laminación en 100 g, se obtuvieron siete mezclas. Se evaluó el comportamiento del proceso en términos de cantidad y rendimiento de metal y escoria; como resultado se seleccionaron las tres mejores mezclas aleadas cuyo contenido de carbono estuvo entre 1,33 %-3,62 %; silicio de 0,24 %-0,96 %; manganeso entre 0,41 %-0,78 % y de aluminio entre 0,2 %-11 %, logrando recuperar un grupo de elementos de aleación de gran valor (Mn, Cr, Mo, Ni, V, Ti, Nb, Co y W). La viabilidad técnica del procesamiento aluminotérmico de estos residuos industriales permite recuperar sus componentes metálicos, lo que garantiza el uso de estas aleaciones en la industria, a la vez que se reducen los niveles de contaminación ambiental.

Resumen Introducción. El bajo peso al nacer (BPN) es uno de los principales factores de riesgo que afecta la morbimortalidad infantil en todo el mundo; cerca de 1/3 de las muertes neonatales son atribuibles a este. Objetivo. Revisar los artículos más relevantes sobre BPN en las Américas en el periodo de 2010-2016. Materiales y métodos. Revisión narrativa de literatura. La información se obtuvo de las bases de datos PubMed, SciELO, LILACS, Portal Regional da BVS, con el uso de los descriptores DeCS y MeSH. Resultados. La mayoría de los estudios fueron publicados entre el 2012 y el 2015. De los 27 artículos publicados, 11 (40.7%) fueron atribuidos a factores sociodemográficos, 9 (33.3%) a riesgos ambientales, 3 (11.1%) a factores conductuales, 2 (7.4%) a controles prenatales o por cobertura y 2 (7.4%) se interrelacionaban con otros factores de riesgo. Conclusión. La mayoría de los estudios coinciden en la asociación de factores sociodemográficos, biológicos y conductuales. Los estudios que refieren la asociación de BPN con factores de riesgo ambientales están tomando fuerza.

Abstract Introduction: Low birth weight (LBW) is one of the main risk factors that affects infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Approximately one third of neonatal deaths are attributable to this cause. Objective: To review the most relevant papers related to low birth weight in the Americas between 2010 and 2016. Materials and methods: Narrative literature review. The information was obtained from the PubMed, SciELO, LILACS and Portal Regional da BVS databases, using DeCS and MeSH descriptors. Results: Most ofthe studies were published between 2012 and 2015. Of 29 articles published, 11 (40.7%) dealt with sociodemographic factors, 9 (33.3%) with environmental risks, 3 (11.1%) with behavioral factors, 2 (7.4%) with prenatal or coverage controls and 2 (7.4%) were interrelated with other risk factors. Conclusion: Most of the studies agree on the association of sociodemographic, biological and behavioral factors. Those studies that refer to the association of LBW with environmental risk factors are growing in strength.