Resumen Introducción. En México, el 85 % de las siembras son maíces blancos, el 10 % amarillo blancos y el 5 % de otros colores. Se han realizado estudios bioquímicos de maíces nativos pigmentados, pero existe poca información en maíces mejorados en color. Objetivo. Evaluar el contenido de fitoquímicos y capacidad antimicrobiana de dos híbridos de maíz pigmentado cultivados en el Tecnológico Nacional de México, Valle del Yaqui. Materiales y métodos. En granos de híbridos de maíz de color rojo y morado se realizaron las extracciones de biocompuestos a partir de una porción del maíz cultivado en el sur de Sonora, México, durante el ciclo verano-invierno 2020. Se utilizó una solución de etanol, ácido acético y agua en una proporción de treinta partes. La composición proximal, contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides se determinaron mediante métodos estandarizados. La capacidad antioxidante se evaluó mediante las metodologías ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) y DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidracilo). Además, se determinó la capacidad antimicrobiana y la concentración mínima inhibitoria. Resultados. El maíz morado presentó mayor contenido de antocianinas (340,98±5,21 mg/100 g) y polifenoles (173,68±24,23 mg de ácido gálico/100 g), en comparación con el maíz rojo. Los flavonoides son más abundantes en el maíz morado (575,10±27,88 mg de quercetina/100 g). Ambos híbridos de maíz exhibieron una capacidad antioxidante superior al 50 % frente a los radicales ABTS y DPPH. Respecto a la actividad antimicrobiana, se observó mayor inhibición para Escherichia coli y Salmonella (18 % y 47 %), y menor para Staphylococcus aureus y Shigella (19 % y 34 %) en comparación con la gentamicina. Conclusión. El maíz morado mostró mayor contenido de antocianinas, polifenoles y flavonoides. Ambos híbridos tuvieron una capacidad antioxidante mayor al 50 %. La actividad antimicrobiana fue mayor contra E. coli y Salmonella, que contra S. aureus y Shigella.

Abstract Introduction. In Mexico, 85 % of the crops are white maize, 10 % white yellow and 5 % other colors. Biochemical studies of pigmented native maize have been carried out, but there is little information on colour-improved maize. Objective. To evaluate the phytochemical content and antimicrobial capacity of two pigmented maize hybrids grown at the Tecnológico Nacional de México-Valle del Yaqui. Materials and methods. Extraction of biocompounds from a portion of the maize grains grown in southern Sonora, Mexico, during the summer-winter 2020 cycle was performed on red and purple maize hybrids. A thirty-part solution of ethanol, acetic acid and water was used. Proximal composition, anthocyanin, polyphenol and flavonoid content were determined by standardized methods. Antioxidant capacity was determined by ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)) and DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) methodologies. In addition, antimicrobial capacity and minimum inhibitory concentration were determined. Results. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins (340.98±5.21 mg/100 g) and polyphenols (173.68±24.23 mg gallic acid/100 g) compared to red maize. Flavonoids are more abundant in purple maize (575.10±27.88 mg quercetin/100 g). Both maize hybrids exhibited more than 50 % antioxidant capacity against ABTS and DPPH radicals. Regarding antimicrobial activity, higher inhibition was observed for Escherichia coli and Salmonella (18 % and 47 %), and lower for Staphylococcus aureus and Shigella (19 % and 34 %) compared to gentamicin. Conclusion. Purple maize showed higher content of anthocyanins, polyphenols and flavonoids. Both hybrids had an antioxidant capacity higher than 50 %. Antimicrobial activity was higher against E. coli and Salmonella, than against S. aureus and Shigella.

ABSTRACT Meloidogyne enterolobii is currently the most damaging nematode of the genus Meloidogyne due to its aggressiveness and ability to overcome existing sources of resistance; therefore, the search for genotypes with resistance in crops of high economic importance such as chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) is one of the greatest challenges facing agricultural researchers. The aim of this study was to determine the level of resistance in C. annuum landraces from Mexico to different population densities of M. enterolobii. Five C. annuum landraces (UTC24, UTC25, UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90) and the commercial cv. Revelation were used. The experiment was conducted twice under greenhouse conditions with a randomized block design with four replicates per genotype and cultivar. Inoculation was performed on 21-d-old seedlings with inoculum doses of 0, 4500, 9000, and 13500 eggs plant-1. The gall index, reproduction factor, and reproduction index were evaluated at 42 and 63 d after inoculation. Genotypes UTC66, UTC67, and UTC90 showed a higher level of resistance with a damage percentage lower than 50% compared to ‘Revelation’ (susceptible). Genotype UTC90 showed the lowest reproduction factor and index, so it was considered a highly resistant genotype to an inoculum dose of 4500 M. enterolobii eggs with a damage percentage of less than 10%, while, at a dose of 13 500 eggs, its resistance level was intermediate. The results of this study contribute to the search for sources of resistance to M. enterolobii in chili pepper landraces.

ABSTRACT Public procurement is crucial for the proper functioning of a country, but unfortunately, it can face problems that undermine its efficiency and transparency. For this reason, this research analyzes the top 23 companies that sold over $2.21 billion to the Ecuadorian government between 2015 and 2020. A descriptive methodology and a quantitative approach were used to classify the companies based on their origin, economic activity, and financial situation. The results reveal that 67% of these companies are of Ecuadorian origin. In terms of their financial situation, although they have a strong liquidity position, financing expenses completely dilute their profits, resulting in a negative net profit margin. This finding suggests the need to establish public policies that promote the diversification of economic sectors and the implementation of effective financial management strategies in contracting companies to improve their profitability and long-term financial sustainability.

RESUMEN La contratación pública es crucial para el buen funcionamiento de un país, pero desafortunadamente puede enfrentar problemas que perjudican su eficiencia y transparencia. Por este motivo, esta investigación analiza las 23 principales empresas que entre 2015 y 2020 vendieron más de 2.21 mil millones de dólares con el Estado ecuatoriano. Se utilizó una metodología descriptiva y un enfoque cuantitativo para clasificar a las empresas según su origen, actividad económica y situación financiera. Los resultados revelan que el 67% de estas empresas son de origen ecuatoriano. En cuanto a su situación financiera, aunque tienen una posición sólida en términos de liquidez, los gastos del financiamiento diluyen en su totalidad las utilidades, generando una rentabilidad neta de ventas negativa. Este hallazgo sugiere la necesidad de establecer políticas públicas que promuevan la diversificación de los sectores económicos y la implementación de estrategias de gestión financiera efectivas en las empresas contratistas para mejorar su rentabilidad y sostenibilidad financiera en el largo plazo.

Resumen: El gel de Aloe vera es considerado una fuente natural de múltiples beneficios, originados por la acción combinada de vitaminas, aminoácidos, compuestos fenólicos, enzimas, minerales, ácidos orgánicos, lípidos y carbohidratos, que se relacionan con la mejora de enfermedades neuro-degenerativas como Alzheimer. Los ensayos in vitro e in silico permiten confirmar e identificar posibles beneficios de esta planta y sus compuestos en enfermedades. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar la actividad antioxidante del gel de A. vera y mediante análisis in silico, establecer el potencial terapéutico de sus compuestos bioactivos en la enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se obtuvieron hojas de A. vera, de las que se extrajo el gel, retirando el exocarpio, se liofilizó y almacenó hasta su uso. Se caracterizó la capacidad antioxidante, se cuantificaron los compuestos fenólicos y flavonoides y se analizó la relación que existe entre los parámetros mediante correlación de Pearson. Mediante análisis in silico se evaluó el potencial de interacción de 8 compuestos del gel con la proteína gamma secretasa. El gel de A. vera obtuvo alta capacidad antioxidante por ABTS, DPPH, radical OH y poder reductor, usando bajas concentraciones para inhibir el 50 % de los radicales, y correlaciones positivas con fenoles totales y flavonoides. En el estudio in silico el compuesto que presentó mejor unión con gamma secretasa fue aloe-emodina, con menor energía libre de unión y menor concentración de constante de inhibición, sugiriendo su potencial uso como coadyuvante en el tratamiento de la enfermedad de Alzheimer.

Abstract: Aloe vera gel is considered a natural source of multiple benefits, originated by the combined action of vitamins, amino acids, phenolic compounds, enzymes, minerals, organic acids, lipids and carbohydrates, which are related to the improvement of neuro-degenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s. In vitro and in silico tests allow us to confirm and identify possible benefits of this plant and its compounds in diseases. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant activity of A. vera gel and, through in silico analysis, to establish the therapeutic potential of its bioactive compounds in Alzheimer’s disease. A. vera leaves were obtained, from which the gel was extracted, removing the exocarp, lyophilized and stored until use. The antioxidant capacity was characterized, the phenolic compounds and flavonoids were quantified, and the relationship between the parameters was analyzed using Pearson correlation. The interaction potential of 8 compounds in the gel with the gamma secretase protein was evaluated through in silico analysis. The A. vera gel obtained high antioxidant capacity due to ABTS, DPPH, OH radical and reducing power, using low concentrations to inhibit 50 % of the radicals, and positive correlations with total phenols and flavonoids. In the in silico study, the compound that showed the best binding with gamma secretase was aloe-emodin, with lower binding free energy and lower inhibition constant concentration, suggesting its potential use as an adjuvant in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease.

Resumen Antecedentes: El aumento de casos de cáncer y los costosos tratamientos incrementan los gastos sanitarios. Se desperdician medicamentos equivalentes al 5% del gasto anual. Es importante implementar estrategias de contención de costos. Objetivo: Implementar y evaluar una estrategia de reducción de costos en medicamentos oncológicos. Métodos: Se analizaron dosis y cantidades de medicamentos oncológicos de enero a junio de 2022, calculando el uso total y costos comparando con un sistema descentralizado para estimar el impacto económico. Resultados: Compartir viales logró un ahorro de $9,000,705.64MNX. La preparación centralizada totalizó $52,775,243.24MNX, con una reducción del 14% en gastos. Discusión: Este estudio pionero en México coincide con reducciones similares en otros países, resaltando la importancia de aplicar estrategias de contención de costos en países en desarrollo. Conclusión: La implementación de una unidad de preparación centralizada y la compartición de viales ofrecen beneficios económicos. Se requiere investigación adicional para optimizar su eficacia.

Abstract Background: Rising cancer rates and expensive drugs have inflated treatment costs. Medication wastage constitutes 5% of drug expenditure. Effective cost containment strategies are essential. Objective: To implement and assess a cost-cutting strategy for oncology drugs. Methods: Doses and quantities of oncology drugs were analyzed from January to June of 2022, calculating the total usage and costs by comparing with a decentralized system to estimate the economic impact. Results: Sharing vials achieved a savings of $9,000,705.64MNX. Centralized preparation totaled $52,775,243.24MNX, with a 14% reduction in expenses. Discussion: This pioneering study in Mexico aligns with similar reductions in other countries, underscoring the importance of applying cost containment strategies in developing nations. Conclusion: Implementing a centralized preparation unit and vial sharing offer economic benefits, with further research needed to optimize their effectiveness.

ABSTRACT Haematococcus pluvialis synthesizes and accumulates astaxanthins, while Spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis produces phycocyanins. The ornamental shrimp Neocaridina davidi is commercially important for its variety and intensity of coloration. We evaluate the effect on the coloration of N. davidi by consuming H. pluvialis and S. platensis as a food supplement to preserve their nutritional quality. H. pluvialis was subjected to stress to obtain aplanospores with astaxanthin. Live microalgae were included in gelled spheres to provide them as a supplement to three-day-old N. davidi juveniles with different phenotypes: wild (NdW), red (NdR), and blue (NdB). The experiment involved the commercial food supply and spheres with or without microalgae for 31 days. Chromatophores present in the uropod of each phenotype were examined, their number and expansion estimated, and the area covered by optical density (OD). Results show that H. pluvialis reached a greater astaxanthin accumulation on day 30. The coloration of the NdR and NdB phenotypes improved by consuming microalgae, increasing the OD in the uropod. NdB phenotype showed better coloration when consuming S. platensis (56.2%), while the NdR phenotype was more favored when consuming H. pluvialis (74.2%). The chromatophores expanded their area by doubling in the NdR and NdB phenotypes, where H. pluvialis increased its intensity four times in NdR. The number of chromatophores was significant only in NdR with S. platensis. In conclusion, gelling is a viable method to preserve the nutritional quality of live microalgae and transfer bioactive compounds that improve the coloration of N. davidi.

Abstract Background: Salvia urica Epling is taxonomically and phylogenetically related to Salvia amarissima Ortega. The last species has pharmacological relevance by its contents of bioactive metabolites. Nowadays, Salvia urica has no reports about its chemical constituents and pharmacological activities. Hypothesis: Does the close relationship between S. amarissima and S. urica led both species produce similar specialized metabolites? Does Salvia urica display similar pharmacological effects as S. amarissima? Studied species: Salvia urica Epling (Lamiaceae). Study site and dates: The plant material was collected in Teopisca, Chiapas, Mexico, in December 2021. Methods: Metabolites of the acetone extract from Salvia urica were identified by GC-MS and HPLC-PDA profiling. In parallel, a phytochemical study was conducted, and the individual constituents purified, previously characterized by 1D NMR, were assayed on antihyperglycemic effect in diabetic mice and a charcoal-gum arabic-induced hyperperistalsis model in rats. Results: The volatile compounds identified by GC-MS were alkanes, aromatics and triterpenes. The principal constituents of the acetone extract of Salvia urica were amarissinin A and 5,6-dihydroxy-7,3',4'-trimethoxyflavone, which were also quantified by HPLC-PDA. The extract and both metabolites isolated showed an antihyperglycemic effect on streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, suggesting a possible synergic effect. In addition, the compound 5,6-dihydroxy-7,3',4'-trimethoxyflavone (IC50 = 0.79 mg/kg) showed a better antipropulsive effect than loperamide (IC50 = 16.6 mg/kg). Conclusions: The phytochemical composition of an acetone extract of Salvia urica was determined by first time. The metabolites isolated from this plant support the phylogenetic relationship of S. urica with Salvia amarissima, and they showed antipropulsive and antihyperglycemic effects.

Resumen Antecedentes: Salvia urica Epling está relacionada taxonómica y filogenéticamente con Salvia amarissima Ortega. Ésta última tiene relevancia farmacológica por su contenido de metabolitos secundarios. A la fecha, Salvia urica no cuenta con reportes de sus constituyentes químicos y de sus actividades farmacológicas. Hipótesis: ¿La relación cercana entre S. amarissima y S. urica permite que ambas especies produzcan metabolitos similares de tipo terpenoide? ¿Salvia urica produce un efecto farmacológico similar a S. amarissima? Especies de estudio: Salvia urica Epling (Lamiaceae) Sitio y años de estudio: El material vegetal fue colectado en Teopisca, Chiapas, México, en diciembre de 2021. Métodos: Los constituyentes de las partes aéreas de Salvia urica, se identificaron por medio del perfilamiento por GC-MS y HPLC-PDA. Paralelamente, se realizó un estudio fitoquímico, y los constituyentes individuales, caracterizados por RMN de 1D, se evaluaron en un ensayo de actividad antihiperglucémica y en un modelo de hiperperistalsis. Resultados: Los componentes volátiles identificados por GC-MS son de tipo alcano, aromático y triterpenoide. Los principales constituyentes no volátiles, son amarissinina A y 5,6-dihidroxi-7,3',4'-trimetoxiflavona. Ambos metabolitos se cuantificaron por HPLC-PDA. El extracto de acetona y los dos metabolitos aislados mostraron efecto antihiperglucémico en ratones diabéticos, sugiriendo que hay un posible efecto sinérgico. El compuesto 5,6-dihidroxi-7,3',4'-trimetoxiflavona (IC50 = 0.79 mg/kg) mostró un mejor efecto antipropulsivo que loperamida (IC50 = 16.6 mg/kg). Conclusiones: Se identificaron por primera vez los metabolitos mayoritarios de Salvia urica. Dos de estos metabolitos se aislaron previamente de Salvia amarissima, apoyando su relación filogénetica. Los dos compuestos mostraron efecto antipropulsivo y antihiperlgucémico.

Resumen En este trabajo se describe el primer caso de esporotricosis felina causada por Sporothrix globosa fuera del área epizoótica de Buenos Aires. A diferencia de los casos documentados de Sporothrix brasiliensis, en este no hubo evidencia clínica ni serológica de transmisión zoonótica por arañazos o mordeduras del gato enfermo a su dueño ni al veterinario que lo atendió. Con este reporte se espera contribuir a un mejor conocimiento sobre el perfil patogénico de S. globosa.

Abstract We describe here the first case of feline sporotrichosis caused by Sporothrix globosa, occurring outside the epizootic area of Buenos Aires province, Argentina. Unlike cases reported with Sporothrix brasiliensis, on this occasion there was no clinical or serological evidence of zoonotic transmission through scratches or bites from the sick cat to the attending veterinarian or the person responsible for its care. This report aimed to improve the knowledge about the pathogenic profile of S. globosa.

RESUMEN Introducción. La evaluación de la condición física (CF), junto con otros indicadores de salud, es una estrategia utilizada para conocer el estado actual de los escolares. El principal objetivo fue medir en escolares sanluiseños el estado de salud actual, los niveles de CF y construir tablas de referencias de CF. Población y métodos. Escolares entre 9 y 12 años de edad (ambos sexos) fueron evaluados con dos indicadores de salud: índice de masa corporal y presión arterial. La CF fue medida con la batería ALPHA-Fitness. El orden de las pruebas fue el siguiente: tensión arterial, masa corporal, estatura, longitud de pie y mano, salto en longitud, velocidad en 30 metros, agilidad 4 * 10 m y la prueba de ida y vuelta en 20 metros. Se calculó el índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la maduración biológica. Resultados. Fueron evaluados 15 548 escolares. Los valores promedios fueron presión arterial sistólica 101 ± 10 mmHg y diastólica 66 ± 7 mmHg; IMC 20,2 ± 4,3 kg/m2. Para la CF fueron las siguientes: componente cardiorrespiratorio VO2 máx. 39,87 ± 3,2 ml/kg/min y velocidad alcanzada en la prueba de ida y vuelta en 20 m 8,9 ± 0,6 km/h; componente neuromuscular; salto en longitud: 120,6 ± 23,9 cm, velocidad 30 m: 6,56 ± 0,85 s, agilidad 4 * 10 m: 15,17 ± 1,82 s. El rendimiento siempre fue superior en el grupo masculino (p <0,001). Conclusión. Los escolares mostraron niveles saludables de presión arterial. El 50 % de la muestra fue clasificada con sobrepeso u obesidad según el IMC. En ambos sexos, se observaron bajos niveles de CF. Por primera vez, se elaboraron tablas de referencia de CF en escolares sanluiseños.

Abstract Background: Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is one of the most frequent causes of intestinal failure, needing parenteral nutrition to maintain an energy-protein and water-electrolyte balance. At the Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), the formation of two stomas is a technique used for intestinal rehabilitation, where the use of residue through the bypass technique (BT) helps to maintain gastrointestinal functionality, water-electrolyte, and nutritional stability. This study aimed to describe the technique of using intestinal residue through BT as a treatment strategy in intestinal rehabilitation and its effect on the biochemical and nutritional status of pediatric patients with SBS. Methods: An analytical and retrospective cross-sectional study was performed in patients hospitalized at HIMFG with SBS who underwent BT during their hospital stay between 2019 and 2020 and then followed up for 8 weeks. Results: A total of 10 patients were included in this study, with a mean age of 24 months; 50% were female. BT was able to reduce the inflammatory process in the liver caused by the continuous use of parenteral nutrition; enteral caloric intake increased from 25.32 kcal/kg/day to 72.94 kcal/kg/day, but it was insufficient to improve their nutritional status. Conclusions: BT is a safe and effective alternative in intestinal rehabilitation in patients with SBS to stimulate trophism and intestinal functionality, allowing a progression of enteral feeding and a decrease in the hepatic inflammatory process that occurs in these patients with prolonged parenteral nutrition.

Resumen Introducción: El síndrome de intestino corto (SIC) es una de las causas más frecuentes de insuficiencia intestinal que requiere del uso de nutrición parenteral para mantener un balance energético-proteico e hidroelectrolítico. En el Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG) la formación de dos estomas es una técnica empleada para la rehabilitación intestinal, donde con el aprovechamiento de residuo mediante la técnica de puenteo (TP) se ayuda a mantener la funcionalidad gastrointestinal, equilibrio hidro-electrolítico y estabilidad nutricional. El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la técnica del aprovechamiento de residuo intestinal mediante TP como estrategia de tratamiento en la rehabilitación intestinal y su efecto en el estado bioquímico y nutricional de pacientes pediátricos con SIC. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio transversal analítico y retrospectivo en pacientes hospitalizados en el HIMFG con SIC en quienes se realizó la TP durante su estancia intrahospitalaria entre 2019 y 2020. Resultados: Se incluyeron 10 pacientes en este estudio, con una edad promedio de 24 meses, y el 50% de sexo femenino. La TP logró disminuir el proceso inflamatorio hepático ocasionado por el uso continuo de nutrición parenteral; la ingesta calórica por vía enteral incrementó de 25.32 kcal/kg/día a 72.94 kcal/kg/día, pero fue insuficiente para mejorar el estado nutricional. Conclusiones: La TP es una alternativa segura y efectiva en la rehabilitación intestinal en pacientes con SIC para estimular el trofismo y funcionalidad intestinal, permitiendo una progresión de la alimentación enteral y disminución del proceso inflamatorio hepático que se presentan en estos pacientes con nutrición parenteral prolongada.

ABSTRACT: The aim of this research was to determine the alpha and beta diversity of mangrove trees in the Tumbes mangrove forest. The mangrove forest area was divided into three zones: A, B and C, in which 41 sampling points (PM) were taken. Mangrove trees were counted and measured, and the alpha diversity indices were determined: Shannon-Wiener (H'), Simpson (DS) and Pielou (J’), as well as the similarity of the PM. Beta diversity is determined with the indices: Jackard (IJ) and quantitative Sorensen (S). It is considered that the alpha diversity of the mangrove forest was low (H'=1.0260, SD =0.6158 and J’=0.9339), with zone A being the one with the lowest diversity (H'=0.3048, SD=0.8531 and J’=0.2774), due to its less anthropic impact and due to the dominance of Rhizophora mangle over the other species, it was observed that the PM were very similar within each zone, with lower diversity in zone A. The beta diversity evaluated using IJ was 1, indicating that the diversity of species does not change between the zones, while the S index showed that there is a greater change in diversity between zone A and the remaining zones. These results can allow local and regional authorities to make decisions to protect said mangrove forest. On the other hand, it would also be advisable to carry out research to determine the impact that alterations in mangrove species biodiversity may have on the organisms that inhabit this mangrove forest.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de la investigación fue determinar la diversidad alfa y beta de los árboles de mangle en el manglar de Tumbes. El área del manglar se dividió en tres zonas: A, B y C, en ellas se tomaron 41 puntos de muestreo (PM). Se contaron y midieron los árboles de mangle y se determinaron los índices de diversidad alfa: Shannon-Wiener (H’), Simpson (DS) y Pielou (J’), así como la similitud de los PM. La diversidad beta se determinó con los índices: de Jackard (IJ) y cuantitativo de Sorensen (S). Se determinó que la diversidad alfa del manglar fue baja (H’=1,0260, DS=0,6158 y J’=0,9339), siendo la zona A la de menor diversidad (H’=0,3048, DS=0,8531 y J’=0,2774), por su menor impacto antrópico y por el dominio de Rhizophora mangle sobre las otras especies, se observó que los PM fueron muy similares dentro de cada zona, con menor diversidad en la zona A. La diversidad beta evaluada mediante IJ fue de 1, indicando que la diversidad de especies no cambia entre las zonas, en tanto que el índice S mostró que hay un mayor cambio en diversidad entre la zona A y las restantes zonas. Estos resultados pueden permitir a las autoridades locales y regionales tomar decisiones a fin de poder proteger a dicho manglar. Por otro lado, también sería conveniente realizar investigación para determinar el impacto que la alteración de la biodiversidad de las especies de mangles pueda tener en los organismos que habitan en este manglar.

ABSTRACT From February to December 2021, 960 serum samples from different climate regions in two Mexican states were analyzed for antibodies against EIAV using competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) tests. The overall seroprevalence of EIAV infection in equids determined by ELISA and AGID tests was 19.69% and 17.60%, respectively. The highest rate of seropositivity was observed in the state of Veracruz (23.67%, using AGID test), and the lowest rate was found in the state of Puebla (13.12%, using cELISA test). In total, 17.45% (85/487, using AGID test) and 15.40% (75/487, using cELISA test) of horses were positive for EIAV infection. Donkeys showed a prevalence of 19.87% (94/473) in cELISA and 21.99% (104/476) in AGID. The cELISA was compared with AGID as the gold standard test. The diagnostic sensitivity for horses and donkeys was 90.4% and 92.2%, and the specificity was 97.5% and 97.3%, respectively, with an almost perfect degree of agreement (kappa values of 0.871 and 0.888). Therefore, the overall seroprevalence rate of EIAV infection in equines in the sampled states of Puebla and Veracruz was 19.3%, with 91.4% sensitivity, 97.4% specificity, and an agreement of 96.25%, indicating almost perfect agreement (kappa = 0.880). 2021 96 enzymelinked enzyme linked (cELISA (AGID 1969 19 69 19.69 1760 17 60 17.60% respectively 23.67%, 2367 23 67 (23.67% test, test , 13.12%, 1312 13 12 (13.12% . total 1745 45 17.45 85/487, 85487 85 487 (85/487 1540 15 40 15.40 75/487, 75487 75 (75/487 1987 87 19.87 94/473 94473 94 473 (94/473 2199 21 99 21.99 104/476 104476 104 476 (104/476 904 90 4 90.4 922 92 2 92.2% 975 97 5 97.5 973 3 97.3% kappa 0871 0 871 0.87 0.888. 0888 0.888 888 0.888) Therefore 193 19.3% 914 91 91.4 974 97.4 9625 25 96.25% 0.880. 0880 0.880 880 0.880) 202 9 196 1 6 19.6 176 17.60 23.67% 236 (23.67 13.12% 131 (13.12 174 17.4 85/487 8548 8 48 (85/48 154 15.4 75/487 7548 7 (75/48 198 19.8 94/47 9447 47 (94/47 219 21.9 104/47 10447 10 (104/47 90. 92.2 97. 97.3 087 0.8 088 0.88 88 19.3 91. 962 96.25 20 19. 17.6 23.67 (23.6 13.12 (13.1 17. 85/48 854 (85/4 15. 75/48 754 (75/4 94/4 944 (94/4 21. 104/4 1044 (104/4 92. 08 0. 96.2 23.6 (23. 13.1 (13. 85/4 (85/ 75/4 (75/ 94/ (94/ 104/ (104/ 96. 23. (23 13. (13 85/ (85 75/ (75 (94 (104 (2 (1 (8 (7 (9 (10 (

RESUMO De fevereiro a dezembro de 2021, 960 amostras de soro de diferentes regiões climáticas em dois estados mexicanos foram analisadas quanto à presença de anticorpos contra o EIAV, por meio de testes de imunoabsorção enzimática competitiva (cELISA) e imunodifusão em gel de ágar (AGID). A soroprevalência geral da infecção por EIAV em equídeos, determinada pelos testes ELISA e AGID, foi de 19,69% (189 de 960 amostras de soro) e 17,60% (169 de 960 amostras de soro), respectivamente. A maior taxa de soropositividade foi observada no estado de Veracruz (23,67%, usando-se o teste AGID), e a menor taxa foi encontrada no estado de Puebla (13,12%, usando-se o teste cELISA). No total, 17,45% (85/487, usando-se o teste AGID) e 15,40% (75/487, usando-se o teste cELISA) dos cavalos foram positivos para a infecção por EIAV. Os jumentos apresentaram uma prevalência de 19,87% (94/473) no cELISA e 21,99% (104/476) no AGID. O cELISA foi comparado com o AGID como o teste padrão-ouro. A sensibilidade diagnóstica para cavalos e jumentos foi de 90,4% e 92,2%, e a especificidade foi de 97,5% e 97,3%, respectivamente, com um grau de concordância quase perfeito (valores kappa de 0,871 e 0,888). Portanto, a taxa de soroprevalência geral da infecção por EIAV em equinos nos estados de Puebla e Veracruz amostrados foi de 19,3%, com sensibilidade de 91,4%, especificidade de 97,4% e concordância de 96,25%, indicando concordância quase perfeita (kappa = 0,880). 2021 96 (cELISA . (AGID) equídeos 1969 19 69 19,69 189 (18 1760 17 60 17,60 169 (16 soro, , respectivamente 23,67%, 2367 23 67 (23,67% usandose usando se 13,12%, 1312 13 12 (13,12% cELISA. total 1745 45 17,45 85/487, 85487 85 487 (85/487 1540 15 40 15,40 75/487, 75487 75 (75/487 1987 87 19,87 94/473 94473 94 473 (94/473 2199 21 99 21,99 104/476 104476 104 476 (104/476 padrãoouro. padrãoouro padrão ouro. ouro padrão-ouro 904 90 4 90,4 922 92 2 92,2% 975 97 5 97,5 973 3 97,3% valores 0871 0 871 0,87 0,888. 0888 0,888 888 0,888) Portanto 193 19,3% 914 91 91,4% 974 97,4 9625 25 96,25% 0,880. 0880 0,880 880 0,880) 202 9 (AGID 196 1 6 19,6 18 (1 176 17,6 16 23,67% 236 (23,67 13,12% 131 (13,12 174 17,4 85/487 8548 8 48 (85/48 154 15,4 75/487 7548 7 (75/48 198 19,8 94/47 9447 47 (94/47 219 21,9 104/47 10447 10 (104/47 90, 92,2 97, 97,3 087 0,8 088 0,88 88 19,3 91,4 962 96,25 20 19, ( 17, 23,67 (23,6 13,12 (13,1 85/48 854 (85/4 15, 75/48 754 (75/4 94/4 944 (94/4 21, 104/4 1044 (104/4 92, 08 0, 91, 96,2 23,6 (23, 13,1 (13, 85/4 (85/ 75/4 (75/ 94/ (94/ 104/ (104/ 96, 23, (23 13, (13 85/ (85 75/ (75 (94 (104 (2 (8 (7 (9 (10

Abstract Clavicle fracture represents 5% of the fractures in adults. However, segmental clavicle fractures are infrequent and have been understudied in the current literature. Cases have been reported showing adequate results with both surgical and conservative management, and yet, it has not been possible to reach a consensus regarding diagnosis or management of such condition. A patient with a middle and lateral segmental clavicle fracture is reported, after presenting multiple trauma in a road traffic accident, also suffering trauma to the right hemi body, multiple rib segmental fractures and hemothorax. After stabilization, he was taken to surgery for open reduction and internal fixation of the clavicle using a double plate technique, as it has been rarely described in the literature. The functional result was shown to be adequate and satisfactory in the postoperative follow-up. Despite the limited evidence available on the management of this type of pathology, surgical management is a valid option given the risk of non-union. The foregoing is concluded by the potential harm in patient functionality. 5 adults However literature yet condition accident body hemothorax stabilization technique followup. followup follow up. up follow-up pathology nonunion. nonunion non union. union non-union functionality

Resumo A fratura de clavícula representa 5% das fraturas em adultos. No entanto, as fraturas segmentares da clavícula são infrequentes e pouco estudadas na literatura atual. Há relatos de casos com bons resultados após o tratamento cirúrgico ou conservador, mas não existe consenso quanto ao diagnóstico ou manejo dessas lesões. Relata-se um paciente com fratura segmentar média e lateral da clavícula após politraumatismo em acidente de trânsito. O paciente também apresentava traumatismo em hemicorpo direito, múltiplas fraturas segmentares da costela e do hemotórax. Após estabilização, ele foi encaminhado à cirurgia para redução aberta e fixação interna da clavícula pela técnica de placa dupla, raramente descrita na literatura. O resultado funcional foi considerado satisfatório e adequado no acompanhamento pós-operatório. Apesar das poucas evidências sobre o manejo desse tipo de patologia, o tratamento cirúrgico é uma opção válida devido ao risco de não união, apesar da possível diminuição da funcionalidade do paciente. 5 adultos entanto atual conservador lesões Relatase Relata se trânsito direito hemotórax estabilização dupla pósoperatório. pósoperatório pós operatório. operatório pós-operatório patologia união

Abstract The therapeutic potential of medicinal plants is known as an alternative in treatment of human affections; in effect, the conventional application of these medicinal sources has several limitations like low bioavailability, solubility and stability, which affect its pharmacological efficacy. In recent decades, extraordinary advances have been made in new drug delivery systems using nanocarriers. This work consisted in determining the in vitro antifungal activity of the methanolic extract of Euphorbia tirucalli formulated in polymeric nanoparticles. The antifungal activity was determined by the microdilution method in 96-well microplates, applying nanoparticles loaded with plant extract (NP-Ext) obtained by nanoprecipitation on clinical isolates of Trichophyton rubrum and T. interdigitalis. Regarding the nanoparticles, the lots used did not present significant differences in their physicochemical characteristics, with a size of 91.885 ± 1.621nm, polydispersity index of 0.152 ± 0.025 and Z-potential of -6.047 ± 0.987. The quantification of the extract in the polymeric matrix was determined by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), where an efficiency and encapsulation percentage of 22.15 ± 0.82 and 2.95 ± 0.11, respectively, were obtained. The in vitro antifungal activity of the crude and formulated extract was obtained calculating the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each one; a MIC of 125 µg/mL was obtained against T. rubrum and T. interdigitalis with the crude extract, while a MIC value of 55.55 and 0.1 µg/mL was obtained with NP-Ext, respectively, against these same. Conclusions: biological activity is closely linked to the phytochemical profile of the extract; while the improvement of said potential with the NP-Ext with the dosage form was directly related to the physicochemical characteristics of the nanocarrier. affections effect bioavailability stability efficacy decades nanocarriers 96well well 96 microplates NPExt NP Ext (NP-Ext T 91885 91 885 91.88 1621nm nm 1 621nm 1.621nm 0152 0 152 0.15 0025 025 0.02 Zpotential Z 6.047 6047 6 047 -6.04 0987 987 0.987 FTIR, FTIR , (FTIR) 2215 22 15 22.1 082 82 0.8 295 2 95 2.9 011 11 0.11 respectively (MIC one 12 µgmL µg mL 5555 55 55.5 01 0. NPExt, Ext, same Conclusions nanocarrier 9 9188 88 91.8 015 002 02 0.0 6.04 604 04 -6.0 098 98 0.98 (FTIR 221 22. 08 8 29 2. 555 5 55. 918 91. 00 6.0 60 -6. 09 0.9 6. -6 -

Resumo O potencial terapêutico das plantas medicinais é conhecido como alternativa para o tratamento das afecções humanas. Com efeito, a aplicação convencional dessas fontes medicinais apresenta diversas limitações, como baixa biodisponibilidade, solubilidade e estabilidade, que afetam sua eficácia farmacológica. Nas últimas décadas, avanços extraordinários foram feitos em novos sistemas de liberação de fármacos usando nanocarreadores. Este trabalho consistiu na determinação da atividade antifúngica in vitro do extrato metanólico de Euphorbia tirucalli, formulado em nanopartículas poliméricas. A atividade antifúngica foi determinada pelo método de microdiluição em microplacas de 96 poços, aplicando-se nanopartículas carregadas com extrato vegetal (NP-Ext) obtido por nanoprecipitação sobre isolados clínicos de Trichophyton rubrum e Trichophyton interdigitalis. Em relação às nanopartículas, os lotes utilizados não apresentaram diferenças significativas em suas características físico-químicas, com tamanho de 91,885 ± 1,621 nm, índice de polidispersão de 0,152 ± 0,025 e potencial Z de -6,047 ± 0,987. A quantificação do extrato na matriz polimérica foi determinada por espectroscopia de infravermelho (FT/IR), em que foram obtidas eficiência e porcentagem de encapsulamento de 22,15 ± 0,82 e 2,95 ± 0,11, respectivamente. A atividade antifúngica in vitro do extrato bruto e formulado foi calculada por meio da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) de cada um. Obteve-se uma CIM de 125 µg/mL contra T. rubrum e T. interdigitalis com o extrato bruto, enquanto o valor de CIM com NP-Ext contra estes mesmos fungos foi de, respectivamente, 55,55 e 0,1 µg/mL. Conclusões: a atividade biológica está intimamente ligada ao perfil fitoquímico do extrato, enquanto a melhora desse potencial com o NP-Ext com a forma farmacêutica esteve diretamente relacionada às características físico-químicas do nanocarreador. humanas efeito limitações biodisponibilidade estabilidade farmacológica décadas nanocarreadores tirucalli poliméricas 9 poços aplicandose aplicando se NPExt NP Ext (NP-Ext físicoquímicas, físicoquímicas físico químicas, químicas 91885 91 885 91,88 1621 1 621 1,62 nm 0152 0 152 0,15 0025 025 0,02 6,047 6047 6 047 -6,04 0987 987 0,987 FT/IR, FTIR FT/IR , FT IR (FT/IR) 2215 22 15 22,1 082 82 0,8 295 2 95 2,9 011 11 0,11 respectivamente (CIM um Obtevese Obteve 12 µgmL µg mL T 5555 55 55,5 01 0, Conclusões nanocarreador 9188 88 91,8 162 62 1,6 015 002 02 0,0 6,04 604 04 -6,0 098 98 0,98 (FT/IR 221 22, 08 8 29 2, 555 5 55, 918 91, 16 1, 00 6,0 60 -6, 09 0,9 6, -6 -

Abstract The ixodicidal activity of the methanolic extracts of Artemisia ludoviciana (Astereceae), Cordia boissieri (Boraginaceae) and Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae) against two field populations of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus from the state of Nuevo Leon (NL) and Veracruz (VER) was evaluated. The extract of L. chinensis in the concentration of 150 mg/ml showed efficacies of 100% and 99% against engorged females and mortalities of 98% and 99% against larvae. C. boissieri in the same concentration showed efficacies of 71% and 37% against engorged adults and mortalities of 33.04% and 10.33% against larvae and A. ludoviciana had efficacies of 94% and 83% in adults and mortalities of 89.39% and 89.21% against larvae in both populations respectively. The enzymatic activity of Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), Carboxylesterase (CaE), Glutathione-S-Transferase (GST) and Alkaline Phosphatase (ALP) was measured in both populations of ticks. As a result, a significant difference between both populations was shown, being the VER population the one that exhibited a higher enzymatic activity (p ≤ 0.05). It can be concluded that the methanolic extract of the seed of L. chinensis shows potential ixodicidal activity and can be used as an alternative source of tick control, however, prior characterization, toxicity and formulation studies are necessary. Astereceae, Astereceae , (Astereceae) Boraginaceae (Boraginaceae Sapindaceae (Sapindaceae Boophilus (Boophilus NL (NL (VER evaluated L 15 mgml mg ml 100 99 98 C 71 37 3304 33 04 33.04 1033 10 10.33 A 94 83 8939 89 39 89.39 8921 21 89.21 respectively AChE, AChE (AChE) CaE, CaE (CaE) GlutathioneSTransferase Glutathione S Transferase GST (GST ALP (ALP ticks result shown p 0.05. 005 0.05 . 0 05 0.05) control however characterization necessary (Astereceae 1 9 7 3 330 33.0 103 10.3 8 893 89.3 892 2 89.2 (AChE (CaE 00 0.0 33. 10. 89. 0.

Resumo No presente trabalho, a atividade ixodicida de extratos metanólicos de Artemisia ludoviciana (Astereceae), Cordia boissieri (Boraginaceae) e Litchi chinensis (Sapindaceae) contra Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus foi avaliada em duas populações de campo nos estados de Nuevo León (NL) y Veracruz (VER). O extrato de L. chinensis na concentração de 150 mg/ml, apresentou eficácia de 100% e 99% contra fêmeas ingurgitadas, e taxas de mortalidade de 98% e 99% contra larvas. C. boissieri, na mesma concentração, apresentou eficácia de 71% e 37% contra adultas ingurgitados, e taxas de mortalidade de 33,04% e 10,33% contra larvas e A. ludoviciana apresentou eficácias de 94% e 83% em adultos e mortalidade de 89,39% e 89,21% contra larvas em ambas as populações respectivamente. Por outro lado, a atividade enzimática da Acetilcolinesterase (AChE), Carboxilesterase (CaE), Glutationa-S-Transferase (GST) e Fosfatase Alcalina (ALP) foi medida em ambas as populações de carrapatos. Como resultado, foi apresentada uma diferença significativa entre as populações, sendo a população VER a que apresentou maior atividade enzimática (p ≤ 0,05). Assim, pode-se concluir que o extrato metanólico da semente de L. chinensis apresenta potencial atividade ixodicida e pode ser utilizado como fonte alternativa de controle de carrapatos, porém estudos prévios de caracterização, toxicidade e formulação são necessários. trabalho Astereceae, Astereceae , (Astereceae) Boraginaceae (Boraginaceae Sapindaceae (Sapindaceae Boophilus (Boophilus NL (NL VER. . (VER) L 15 mgml mg ml mg/ml 100 99 ingurgitadas 98 C 71 37 ingurgitados 3304 33 04 33,04 1033 10 10,33 A 94 83 8939 89 39 89,39 8921 21 89,21 respectivamente lado AChE, AChE (AChE) CaE, CaE (CaE) GlutationaSTransferase Glutationa S Transferase GST (GST ALP (ALP carrapatos resultado p 0,05. 005 0,05 0 05 0,05) Assim podese se caracterização necessários (Astereceae (VER 1 9 7 3 330 33,0 103 10,3 8 893 89,3 892 2 89,2 (AChE (CaE 00 0,0 33, 10, 89, 0,