RESUMO Objetivou-se com este estudo desenvolver e validar uma ferramenta semiológica para diagnóstico do nível de adoção e conformidade das boas práticas agropecuárias em fazendas de produção de leite, segundo requisitos preconizados pela Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) e pela International Dairy Federation (IDF). A ferramenta foi testada em 62 fazendas de produção de leite, em seis diferentes regiões do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, como parte das ações do Projeto Protambo - "Transferência de tecnologias para o desenvolvimento da atividade leiteira no RS com base nas boas práticas agropecuárias" - da Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, Embrapa, entre janeiro de 2014 e março de 2017. A validação da ferramenta não apontou divergências estatisticamente significativas entre avaliadores, satisfazendo o parâmetro de exatidão para métodos de medições exigidos pela ISO/IEC 17025. Foi evidenciado um espaço de variação que mostrou desenvolvimento de métrica, em que se obteve consistência (coerência) de medição. O teste t-Student aproximado para a comparação de médias de não conformidades nas BPA mostrou melhora significativa no grupo tratamento (diagnóstico seguido de plano de ajuste) quando comparado ao controle (diagnóstico sem plano de ajuste subsequente). Essa nova abordagem semiológica contribui para a adoção das BPA em fazendas leiteiras, para a melhoria da qualidade do leite e da segurança na cadeia produtiva de lácteos.

ABSTRACT This study reports the development and validation of a novel diagnostic tool, based on the FAO and IDF ¨Guide to Good Dairy Farming Practice¨. Sixty-two dairy farms over six different regions within the State of Rio Grande do Sul were selected, evaluated and ranked, from January 2014 to March 2017; as part of the PROTAMBO- Dairying Technology Transfer Project (EMBRAPA). Results indicated that the proposed diagnostic tool was significantly consistent among different field evaluators, meeting trueness validation parameter for ISO/IEC 17025 validation requirement. Binomial distribution of probabilities of positive changes showed significant kind of metric evolution for the treatment group when compared to the control, in addition to significant consistency. Approximated t-Student test for comparison of the means of GAP non-compliances demonstrated significant improvements for the treatment group relative to the control. This novel approach could assist in overcoming existing and emerging GAP challenges to maximize dairy quality.

Heart rate variability (HRV) provides important information about cardiac autonomic modulation. Since it is a noninvasive and inexpensive method, HRV has been used to evaluate several parameters of cardiovascular health. However, the internal reproducibility of this method has been challenged in some studies. Our aim was to determine the intra-individual reproducibility of HRV parameters in short-term recordings obtained in supine and orthostatic positions. Electrocardiographic (ECG) recordings were obtained from 30 healthy subjects (20-49 years, 14 men) using a digital apparatus (sampling ratio = 250 Hz). ECG was recorded for 10 min in the supine position and for 10 min in the orthostatic position. The procedure was repeated 2-3 h later. Time and frequency domain analyses were performed. Frequency domain included low (LF, 0.04-0.15 Hz) and high frequency (HF, 0.15-0.4 Hz) bands. Power spectral analysis was performed by the autoregressive method and model order was set at 16. Intra-subject agreement was assessed by linear regression analysis, test of difference in variances and limits of agreement. Most HRV measures (pNN50, RMSSD, LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio) were reproducible independent of body position. Better correlation indexes (r > 0.6) were obtained in the orthostatic position. Bland-Altman plots revealed that most values were inside the agreement limits, indicating concordance between measures. Only SDNN and NNv in the supine position were not reproducible. Our results showed reproducibility of HRV parameters when recorded in the same individual with a short time between two exams. The increased sympathetic activity occurring in the orthostatic position probably facilitates reproducibility of the HRV indexes.

This study evaluated the effects of chronic treadmill training on body mass gain and visceral fat accumulation in overfed rats. Overfeeding was induced by reducing the litter size to 3 male pups per mother during the suckling period. The litter size of control rats was adjusted to 10 male pups per mother. Seven weeks after birth overfed and normally fed rats were selected and assigned to a sedentary protocol or to a low-intensity treadmill training protocol (60 min, 5 times/week, for 9 weeks). Four groups (overfed sedentary, N = 23; normally fed sedentary, N = 32; overfed exercised, N = 18, and normally fed exercised, N = 18) were evaluated at 18 weeks. Data are reported as means ± SEM. Initial body weight was similar in control and overfed rats [8.0 ± 0.2 g (N = 42) vs 8.0 ± 0.1 g (N = 50); P > 0.05] and body weight gain during the suckling period was higher in the overfed rats (30.6 ± 0.9 vs 23.1 ± 0.3 g; P < 0.05). Exercise attenuated the body weight gain of overfed compared to sedentary rats (505 ± 14 vs 537 ± 12 g; P < 0.05). The sedentary overfed rats showed higher visceral fat weight compared to normally fed animals (31.22 ± 2.08 vs 21.94 ± 1.76 g; P < 0.05). Exercise reduced visceral fat by 36.5% in normally fed rats and by 35.7% in overfed rats. Exercise attenuated obesity in overfed rats and induced an important reduction of visceral fat.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar as ações do fator de crescimento derivado das plaquetas (PDGF; P), da insulina (I), do retinol (R) e de suas associações (PI, PIR, IR e PR) na maturação nuclear (MN) de oócitos bovinos e suas conseqüências no desenvolvimento embrionário (DE). O meio básico para maturação dos oócitos nos diferentes tratamentos foi o TCM-199 modificado acrescido de PVA (controle). No DE, foram utilizados os grupos R, PIR, IR, um controle negativo (PVA) e um controle positivo, contendo soro fetal bovino e gonadotrofinas (SFBHOR). Os fatores P, I, R e suas associações não aceleraram a MN em 7h mas sim após 18h (P<0,001), com exceção dos tratamentos R e PR, nos quais as percentagens de metáfase II foram, respectivamente, de 4,7% e 8,3%, similares à obtida no grupo-controle (0,0%). Considerando um nível de significância de P<0,0001 em comparação ao grupo-controle, os maiores índices de metáfase II foram obtidos na presença das associações IR (19,0%) e PIR (21,3%). No DE, R (18,3%), PIR (13,9%) e IR (10,6%) incrementaram os índices de clivagem, comparados ao PVA (0,0%; P<0,001), porém não atingiram os índices do grupo SFBHOR (53,8%; P<0,001). Conclui-se que insulina e PDGF aceleram a MN e suas ações são potencializadas pelo retinol. Os índices de clivagem de oócitos maturados na presença de R, IR e PIR são superiores aos do PVA, mas significativamente inferiores aos maturados em SFBHOR.

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF; P), insulin (I) retinol, (R) and their interactions (PI, PIR, IR and PR) on oocyte nuclear maturation (NM) and, consequent, embryonic development (ED). The basic medium for oocyte maturation in the treatments was the modified TCM-199, supplemented with PVA (control). To study the embryonic development, the oocytes were divided in three treatments, R, PIR e IR, a negative (PVA) and a positive control group (containing calf fetal serum and gonadotrophic hormones; FCSHOR). The PDGF, insulin, retinol and their interactions did not change the kinetic of the NM, in seven hours of culture (P=0.4492) but it changed after 18 hours of maturation (P<0.001) except in the treatments R and PR (P<0.001), in which the percentages of metaphase II were, respectively, 4.7% and 8.3%. These results were similar to the control group (0.0%). Considering a significant level of P<0.0001 in comparison to the control group, the higher rates of metaphase II were obtained in the presence of IR (19.0%) and PIR (21.3%). The higher rates of MII were observed when the oocytes were matured in the presence of insulin and retinol. In the embryonic development, R (18.3%), PIR (13.9%) and IR (10.6%) increased the rate of cleavage when compared to PVA group (0.0%; P<0.001). However, the oocytes were not competent enough to reach the rate obtained in the FCSHOR group (53.8%; P<0.001). In conclusion, insulin and PDGF accelerate NM and their effects are enhanced by retinol. In the embryonic development, oocytes matured in the presence of either R, IR or PIR have higher cleavage rate than PVA group but lower than those matured in the FCSHOR group.

Soja é comumente macerada em água em etapas iniciais de processos produtivos para obtenção de seus produtos. Para tornar mais econômicos estes processos de produção, torna-se necessário otimizar o tempo de absorção de água (tempo mínimo para se atingir absorção máxima), no entanto, esta otimização nem sempre é possível pelos métodos tradicionais. Assim, este trabalho determinou os tempos "ótimos" (em horas) de absorção através de métodos estatístico-sensoriais, em que estão embutidas noções de erro e sensoriais. Uma equipe de julgadores e, paralelamente, um especialista em análise de dados experimentais, determinaram pontos "ótimos" em curvas de absorção através de experimentos de visualização. Vinte cultivares de soja cultivadas no Brasil foram avaliadas pelo especialista e pela equipe em três formas de apresentação visual de dados. Consistência de 80,43% foi obtida entre as avaliações procedentes dos dois gráficos de conjuntos de pontos nos julgamentos da equipe, e de 83,22 % nestes mesmos gráficos nos julgamentos do especialista. A consistência entre julgamentos da equipe e do especialista nestes dois tipos de gráficos foi de 77,01 % e 83,22%. Não houve diferença significativa de eficiência entre julgamentos do especialista e da equipe em termos de erros quadráticos relativos. Houve divergência no julgamento da cultivar MSBR-21 (Buriti); o especialista julgou que foi atingida absorção no período observado de 14 horas, enquanto que a equipe discordou. Segundo a equipe, as cultivares OCEPAR-4, Davis e IAC-12 apresentaram os menores tempos de absorção para atingir saturação (de aproximadamente 7,5 a 9,5h), enquanto que FT-2, MSBR-21 (Buriti) e Bragg apresentaram os maiores (>14h), ou seja, não saturaram.

Soaking is performed in soybeans to promote water absorption for late processing. This processing needs to determine the minimum time to obtain the maximum absorption to turn economically acceptable the production process, but the traditional methods can not be used to establish this "optimum", then statistical sensory methods were used. These methods have implicit two concepts : the sensory judgement and the experimental error concept. Twenty cultivars of soybean grown in Brazil were evaluated by a panel and an expert in experimentation to visually establish "optimal points" in three kinds of graphics. The consistency of the panel between the judgements of joints of full points and joints of quadratic points of was 80.43% (p < 0.05), and the consistency of the expert in the same graphics was 83.22 %. The consistency between the panel and the expert for these graphics were 77.01 % and 83.22% (p < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the efficiency, expressed in relative quadratic errors, of the judgements between the panel and the expert. The expert judged that cultivar MSBR-21 (Buriti) saturated, the panel disagreed. The OCEPAR-4, Davis and IAC-12 cultivars showed the lowest minimum time to reach saturation (from 7.5 to 9.5 hours) and MSBR-21 (Buriti) and Bragg showed the greatest (>14 hours).

O momento atual sugere programas de qualidade para laboratórios. Assim formas de controle e identificação de variações e valores "aberrantes" se mostram cada vez mais necessárias. Este trabalho demonstra o emprego de estatística exploratória através desenhos esquemáticos ("boxplots"), bastante simples, com intuito de identificar comportamento "aberrante" em análises de proteínas e cinzas, em duplicatas para 30 de farinhas de trigo integral diferentes, podendo ser generalizado para triplicatas ou qualquer outro número de replicações. Os métodos empregados para proteínas e cinzas foram, respectivamente, Kjeldahl (semi-micro) e incineração. Foram obtidos limite inferior de 12,89% e superior de 15,08% para proteínas no conjunto dos 60 resultados, bem como limite inferior de 1,35% e limite superior de 1,99% para cinzas. Não houve valores "aberrantes" nos resultados para proteínas ou cinzas. No entanto, para as diferenças em valor absoluto entre duplicatas de cada farinha foram obtidos limite inferior de 0,010% e superior de 0,295% para proteínas, enquanto limite inferior de 0,01% e limite superior de 0,19% para cinzas. Foram "aberrantes" 2 (duas) diferenças para proteínas, correspondentes às farinhas 2 e 8, com valores 0,40 e 0,31%, enquanto que 3 (três) diferenças para cinzas nas farinhas 9, 15 e 16, com valores 0,21, 0,26 e 0,39%. Estas farinhas, cujas diferenças se mostraram "aberrantes", deverão ser novamente analisadas e nenhum valor, "aberrante" ou não, deve ser imediatamente descartado

Nowadays quality programs have been receiving great attention, so methods and techniques for control and identify variations and outliers are being needed more and more. This paper shows the use of boxplots, very simple, to identify outliers in measures of protein and ash on doubles of 30 wheat flours. The same approach in this article may be used in any other material, analysis and number of repetitions. Were employed Kjeldahl (half micro) for protein and incineration for ashes. The results of protein (60 observations) showed lower and upper limits 12.89 and 15.08%, and the limits for ashes were 1.35 and 1.99%. There were no outliers for protein and ashes. Nevertheless, refering to the absolute value of the differences between the doubles in the 30 flours, the lower limit for protein was 0.010 and the upper was 0.295%, while those limits for ashes were 0.01 and 0.19%. Two outliers in the differences for protein were identified, corresponding to flours 2 and 8 with values 0.40 and 0.31, while three outliers in the differences for ashes were identified, wich corresponded to flours 9, 15 and 16, with values 0.21, 0.26 and 0.39%. Those flours whose differences were found being outliers must be analysed again and no value, outlier or not, must be dismissed.