Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue analizar las relaciones entre tipos de liderazgo (tarea y social), cohesión, potencia de equipo y rendimiento en 334 futbolistas federados de las categorías Alevín, Cadete, Juvenil y Absoluta, con una edad media de 15.97 (DE = 3.31). Los cuestionarios utilizados fueron de Liderazgo auténtico (ALQ), tarea (LSS), Cohesión grupal (CG), Potencia de equipo (CPEA) y rendimiento, que mostraron índices de ajuste óptimos (χ2/DF = 1.313 p = 0; CFI = 0.997; TLI = 0.994; RMSEA = 0.032; SRMS = 0.0343). Los resultados indican que el estilo de liderazgo, especialmente liderazgo tarea (p = 0.37) influye indirectamente en el rendimiento a través de la CG (p = 0.17) y CPE (p = 0.21). Como conclusión, se propone la mejora del rendimiento grupal a partir de la optimización de modelos de conducta individuales.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the relationships between types of leadership (task and social), cohesion, team potency and performance in 334 federated players of the categories Alevín, Cadet, Juvenile and Absolute, with a mean age of 15.97 (SD = 3.31). The questionnaires used were Authentic Leadership (ALQ), Task (LSS), Group Cohesion (CG), Team Power (CPEA), and Performance that showed optimal adjustment indexes (χ2 / DF = 1.313 p = 0; CFI = 0.997; TLI = 0.994; RMSEA = 0.032; SRMS = 0.0343). The results indicate that leadership style, especially leadership task (p = 0.37) indirectly influences performance through CG (p = 0.17) and CPE (p = 0.21). In conclusion, it is proposed to improve group performance by optimizing individual behavior models.

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el poder de predicción de las creencias implícitas de habilidad, las orientaciones de meta y la percepción de competencia deportiva sobre el conocimiento procedimental en jugadores de baloncesto. En la investigación participaron 339 jugadores de edades comprendidas entre los 12 y 15 años. Se les midió la orientación motivacional (POSQ), las creencias de habilidad en el deporte (CNAAQ-2), la competencia deportiva y el conocimiento procedimental en baloncesto (CCPB). Los resultados mostraron que la creencia incremental de habilidad predecía positivamente el conocimiento procedimental, mientras que la creencia de entidad lo hacía de forma negativa. La relación entre las creencias de habilidad y el conocimiento procedimental fue directa, sin mediación de las orientaciones de meta y la competencia percibida. Los resultados se discuten en relación con el papel de la motivación sobre el conocimiento procedimental en el deporte.

The objective of this study was to analyze the prediction of ability beliefs, goal orientations and perceptions of athletic competence on procedural knowledge in basketball players. The research involved 339 players aged between 12 and 15. The motivational orientation (POSQ), the ability beliefs in sport (CNAAQ-2), sport competence and procedural knowledge in basketball (CCP) were measured. The results of the structural equation modeling, showed that incremental ability belief predicted positively procedural knowledge, while the entity ability belief predicted procedural knowledge negatively. The relationship between the ability beliefs and procedural knowledge was direct, without the mediation of goal orientations and perceived competence. The results are discussed in relation to the role of motivation on procedural knowledge on the sport.

El estudio comprobó un modelo predictivo del apoyo social de autonomía del practicante sobre la relación con los demás, a su vez sobre la motivación intrínseca; está sobre el disfrute, y por último, se comprobó la predicción del disfrute sobre el motivo fitness/salud. Se utilizó una muestra de 682 practicantes de actividades físicas no competitivas con una edad media de 35.50 ± 11.70 años. Los resultados del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales mostraron una predicción positiva del apoyo a la autonomía del practicante hacia la relación con los demás, esta predijo la motivación intrínseca, que a su vez predijo el disfrute y finalmente el motivo de fitness/salud. Se discuten los resultados en pro de valorar la importancia de fomentar el disfrute en los practicantes para incrementar la práctica física saludable.

This study tested a predictive model of perception of supportive autonomy coaching on the relatedness mediator, this mediator on intrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation on enjoyment and enjoyment on the fitness / health motive. A sample of 682 practitioners of non-competitive physical activities with a mean age of 35.50 ± 11.70 years, participated in the study. The results of structural equation model showed a positive prediction of supportive autonomy coaching on the relatedness mediator, relatedness on intrinsic motivation, intrinsic motivation on enjoyment and enjoyment on the fitness/health motive with 51% of variance. These results do appreciate the importance of promoting the enjoyment on practitioners to enhance the healthy physical practice.

Introduction: there is a growing concern in the appearance of eating disorders in athletes, especially those that practice sports grouped into weight categories. This affects the way athletes eat, using frequently unhealthy strategies to control weight, especially during the pre-competition period. Aim: this study analyses the prevalence of contact sports athletes in developing eating disorders, and how a controlled diet plan can reduce this risk. At the same time, it evaluates the use of the EAT-26 questionnaire to detect such disorders. Methods: a randomized frequency study was performed on 244 athletes (158 men, 86 women), who were separated into two groups: those that followed a diet plan given by a nutritionist, and a control group on a free diet. The athletes completed an EAT-26 questionnaire while participating in the University-level National Championships. Results: the free diet group scored significantly higher on the questionnaire. Also, the female athletes controlled diet group scored significantly higher than their male counterparts. Discussion: the results of the questionnaire indicate that an adequate nutritional program circumvents the use of unhealthy habits to control body weight and therefore avoids developing particular eating disorders. EAT-26 questionnaire does not seem the most appropriate tool to detect these disorders.

Introducción: existe una preocupación creciente por los desórdenes alimentarios en deportistas, especialmente en aquellos que practican deportes agrupados en categorías de peso. Esto afecta a la manera de comer de los deportistas, usando con frecuencia estrategias no saludables para control del peso, en especial en periodo precompetitivo. Objetivo: este estudio analiza la prevalencia de desórdenes alimentarios en deportistas de deportes de contacto, y cómo una planificación dietética controlada puede reducir el riesgo. También valora el uso del cuestionario EAT-26 para detectar dichos desórdenes. Métodos: ha sido realizado un estudio aleatorizado de frecuencias en 244 deportistas (158 varones, 86 mujeres), que fueron separados en dos grupos: los que seguían un plan dietético proporcionado por un nutricionista y un grupo control con una dieta libre. Los participantes rellenaron el cuestionario EAT-26 mientras participaban en los Campeonatos Universitarios Nacionales. Resultados: el grupo con dieta libre puntuó con valores más altos en el cuestionario. Al mismo tiempo, las deportistas que seguían una dieta controlada puntuaron de forma significativa en el cuestionario respecto a los varones del mismo grupo. Discusión: los resultados del cuestionario indican que una adecuada planificación nutricional evita el uso de hábitos poco saludables para controlar el peso corporal, evitando desarrollar desórdenes alimentarios particulares. El cuestionario EAT-26 no parece la herramienta más apropiada para detectar estos desórdenes.

Esta pesquisa teve por objetivo analisar a relação entre as crenças implícitas de habilidade e a motivação autodeterminada. A amostra foi composta por 775 atletas competidores espanhóis nacionais de 12 a 17 anos de idade. Os participantes preencheram, em versão espanhola, o Questionário Crenças Implícitas de Habilidades (CNAAQ-2) e a Escala de Motivação Esportiva (SMS). Os resultados do modelo de equações estruturais revelaram uma correlação positiva e significativa entre as crenças de habilidade estável e as crenças de aprendizagem, e entre a motivação autodeterminada e a competência no esporte. Do contrário, a crença incremental estável correlacionou-se negativamente com a motivação autodeterminada. A competitividade no esporte é predita de forma positiva pela motivação autodeterminada, e essa, por sua vez, é predita significativamente pela crença de aprendizagem e negativamente pela crença de entidade estável.

This investigation examined the relationship between implicit ability beliefs and self-determined motivation. The sample was comprised of 775 young athletes between the ages of 12 and 17 competing at national level in Spain. The participants completed the Spanish version of the Conceptions of the Nature of Athletic Ability Questionnaire (CNAAQ-2) and the Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). The results revealed a positive and significant correlation between stable ability beliefs and learning ability, and between self-determined motivation and perceived sports ability. To the contrary, stable entity beliefs were negatively correlated with self-determined motivation. Competitiveness in sports was significantly predicted by self-determined motivation, and the latter, in its turn, was positively predicted by learning belief and negatively by stable entity beliefs.

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido determinar si las estrategias disciplinadas empleadas por el docente en el aula influyen en el clima motivacional y las orientaciones disposicionales y éstas, a su vez, influyen en las razones de los alumnos para ser disciplinados. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 1126 estudiantes de educación física. Para la recolección de los datos se utilizaron las escalas SSDS, LAPOPECQ, POSQ y RDS. Los resultados mostraron que las estrategias basadas en razones de responsabilidad e intrínsecas del docente para mantener la disciplina se relacionaban con la percepción de un clima motivacional a la tarea y con la disposición del discente a la tarea. Ambos predijeron las razones identificadas e intrínsecas del estudiante para ser disciplinado. Futuros estudios deberán corroborar los resultados encontrados desde un punto de vista experimental con el objeto de comprender de forma más precisa los mecanismos que permitan disminuir los comportamientos indisciplinados en las aulas.

The aim of this study was to determine relationships between the discipline strategies used by teachers in the classroom: perception of motivational climate, and goal orientations as well as the student's reasons have influence on them to be disciplined. A sample of 1126 physical education students participated in the study. They completed the SSDS, LAPOPECQ, POSQ and CPIDEF to measure these variables. Results showed that the intrinsic and responsibility strategies used by teachers to maintain discipline, were positively related with the perception of a task-involving motivational climate and task orientation. Task-involving motivational climate and goal orientation, predicted the intrinsic and indentified reasons of students to be disciplined. Future research should corroborate the results found in experimental designs to understand the process which uphold undisciplined behaviours in school.

OBJECTIVO: Este estudo teve como propósito caracterizar os elementos da amostra relativamente à sua composição corporal, através do índice de massa corporal e da percentagem de massa gorda, à capacidade cardiorrespiratória, aos hábitos alimentares e de consumo de tabaco, índices de prática de actividade física e verificar se existiam relações estatisticamente significativas entre estas variáveis. MÉTODOS: O estudo decorreu em 2006 e 2007 e foi realizado no município de Beja, cidade do Sul de Portugal. Foi utilizada uma amostra constituída por 183 alunos que frequentavam no ano lectivo 2006/07 o 1º ano dos cursos existentes numa instituição do ensino superior, com idades compreendidas entre 18 e 40 anos. Através de um questionário, da prova de Astrand e da técnica da bioimpedância eléctrica obtivemos os resultados que nos permitiram atingir os objectivos pretendidos. Utilizámos o programa Bodygram para a obtenção dos dados relativos ao índice de massa corporal e à percentagem de massa gorda e o programa SPSS versão 14.0, para realizar a análise descritiva dos dados, uma análise de variância e ainda uma análise correlacional. RESULTADOS: Verificámos que 62,8% dos elementos da amostra apresentavam valores de percentagem de massa gorda acima do recomendado e que 55,7% obtiveram valores de VO2máx. muito baixos. Verificámos também que 61,7% não se consideravam sujeitos activos no que se refere à prática de actividade física regular, apresentando-se esta variável correlacionada com o VO2máx. (p=0,01) CONCLUSÕES: Pudemos concluir que a maioria dos elementos da nossa amostra apresentava baixos índices de adesão à prática da actividade física, deficiente capacidade cardiorrespiratória e valores elevados no que se refere à percentagem de massa gorda. A prática da actividade física revelou-se correlacionada positivamente com a capacidade cardiorrespiratória. É necessária a implementação de campanhas mais eficazes de combate à obesidade e de sensibilização para a prática regular da actividade física e de bons hábitos alimentares.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to characterize the subjects of the sample in what concerns their corporal composition, through the index of corporal mass and of the percentage of fat mass, their cardiorespiratory capacity, their eating and smoking habits, and indexes of practice of physical activity. It also aimed to verify if there were statistically relevant relationships between these variables. METHODS: The study was carried out in 2006 and 2007, in Beja, a city in the South of Portugal. The sample comprised 183 students attending the first year of all the courses of a higher education institution in the school year of 2006/07, with ages ranging from 18 to 40 years old. Through a questionnaire, the Astrand Test, and the technique of electric bioimpedance, we obtained the results that allowed us to reach the intended objectives. We used the program Bodygram to obtain the data related to the index of corporal mass and the percentage of fat mass, and the program SPSS, version 14.0, to accomplish the descriptive analysis of the data, a variance analysis and also a correlational analysis. RESULTS: We found evidence that 62.8% of the subjects of the sample presented values of percentage of fat mass above the recommended limits and that 55.7% obtained very low values of VO2max. We also found that 61.7% didn't consider themselves active subjects in what concerns the regular practice of physical activity, and that this variable was correlated with VO2máx. (p=0.01) CONCLUSIONS: We could conclude that most of the subjects of our sample presented low indexes of physical activity, deficient cardiorespiratory capacity and high values in what concerns the percentage of fat mass. The practice of physical activity showed to be positively correlated with the cardiorespiratory capacity. It is necessary to implement more effective campaigns to combat obesity and to sensitize for the regular practice of physical activity and for good eating habits.