Abstract Background Systemic inflammation, documented before rheumatoid arthritis (RA) diagnosis, is associated with accelerated atherosclerosis. We aimed to compare the prevalence of carotid plaque (CP) in RA patients in the first five years since diagnosis and healthy controls, and to determine disease characteristics associated with the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in RA patients. Methods This was a cross-sectional study. We recruited 60 RA patients in the first five years since diagnosis and 60 matched healthy controls. Carotid ultrasound was performed to detect the presence of CP and measure carotidintima media thickness (cIMT). Subclinical atherosclerosis was considered as the presence of CP and/or increased cIMT. Distribution was evaluated with the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Comparisons were made with Chi-square or Fisher's exact test for qualitative variables and Student's t or Mann-Whitney's U test for quantitative variables. A p-value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results There were no differences in the demographic characteristics between RA patients and controls. The mean disease duration was 2.66 ± 1.39 years. A higher prevalence of CP (30.0% vs. 11.7%, p = 0.013), bilateral CP (18.3% vs. 3.3%, p = 0.008), increased cIMT (30.0% vs. 6.7%, p = 0.001), and subclinical atherosclerosis (53.3% vs. 18.3%, p = < 0.001) was found in RA patients. RA patients with subclinical atherosclerosis were older (56.70 years vs. 50.00 years, p = 0.002), presented a higher prevalence of dyslipidemia (53.1% vs. 14.3%, p = 0.002), and higher prevalence of classification in moderate-high disease activity category measured by DAS28-CRP (68.8% vs. 35.7%, p = 0.010). The latter variable persisted independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis in the binary logistic regression (OR 6.11, 95% CI 1.51–24.70, p = 0.011). Conclusions In the first five years since diagnosis, higher prevalence of subclinical atherosclerosis, including CP was found in RA patients. Carotid ultrasound should be considered part of the systematic CVR evaluation of RA at the time of diagnosis.

Prosapia simulans (Walker) is an important spittlebug species that attacks forage grasses of the genus Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. from Mexico to Colombia. This, and several other species of spittlebugs, cause important economic losses to the livestock production industry. Development of resistant cultivars is regarded as the best method of control. In the present study we used taxonomic keys, dissection of male genitalia and RAPD-PCR patterns to reconfirm the identity of P. simulans specimens collected in Colombia and Mexico. We were able to reconfirm that P. simulans occurs as a pest of Brachiaria from Mexico to Colombia. We also studied the levels and mechanisms of resistance present in 34 Brachiaria hybrids developed by CIAT. Infestations were made with six eggs per plant. We used 10 replications (plants) per genotype in a completely randomized design. Seven hybrids were found to be susceptible, 16 showed intermediate resistance and 11 were resistant. Antibiosis was the mechanism of resistance expressed in resistant hybrids as well as in the resistant checks CIAT 6294 and CIAT 36062. Tolerance was absent. The genotypes BRX 4402 and CIAT 0606 were classified as highly susceptible.

Prosapia simulans (Walker) es una especie de salivazo que ataca los pastos del género Brachiaria (Trin.) Griseb. desde México hasta Colombia y ocasiona pérdidas económicas a la industria ganadera. El desarrollo de cultivares resistentes es considerado el mejor método de control del salivazo. Este trabajo tuvo los siguientes objetivos: corroborar la identificación de P. simulans originarias de México y Colombia, probar nuevos híbridos de Brachiaria por resistencia a esta especie y caracterizar los mecanismos de resistencia presentes en ellos. Mediante la combinación de caracteres morfológicos (uso de claves taxonómicas, disección de la genitalia del macho) y técnicas moleculares (RAPD-PCR) se logró corroborar que P. simulans es plaga de Brachiaria spp. desde México hasta Colombia. Para probar híbridos de Brachiaria y caracterizar los mecanismos de resistencia se realizó un ensayo de selección donde se sometieron 34 híbridos al ataque del salivazo. La metodología utilizada fue desarrollada en el CIAT. En el ensayo se infestó con seis huevos maduros de la especie P. simulans por planta. Se usaron diez repeticiones por genotipo en un diseño completamente al azar. En el ensayo de selección de los híbridos se detectaron siete híbridos susceptibles, 16 con resistencia intermedia y 11 resistentes. El mecanismo de resistencia que se expresó en los híbridos resistentes y en los testigos CIAT 6294 y CIAT 36062 fue el de antibiosis. BRX 4402 y CIAT 0606 fueron clasificados como muy susceptibles.