ABSTRACT: Although the burrower bug (Cyrtomenus mirabilis) is considered a vitalsoil pest in peanut crops, Arachis hypogaea L., in South America, there is little information on its occurrence and damage characterization. This study aimed to evaluate the vertical distribution and fluctuation of the burrower bug in the soil and the damage this species causes in peanuts. Two peanut cultivars (IAC OL3 and IAC 503) were evaluated in three locations in the state of São Paulo: Pindorama, Ribeirão Preto and Votuporanga, in the 2017/18 and 2018/19 harvests. Trenches were dug 0.5 m long, 0.3 m wide and 0.3 m deep, along plant lines at four spots on each sampling date, and stratified in layers 10 cm deep. Plant samples (0.5 m) were collected and evaluated for number of pods and percentage of kernels with symptoms of insect damage. More than 85 % of the C. mirabilis population was found in depths of up to 10 cm, especially after plant fructification, and an increase in nymphs from 100 days after sowing (DAS) was seen when an increased number of maturing pods was observed. The occurrence of nymphs and adults of C. mirabilis and their damage to peanut kernels was similar in both cultivars (IAC OL3 and IAC 503), when these were harvested according to their developmental cycles.

Abstract ‘IAC Sempre Verde’ is a medium-seeded runner-type peanut highly resistant to late leaf spot and rust, the main diseases in peanut cultivation in Brazil. The newly released cultivar showed remarkable yield advantage over controls when diseases were not controlled and represents the first possibility for peanut cultivation under “Organic” management.

Abstract Water deficit is considered the most critical environmental factor for peanut production in Brazil, as it constitutes one of the major constraints to the expansion of its cultivation in the suitable crop zones of the country. Determining crop water demand is fundamental to increasing yield with lower water consumption. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of full and deficit irrigation levels (L1 = 8%, L2 = 27%, L3 = 63%, L4 = 94% and L5 = 100% replenishment of crop evapotranspiration) on the development, growth and yield of peanut crop sown in two times, February and March. Treatments were distributed in a split-plot randomized complete block design, with four replicates, using a line-source sprinkler system. Irrigation depths from 65 to 314 mm were applied with the levels L1 to L5 during the first and second cropping cycles. Full irrigation with sowing in March was more advantageous due to yield increase of up to 30% compared to sowing in February, but crop cycle was 25 days longer. Water stress caused by deficit irrigation reduced plant height, seed mass and pod yield, while full irrigation (L5) led to yields from 4,141 to 5,102 kg ha-1 for February and March, approximately three times higher than those obtained with the lowest irrigation level (L1).

Resumen El déficit de agua se considera el factor ambiental más crítico para la producción de maní en Brasil, ya que constituye una de las principales limitaciones para su expansión en las zonas adecuadas para su cultivo en el país. Determinar la demanda de agua de los cultivos es fundamental para aumentar el rendimiento con un menor consumo de agua. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de los niveles de riego deficitarios y completos (L1 = 8%, L2 = 27%, L3 = 63%, L4 = 94% y L5 = 100% de reposición de la evapo transpiración del cultivo) en el desarrollo, crecimiento y rendimiento de la cosecha de maní sembrado en dos veces, febrero y marzo. Los tratamientos se distribuyeron en un diseño de bloques completos aleatorios de parcelas divididas, con cuatro repeticiones y utilizando un sistema de aspersores de fuente de línea. Las láminas de riego aplicadas fueron entre 65 a 314 mm (L1 a L5) en ambos ciclos de cultivo. El nivel de riego total con siembra en marzo fue más ventajoso debido al aumento del rendimiento de hasta un 30% en comparación con la siembra en febrero, pero el ciclo de cultivo fue 25 días más largo. El estrés hídrico causado por el riego deficitario redujo la altura de la planta, la masa de semillas y el rendimiento de vainas. El cultivo de maní con riego completo (L5) tuvo rendimientos de 4,141 a 5,102 kg ha-1 (febrero y marzo respectivamente) siendo aproximadamente tres veces más que los obtenidos con el nivel de riego deficitario más bajo (L1).

Abstract Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a tetraploid species with an A and B genome, while the majority of wild Arachis species are diploid with distinct genomes. In pre-breeding programs, one way to introgress interesting wild genes into peanut is by producing amphidiploids. This study aimed at the hybridization between distinct amphidiploids and their characterization, to combine high crossability with peanut, observed in some amphidiploids, with high pest and disease resistances observed in others. These new hybrids were called complex hybrids. Four amphidiploids previously obtained were crossed at four different combinations, and the derived complex hybrids were crossed with four peanut cultivars. Morphological, reproductive, chromosome complement, molecular markers for hybrid identification, phytopatological, and entomological characterizations were performed on the complex hybrids. All cross combinations resulted in complex hybrids. One complete complement of each diploid progenitor was confirmed in each hybrid. Plants of six distinct hybrid combinations were obtained between the complex hybrids and peanut. Based on morphological characterization, differences among progenies from distinct cross combinations were observed. Complex hybrids were considered more resistant to all diseases and pests than peanut cultivars. The simultaneous introgression of genes from four wild Arachis species into peanut was possible through the development of complex hybrids.

ABSTRACT Estimating stability and adaptability parameters of cultivars is a widely used study to access the genotype × environment interaction, in order to identify the best genotypes for each cultivation area. In this study, the adaptability and stability parameters were estimated in eight high-oleic lines and two peanut cultivars in 11 experiments in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, from 2008 to 2013, based on the data of the plots mean productivity (Kg·ha–1), with the objective of recommending the most productive genotypes in peanut producing regions in the State of São Paulo. The design used for these experiments was the randomized complete blocks, with four replications. Lines L. 599 and L. 551 were the best genotypes regarding overall adaptability and stability in yield, considering the methods of Eberhart and Russell and of Lin and Binns modified by Carneiro. Results produced by both methods were convergent as for the classification of the lines, and the use of one of them would not be detrimental to the recommendation of productive lines associated to production adaptability and stability. The overall adaptability in addition to the stability in the productivity of the lines here evaluated showed outstanding performance in relation to the cultivars IAC Caiapó and Runner IAC 886.

RESUMO. O amendoim é uma cultura de grande importância para o agronegócio brasileiro. Um dos principais fatores que afetam sua produção é a incidência de pragas como o tripes-do-prateamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de resistência ao tripes, em genótipos derivados do cruzamento entre a cultivar IAC 503 e o anfidiploide (A. magna x A. cardenasii)4x, assim como estimar os parâmetros genéticos e fenotípicos em tais genótipos, como auxiliares no processo de seleção. Os experimentos foram conduzidos no esquema de blocos aumentados com testemunhas intercalares em duas gerações (F3 e F4). A resistência ao tripes foi avaliada pela sua infestação natural e pelos sintomas de injúrias causadas pelo inseto. Foram avaliados também, caracteres agronômicos como indicadores da proximidade dos genótipos segregantes ao cultivado. Com base nos resultados, observou-se que as progênies selecionadas apresentaram maior resistência ao tripes quando comparadas aos genótipos cultivados, tendo o anfidiploide como fonte de resistência ao inseto. Algumas progênies selecionadas como resistentes, também apresentaram bons componentes de produção, porém, com grau de adequação aos genótipos A. hypogaea L. ainda pequeno, o que sugere o uso de retrocruzamentos como alternativa na introgressão de genes de resistência e consequente recuperação dos genótipos adaptados dos genitores recorrentes.

ABSTRACT. Peanut is an oilseed crop of great importance for Brazilian agribusiness. A major factor affecting its production is pest incidence, mainly thrips. This study aimed to evaluate the potential for resistance to Enneothrips flavens in genotypes derived from the cross between IAC 503 and the amphidiploid (A. magna x A. cardenasii)4x and to estimate the genetic and phenotype parameters in these genotypes, allowing for better targeting in the selection. The experiments were conducted in a Federer augmented block design with additional checks in two generations (F3 and F4). Resistance to thrips was evaluated by its natural infestation and the symptoms of attacks by the insect. They were also evaluated using agronomic trait indicators of interspecific segregating with cultivated species. The results indicated that the selected progeny exhibited high resistance to thrips compared to commercial genotypes, and they had the amphidiploid as the insect resistance source. Some progenies selected as resistant also had good production traits, but with the degree of suitability to the A. hypogaea L. genotypes still low, the use of a backcross as an alternative for the introgression of resistance genes and the consequent recovery of adapted genotypes of superior recurring parents is suggested.

Abstract IAC OL 5 is a new peanut cultivar recommended to growers of peanut regions of the state of São Paulo as another option for planting during the intervals of sugarcane renewal. Its main traits are its runner growing habit, its moderate resistance to virus and foliar diseases, and the high oleic trait.

Abstract The aim of this study was to gather data on the incidence of fungi associated with peanut seeds stored in their pods, before being processed by the State of São Paulo seed-producing companies, and the relation of the fungi to the seed damage caused by insects and to the quality of the stored seeds. Samples were taken from seed lots of cultivars IAC 886 and IAC 503 stored by these companies at the beginning and end of a six-month storage period. The peanut seeds were shelled and half of each sample was treated with fludioxonil + metalaxyl. Untreated and treated seeds were analyzed for moisture content, germination, vigor and health. The following insects were found to damage the peanut seeds: Cyrtomenus mirabilis (Perty) (Hemiptera: Cydnidae) and Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Both species reduced seed quality. When present, fungi of the genera Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Rhizopus infected seeds and seedlings during the germination process and were considered the main limiting factor for obtaining normal seedlings. Nevertheless, despite their presence, peanut seeds maintained their germination capacity and vigor after six months of storage in their pods.

RESUMO: Avaliou-se a resistência de quatro cultivares de amendoim de hábito de crescimento rasteiro e cinco cultivares de hábito de crescimento ereto ao dano de Stegasta bosquella (Chambers, 1875) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) em condições de campo na safra das águas, nos anos 2009/2010 e 2010/2011. Os cultivares utilizados nos experimentos foram: IAC 147, IAC 213, IAC Caiapó e IAC Runner 886 (porte rasteiro) e IAC Tatu ST, IAC 5, IAC 8112, IAC 22 e IAC 88-1 (porte ereto). O delineamento adotado foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas ao longo do tempo, e quatro repetições. Para a infestação de S. bosquella , foram realizadas avaliações semanais dos 18 aos 67 dias após a emergência (DAE), com contagem de lagartas e avaliações de danos. Para a contagem do número de brotos por planta, coletaram-se 5 plantas por parcela a partir dos 30, 60 e 90 DAE. Independentemente do cultivar, as maiores infestações de S. bosquella ocorrem dos 53 aos 67 DAE. O cultivar IAC Runner 886 apresenta a maior emissão de brotos apicais, uma característica desejável na defesa da planta em relação à S. bosquella .

ABSTRACT: We evaluated the strength of four growth habit of peanut cultivars creeping and five cultivars of erect growth habit to damage Stegasta bosquella (Chambers, 1875) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) under field conditions during the rainy season, in the years 2009/2010 and 2010/2011. The cultivars used in the experiments were: IAC 147, IAC 213, IAC Caiapó and IAC Runner 886 (runner) and IAC Tatu ST, IAC 5, IAC 8112, IAC 22 e IAC 88-1 (erect). The design adopted was randomized blocks with split plot over time, and four replications. For infestation of S. bosquella , weekly evaluations were done 18 to 67 days after emergence (DAE), with caterpillars count and damage assessments. For counting the number of shoots per plant, they collected up five plants per plot from the 30, 60 and 90 DAE. Regardless of cultivating major infestations of S. bosquella occur from 53 to 67 DAE. The IAC Runner 886 cultivar has the highest emission apical shoots a desirable feature in plant defense in relation to S. bosquella .

IAC OL 3 and IAC OL 4 peanut cultivars are new releases of Instituto Agronômico (IAC), Campinas, SP. These cultivars were developed to attend the demand of the Brazilian peanut business for high oleic runner cultivars, whose cycle can be better adjusted to the areas of sugarcane renewal than other runner cultivars.

Com os objetivos de avaliar a qualidade fisiológica e sanitária de sementes de amendoim armazenadas no estado de São Paulo, identificar os principais insetos e fungos que ocorrem nessas condições e as possíveis injúrias causadas que possam prejudicar a qualidade dessas sementes, amostragens de lotes das cultivares IAC 886 e IAC 503, produzidas nas safras 2010/11 e 2011/12, foram realizadas em quatro épocas: antes do armazenamento, antes do beneficiamento, após o beneficiamento e após o tratamento químico. As sementes foram analisadas quanto ao teor de água, germinação, vigor e sanidade. O beneficiamento não melhorou a qualidade das sementes de amendoim. As principais pragas associadas às sementes foram Cyrtomenus mirabilis (Perty) e Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton). Os fungos mais frequentes foram os dos gêneros Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium e Rhizopus. Durante o armazenamento houve aumento na incidência de Aspergillus spp., Penicillium spp. e Rhizopus sp. e redução da ocorrência de Fusarium sp. O tratamento das sementes de amendoim, após o beneficiamento, é imprescindível para serem obtidos padrões aceitáveis à sua comercialização.

Physiological and sanitary quality of peanut seeds stored in the state of São Paulo were assessed in seed lots of cultivars IAC 886 and IAC 503 harvested in the 2010/11 and 2011/12 growing seasons. Evaluations also included the identification and damages caused by fungi and insects occurring in these conditions. Seed sampling and evaluations were done in four stages of the seed storing and processing: before storage, before shelling, after shelling and after seed treatment. Seeds were analyzed for water content, germination and vigor, and evaluated for sanity. Shelling did not improve physiological and sanitary quality of the seeds. Cyrtomenus mirabilis (Perty) and Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) were the main insects found. The fungi most frequently detected were those of genus Aspergillus, Fusarium, Penicillium and Rhizopus. Increased occurrence of Aspergillus, Penicillium and Rhizopus, and decreased occurrence of Fusarium were noted during the storage period. Seed treatment after shelling was proved to be essential for reaching the necessary quality standard of commercial seeds.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar cultivares de amendoim com resistência a Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), determinando os graus de resistência por meio da análise univariada e multivariada. Utilizaram-se cultivares de amendoim de hábitos de crescimento ereto (IAC 5, IAC 8112, IAC 22 e IAC Tatu ST) e rasteiro (IAC 503, IAC 505, IAC 147, IAC 125, IAC Caiapó e IAC Runner 886), semeadas em campo. Lagartas de primeiro ínstar foram individualizadas em placas de Petri forradas com papel filtro umedecido e mantidas sob condições controladas de temperatura (25 ± 2 °C), umidade (60 ± 10%) e fotofase (12 horas). Utilizaram-se cinco repetições de dez lagartas (recém-eclodidas), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Diariamente, foram fornecidos folíolos novos, lavados com solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 1%. Avaliaram-se a duração (dias), a massa (mg) e a viabilidade (%) dos períodos larval e pupal, a razão sexual, longevidade e fecundidade. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (teste F) e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p<0,05), além da análise de agrupamento e de componentes principais. As cultivares de hábito de crescimento ereto, IAC 22, e rasteiro, IAC Runner 886, foram menos adequadas ao desenvolvimento do inseto, interferindo nas fases larval e pupal de S. frugiperda, demonstrando resistência moderada do tipo antibiose.

This study aimed to identify peanut cultivars resistant to Spodoptera frugiperda by determining the degree of resistance through univariate and multivariate analyses. The genetic material under evaluation comprised cultivars of the upright growth habit (IAC 5, IAC 8112, IAC 22 and IAC Tatu ST) and runner growth habit (IAC 503, IAC 505, IAC 147, IAC 125, IAC Caiapó and IAC Runner 886), grown under field conditions. Individual first instar larvae were placed in Petri dishes, on humidified filter paper, and maintained under controlled conditions of temperature (25±2 °C), humidity (60±10%) and photophase (12 hours). Ten newly hatched caterpillars were arranged in a completely randomized design with five replications. New leaves previously washed with 1% sodium hypochlorite were provided daily. The duration (days), weight (mg) and viability (%) of larval and pupal periods, the sex ratio, adult longevity and adult female fecundity were evaluated. All data recorded were submitted to analysis of variance by F test, and treatments were compared by the Tukey test (p<0.05). Additionally, clustering and principal components analyses were performed. The cultivar IAC 22, of upright growth habit, and Runner IAC 886, of runner growth habit, were the least favorable substrates for the insect development, indicating resistance to S. frugiperda.

Neste trabalho avaliou-se, em condições de campo, o potencial de resistência à mancha preta (Cercosporidium personatum) em plantas F4, selecionadas de cruzamentos entre genótipos de Arachis hypogaea (acessos VGaRoSv 12549 e VGaRoSv 12548 e a cultivar IAC Caiapó) e um anfidiplóide sintético (Arachis ipäensis x Arachis duranensis)4x. O experimento foi desenvolvido no ano agrícola de 2007/2008, em Pindorama (SP). Avaliaram-se noventa e três famílias de plantas em F4, em parcelas com dez plantas distribuídas em linhas de três metros de comprimento, espaçadas de dois metros, bem como os controles, as cultivares IAC Caiapó e Runner IAC 886, a espécie A. ipäensis e o anfidiplóide. Foram realizadas três avaliações da doença durante o ciclo, utilizando uma escala diagramática de notas visuais de sintomas de lesões e desfolha. Avaliaram-se também alguns caracteres morfoagronômicos, como indicativos da proximidade do material silvestre com o cultivado. A variabilidade da resistência à doença foi estudada através das médias de ASCPD (Área sob a Curva de Progresso da Doença). Pelos resultados constata-se que o anfidiplóide utilizado é interessante fonte de resistência. A seleção pelo método genealógico propiciou obter indivíduos com resistência ao nível do parental silvestre, mas as chances de se obter indivíduos resistentes e com caracteres agronômicos desejáveis é pequena, sugerindo a necessidade de retrocruzamentos.

Resistance to late leafspot (Cercosporidium personatum) was evaluated under field conditions in F4 plant populations selected from crosses between Arachis hypogaea genotypes (accessions VGaRoSv 12549 and VGaRoSv V12548 and the cultivar IAC Caiapó) and a synthetic amphydiploid (Arachis ipäensis x Arachis duranensis)4x. The experiment was carried out during 2007/2008 in Pindorama, State of São Paulo. Ninety and three F4 families were evaluated in plots of ten plants distributed along three-meter rows, with two meters spacing between rows. Cultivars IAC Caiapó and Runner IAC 886, as well as the wild species A. ipäensis and the amphydiploid were used as references (control). Some morphological and agronomic attributes were also evaluated as indicators of proximity between the wild parent and the cultivated peanut. Disease resistance variability was studied through estimates of AUCDP (Area Under the Curve of Disease Progress). The results showed that the amphydiploid used in these crosses is an interesting source of resistance. Selection by the pedigree method yielded F4 resistant individuals at the level of the wild resistant parent, but the chances of obtaining resistant plants with agronomic desirable traits is small, indicating the need for backcrossings.

No Brasil, diversas pragas podem atacar o amendoinzeiro, sendo o tripes-do-prateamento, Enneothrips flavens Moulton (Thysanoptera: Thripidae), a principal delas. Com o objetivo de avaliar a infestação e os sintomas dessa praga em diferentes acessos de espécies silvestres, anfidiplóides e cultivares de amendoinzeiro, foi instalado um experimento em campo, no município de Pindorama (SP ), no ano agrícola de 2007/2008. O delineamento estatístico adotado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com 48 tratamentos e cinco repetições. A formação das mudas foi feita em copos com substrato em casa de vegetação, sendo o plantio realizado em outubro/novembro de 2007. Foram realizadas amostragens a partir dos 30 dias após o plantio das mudas no campo, repetidas a cada 15 dias, num total de cinco avaliações, em cinco folíolos fechados por planta. Foram anotadas a presença e ausência de tripes em folíolos ainda fechados e atribuídas notas dos sintomas de dano aos folíolos recém-abertos, baseando-se em uma escala de notas variando de 1 a 5, sendo nota 1 sem dano de ataque; nota 2 limbo foliar com 1% a 25% da superfície com estrias e deformações; nota 3, 26 a 50%; nota 4, 51 a 75%; e, nota 5, 76% a 100%. Os acessos com menor porcentagem de presença de tripes e notas de sintomas foram VS 14957 (A. gregoryi), V13832 (A. stenosperma), V8979 (A. kuhlmannii), V9912 (A. kuhlmannii), V7639 (A. kuhlmannii) e VMiIrLbGv14309 (A. villosa). Dentre os acessos mais sensíveis ao tripes situaram-se V12549 (Arachis hypogaea),Ac2562 (A. hypogaea) e as cultivares IAC Caiapó (A. hypogaea) e IA C Runner 886 (A. hypogaea).

In Brazil, various pests are reported to infest peanut crop, being the thrips Enneothrips flavens the most important. Accesses of wild peanut species, anfidiploide and peanut cultivars were evaluated in field conditions at Pindorama, São Paulo State, at the agricultural year of 2007/2008. The experiment consisted of a complete ramdomized block design with 48 treatments and five replications. The material was sown in small bags under greenhouse conditions. Plantings were carried out in October/November 2007. Starting at 30 days after planting in the field, evaluations were done at 15-day intervals, in five closed leaves of each plant. The following data were obtained: presence or absence of thrips in each leaf; symptoms of thrips damage in recently opened leaves, based on a 1-5 scale where 1 = without damage, 2 = 1 to 25% of the leaf surface with damage (grooves and deformations), 3 = 26 to 50%, 4 = 51 to 75% and 5 = 76 to 100% of damage symptoms. The accesses with the least damages and insect presence were: VS 14957 (A. gregoryi), V13832 (A. stenosperma), V8979 (A. kuhlmannii), V9912 (A. kuhlmannii), V7639 (A. kuhlmannii) e VMiIrLbGv14309 (A. villosa). The most sensitive accesses were V12549 (A. hypogaea), Ac2562 (A. hypogaea) and the commercial A. hypogaea genotypes IAC Caiapó and IAC Runner 886.

Background: There is a growing interest in alternative techniques for aortic valve replacement (AVR). Therefore it is important to have updated results of conventional AYR as a valid comparative standard. Aim: To evaluate both perioperative and ¡ate morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing conventional AVR, with either mechanical (RVAm) or biological (RVAb) prostheses. Patients and methods: Retrospective review of medical records and operative protocols of patients undergoing AVR between January 1995 and December 2005. Patients with previous cardiac surgery, aortic balloonplasty or simultaneous cardiovascular procedures were excluded. Results: During the study period, 788 patients underwent AVR and 317 met the inclusion criteria. Of the latter, 175patients aged 13 to 83years (63% males) were subjected to AVRm and 142patients aged 49 to 87 years (64% males), were subjected to AVRb. Five (1.6%) patients died during the perioperative period (one AVRm and four AVRb). All were older than 65years. Perioperative complications were recorded in 29 and 25% of patients in AVRm and AVRb groups, respectively (NS). During a median follow-up of six years, complications were recorded in 12 and 4% of patients in AVRm and AVRb groups, respectively (p <0.05). The actuarial survival for AVRm group at 1, 5 and 10years, was 96, 92 and 87%, respectively. The figures for AVRb group were 95, 86 and 83%, respectively (NS). The 10 year reintervention free survival was 97% for the AVRm group and 84% for the AVRb (p <0.05). Conclusions: Perioperative mortality and rates of complications of AVR in this series of patients are low, which compares favorably with other series (Rev Méd Chile 2009; 137:1153-62).